Urban and regional planning unit no 7.ppt

Urban and regional planning

1. SUBJECT – RENAISSANCE (15
TH
CENTURY A.D. TO 17
TH
CENTURY A.D.
& BAROQUE (17
TH
CENTURY TO 18
TH
CENTURY A.D.)
( SUBJECT CODE : 69653 )
Shashikant M. Phadtare
Assistant Professor,
D. Y. Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Department of Architecture, Kolhapur,
Maharashtra
Email: [email protected],


 
Unit VI

2. [I] Background
 Feudal Lords of the City States became Kings ,Rise of merchant class and
prieist of the church were glaring features of a medieval period . In France,
kings achieved a semblance of National Unity .It Became ,Ambition of the
rulers to display their affluence and power by improving cities
 After having gone through dark ages after fall of Roman Empire ,when
people had left urban areas & cities shrank in sizes because of unsafe &
Insecure environment , mostly church brought back their confidence, feeling of
safety and security in the city people and process of migration TP city started.
Further kings , Noblemen and the merchant class took initiative to challenge
power of the feudal lords and kings and also came forward to add to the city an
art and craftsmen , Skills creativity , beautification as well as displays of
merchant class and contribution to social work of the priest and such other
facilities and activities to strengthen activities of the church and earn a
goodwill and strengthen their role in the community and society . All these
contributed to creation of Jobs to the needy and helped artisans , craftsmen to
use their skills and intelligence . Kings , Merchants nobles and popes became
patons of art and bid heavily for services of growing number of Practitioners.
Versatality was the characteristics of the Artists . Leonardo Da Vinci practised
all visual arts and became a planner , military engineer and inventor as well.

3. [II] Renaissance :
Renaissance is revival of art, literature and architecture, Beauty in the
earlier medieval environment of cities . Rulers made use of their
affluence, merchant family's display of formalism drafted on
medieval form of development was clearly visible during post
medieval period .Noble families of Florence , Venice , Rome and
Lombardy proceeded to embellish those cities . Noblemen built
themselves new palaces .Medeival towns retained fortress
quality ,charecteristics of middle ages. Formalism was grafted up on
them .The existing structure was decorated with facades made up of
classic elements . The church participated in this movement .The
residence of the popes was re-established in Rome and work on
Vatican palace was begun .
Renaissance was begun in mid 14
th
Century and lasted upto 17
th

Century .The towns had few hundreds to maximum 500,000 people .
Physical size of the city was restricted by the girth of the
fortification .towns were built with the ready reach of one another – a
dayswlking distance ie 20 to 30 miles .No system of drainage .
Streets were used to dispose off the wastes .

4. Trades brought concentration of people to towns situated at main
cross roads .Ownership shifted to Merchants and power of feudal
lords diminished .
Gunpowder was introduced in Europe from China in fourteenth
century. New techniques of warfare were introduced as a
consequence, military engineering became a science and heavy
bastions, moats and outposts were the evidence. Within the city area
outside the existing fortwall on the outskirt where the growth of the
city was extended. Another fortified wall started coming up to
enclose peripheral grouth.
Contrast between rich merchants and poor increased. Religion
became very imp. Chruch was controlling the fields of knowledge
helping revival of the classical knowledge .Display of ambition and
power and exhibitionism were manifested in the construction of
formal and monumental buildings drawing the classical heritage of
Rome .

5. Mainly tow types of manifestations are noticed in this period –
a) New towns were found in which most dominating buildings were
those of the nobles i.e. The Courts of the Kings. Religion was sub
Servient to the glory of the nobles e.g .
i)Versailles in France
ii)Canberra in Australia
iii)Washington D.C in U.S.A
In case of the Old medieval cities or towns , Development was done
in designing .Public Congragation places like squares , piazzas
( plazas) in and around religious buildings and developing wide
avenues carving out of wide cramped areas and levelling spaces of
old defense walls eg-
i) The piazza of St.Marks ,Venice
ii) Piazza of St.Peters
iii) Piazza del Popolo , Rome
iv) Place des Victores , Paris

6. Design changed from ‘Enclosed Architecture to an Extension and
Expansion of Open spaces .
Several existing squares were connected by Tree lined avenues in
Paris .
In France large gardens around the Kings palace was continued to
large open spaces accommodating the secretariat buildings further
continued to Grand Boulevards and still further to banks of the river
– continuity replaced the enclosure of open spaces – a new direction
of the civic design .
[III] SAILENT FEATURES OF RENAISSANCE :
•Renaissance maybe considered to extend from its commencement in
Italy until the end of the 18
th
Century. Planning was definitely
Architectural in Character with magnificance of Design in place of
more military utilitarian and colonial objects of Renaissance and
medieval period .
•City was considered as the monument or work of art , framed apart
from surrounding countryside .

7. Main components of Renaissance planning –
i) The primary street
ii) Fortification
iii) Garden design .
iv) Place
v) Chess board plan
vi) Designed squares , plazas and piazas .
Primary straight street – Important straight road terminating at same
monument – Terminating Vista . Creating interest to pedestrians and
adding Romantic Charm to the road like – ‘Queens Necklace’ at
Marin drive in Mumbai. The Axis & strong Centre line of the road
Symbolises growing concentration of Power in King
Fortification – Looking like a spiders web or Radial and concentric
plan

8. Garden Design – Landscaping Design, Inluencing urban design. Tree
Lined Avenues, public gardens, grass land in the city, use of lawns
enhancing the landscaping beauty with attracting the unparallel
Architectural features and style of the Public buildings – Landmarks,
Nodes etc.
Place – forecourt , monumental group , marketplace , traffic place and
domestic place .
Chessboard plan – Wide Straight Roads with the emphasis on
developing it as Avenue, Radiating road, the Square, Crescent etc. e.g.
– Christopher Wren’s plan for London, Karlsruhe & Washington .
Noteworthy Examples –
i) Michael Angelos “ Campodiglio “ on Capitoline hill in Rome.
ii) Bernini's Design of “ Piazza of St.Peters”
iii) Piaza de San Marco in Venice
iv)Reinaldi built twin churches on Piazza-del – Popolo The Palace Royale
( Place des Voges , Place Des Victoires built in Paris .
v) “Tien an Men” Square in Peking (China) – Largest Plaza in the World
can accomodate about 1 Lakh People now in larged to 125 acres.

9. Baroque period is considered as further enhancements in Renaissance
Characteristics . Axial system of planning introduced by Lorenzo
Bernini during Renaissance was developed during Baroque. King
Louis XIV orderd Le Notre to remove his palace from congested Paris
to the open hunting ground of Versailles & also ordered to have the
avenues radiating out from Magnificent Palace .
In 18
th
century Baroque City was expanded and dominance of the
rulers intensified . Avenues of the Versailles focussed upon the Royal
palace and in the Germany whole city of Karlsruhe and Manheim
revolved about the places and great gardens of the Royalty .
The main feature of Baroque were –
1. Avenues
2. Fountains
3. Axis and Geometry
4. Exmple- Shone Brunn Palace at Germany .
[IV] BAROQUE CITY ( 17
TH
Century AD & 18
TH
Century AD )

10. Gradual Enhancement from medieval period to Baroque . –
1. Medieval Period – Importance given to Mass of the Buildings
2. Renaissance – Importance was given to space
3. Baroque – Importance was laid upon Mass & Space .
[v] INDIA DURING RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Babar defeated Lodi at Panipat in 1526 and thus began the Moghul
rule & lasted for the whole Renaissance and also ended with it. This
period was full of invasions and conquests. Northen part was
quickly conquered by the Moghuls but in South Marathas offered
stiff resistance under the great ruler Chhatrapatti Shivaji Maharaj
(1630-1680) during 17
th
century. There after under the Peshwas,
marathas carried their exploits in North. After invention of the
mariners compass the first Europeans to come to India were
Portuguese in 1509 then came Dutch in 1592, then followed the
British. Captain Hawkins obtained permission from Jahangir to
establish factory at Surat. In 1640 the factory was established at
Madras .

11. In 1661 fort St.George ,Bombay was given as Marriage gift by
portugese to King Charles. Factory constructed in 1690 in Fort
William Kolkata. French were the last to appear in India, in Surat
where they established a factory in Surat in 1667 and in Muslipattam
in1669. East India Company and Britishers entred Kolkata as Traders .
Due to British superamacy they obtained political foothold in Bengal
when they won the Battle at Plassey while coming to help Nawab Mir.
Jafar. Britishers established their empire after arresting the power from
Peshwas in the Deccan from Mughal King in Delhi .
Monumental structures during the Mughal period stand as important
as landmarks of Renaissance period in India world famous building
known as TajMahal .
This period is marked with an architectural style its own Palaces and
Forts Monumental Buildings were set in huge open spaces and
fronted with Landscaped gardens having water fountains .
The buildings were also studded with the Architectural carvings of
intricate skill .

12. During the time of Emperor Shahajans time following Landmarks
have been added to enhance the Architectural Historical and local
Heritage feature manifesting the high value of aesthetical grandeur,
establishing higher degree of Neo Classical renaissance value –
1. TajMahal
2. The Jumma Masjid
3. Red fort Delhi
4. Red fort Agra
5. Moti Masjid
6. Peacock throne
7. Golconda Fort
8. GolGumbhoj at Bijapur .
In addition many monumental mosques and tombs, famous Buland
Darwaja at the entrance of the Palaces and the mosques and other
buildings for the ministers and officers with the Darbar Halls .

13. Renaissance has therefore to be appreciated for its excellence and
amazing skills and the talent due to High Quality of Architects and
Engineers, Artist and craftsmen for the ornamental design Fatehpur
sikhri is always considered as new town developed by the Emperor
Akbar. However its endeavour could not be brought into the reality
due to acute shortage of water and place was geographically and
politically not safe enough .
 CITY OF JAIPUR
•City of Jaipur is located about 320 kms( 200 miles) north of Delhi .
Amber was earlier capital of Jaipur located in North of Jaipur. In
accesible tract of the Aravalli Hills , eminently defensible but
unsuitable for growing population and growing activities of the
enlarging dimensions of capital city .
•Location – present location of Jaipur was selected as it provides a
flat site having adequate drinking water, good drainage and
abundant building stone. Present site of Capital city in bounded on
north and east by Hills crowned with forts .

14. •Design principles Maharaja Jaising well versed with Astrology and
Astronomy had deigned the capital city according to the Vedeic
Planning type a form of prastara type of layout .with the emphasis
on cardinal directions .
•Central axis of the city was proposed from east to west between the
gates of sun (suraj pol ) and Moon ( chandra pol ) crossed by the
three roads at right angles dividing the town in nine blocks – further
subdivided into the lanes and streets
•Palace buildings converted into two blocks and the town in six
blocks
•City had masonry wall of 7.6m ,2.5m in width with 8 gates
•Palace building was surrounded by similar walls .
•Main activities of the city are located along the central axis which
limits them with the palace complex .
•On the main streets strict control was exercised on the street façade
along which were located shops and shopping arcades, one storey in
height and beyond the frontage the building could be of any shape
and height built with the flat roofs .

15. •Residential areas were planned with internal courtyards providing
access to the streets and the inter sections, spacious squares,
elaborately designed with ‘Domed Buildings ‘ or spired temples .
•Entire City was built in Pink Stone giving name to the city as ‘Pink
City Jaipur’ .
•City of Jaipur was built by Maharaja Jaysing in 1753 within 6 Years
after laying its foundations.
•Sawai Ramsingh gave the city its unique universal Pink Colour &
founded all institutions by which Jaipur became famous with broad
avenues & Public Buildings.
•Jaipur originally had well laid roads with Geometric Precision &
Architectural Accuracy with symmetrical open squares & fountains
lined with uniform buildings.
•Original plan of Jaipur was prepared by Maharaja Jaysingh assisted by
Vidhyadhar Bhatachrya . Unfortunately its recent growth all around is
total disharmony with its original character & the Pink City is Slowly
being concerted to Stin King City. Use of Gun Power made Moghuls
Stronger to Calm Valiant Rajputs.

16. INDIA DURING MEDIEVAL PERIOD
•With the dawn of middle ages unfortunately India had to pass through
a crucial sad and distressing story of muslims invasions of India. We
have seen that historically speaking, Hindu rule came to an end and
the country was divided into several independent states which never
united together against any foreign aggression.

•‘Dark Ages’ witnessed the sad end of the glorious Hindu period in
India. It also saw birth and growth of Islam. We have covered
situation in regret to Human settlement. In India Indias context as
below:-
a) Buddist period – ( 6
th
century BC upto 320 AD)
b) Mauryan period – ( 324 BC to 187 BC)
( chandragupta (321 BC – 185 BC)
( chanakya --- Prime Minister)

17. Economics by Kautilya
c) Period of political instability of about 500 years.
d) GOLDEN AGE OF Gupta ---- 320 AD to 520 AD
( fall of of Buddhist period)
King Vikramaditya
i) A great patron of learning & culture.
ii) Caves of Ajanta &Ellora
iii) Famous & historical cities
Eg . UJJAIN, PATALIPUTRA (PATNA)
Mathura, Sharavati etc
iv) Famous Sanskrit poet .
Kalidasa ---- Meghdoot
v) Qutubminar – Delhi by
Kumar gupta( 5
th
century AD)
vi) Trade links with Rome –
Export of goods by Indians.

18. e) Reign of Harshbardhan (606 AD TO 647 AD)
( University of Nalanda , Bihar)
Chinese pilgrim Hiuentsang during this time visited Nalanda City.
f) Rajput period ( 8
th
century AD TO 10
th
century AD)
Rajputs were very powerful individually in Northern part of India.
All brave kings individually but aute rivalry amongst them. Never
united against muslim invaders. Foreign invaders took full
advantage of this .
g) India divided into several states
Muslim religion had taken deep roots in middle east. Arabs,
muslims in Sindh were first invaders ---- Ruthless massacres and
religious fanatics, phundering, looting and breaking of idols as well
as works of Arts & Architecture. Their philosophy was different.
However they were attracted by the Indian scholarship arts and
culture of the country. Indian maths , astronomy ,music and
Architecture influenced middle east Europe .
h) (1011 AD to 1024 AD) Mohammed of Gazni invaded India 24 times
and looted famous temple of somnath .

19. i) 1348-50 Taimur Lung invaded and uprooted everything AD on his
way to Delhi and killing laksh of prisoners
j) 1200-1526 AD North India was ruled by Sultans of seven different
dynasties , Ahazhi , Ahori,Khilaji,Tughlak ,
Allahudin Khilji invaded Daulatabad in Deccan defeating Yadavas
All were autocrats and cruel . Hindus were oppressed their
properties , temples destroyed , Jizia like taxes were imposed.
k) ‘Alaudin Khiljis’ (first muslim ) invasion in Daulatabad was the first
invasion on the south of the Vindhya hill range ( by the end of the
13
th
Century AD )
l) Independent Bahamani Kingdoms of muslims was formed at
Gulbarga and Bidar in South which was split into five petty
kingdoms viz.-
Bidar, Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Golconda and Bidar which played
important role during subsequent Maratha period .

20. VIJAYNAGAR CIVILISATION
a) Location :- On the bank of Tungabhadra Vijay Nagar kingdom was
established in 14
th
Century . The Vijaynagar civilisation played vital
role , in the social and cultural history of south India for about 3
centuries. Out of which earlier two hundred years were years of
glory .
b) Ruler of Vijay Nagar was Krishna Dev Raya ( 1509 – 1529 AD)
people as well as foreigeners loved him and admired .
c) Vijay nagar Civilisation was ray of hope and India for revival of past
glory. Hindus there after turned introspective.
d) Adi Shankaracharya in 8
th
Century praised Advait and vedantic
philosophy and established four pithas
e) Dnyaneshwara in 13
th
century preached “ Bhakti Marga “ and
complete faith in god through prayers spiritual outlook was
transforming into attaining peace of mind and moksha . However
people lost interest in improvement of the living standards .

21. f) Kabir Taught Hindu –Muslim unity .This was also a period of birth a
rise of Sikh Religion .
g) Sailent features of Vijyanagar City –
•City Planning – Population was about 5 lakh .
•Power and politics – Krishna Dev Raya was a king during 1509 –
1529 .Vijaynagar reached its climax of power and glory .
•Sanskrit literature was encouraged .
•Growth of spiritual outlook .
•Medival ages saw hindu glory excelling many times in the middle
east and western .
•Enhancement in spiritual outlook .
•4 pithas established by Shankaracharya
•Saint Dyaneshwar preached bhakti marg
•Vijayanagar was uniquely developed with beautiful Architectural
Styles. The temples, palaces, sculpture, gardens and art of paints
reached high peaks , as can be seen from ruins of Hampi .
•Bazars full of commodities , many articles of jewelleries and precious
stones .

22. Maratha Period
While the Mughal emperor indulged in luxury living in their personal life and
were busy erecting monumental structures and gardens, condition in the
south under the Marathas were known for hardships and sufferings. In
Shivaji;s time the Marathas had to resort to Guerrila type of warfare in high
level mountain forts and hills. Shivaji was credited with many reforms like
the abolition of the Jagir, organization of a formidable naval Armada
Administration with the Muslim rulers in the south and later with the
Mughals that there was no time left for erecting monumental structure or
laying out towns.
Chhatrapati Sambhaji Rajaram Maharaj Aisubai , Tarabai & further generations
put on tough fights against Mughuls. Aurangjeb could not succeed &
Marathas could not be defeated fully. Maratha empire could not be abolist .
Peshwas like Bajirao also were fighter but last Peshwa could not defend
Britishars entered India through Plassey War & last Peshwa was defeated
was Britishars. In Puna the Peshwas constructed places & Shaniwar Wada
which is Heritage Structure today. They also executed water supply system
with earthen pipes conveying to store water in tanks for domestic purposes.

23. However by the end of 1565 Vijaynagar was fallen , lost in a furious
battle with Bahamani Muslim KIngdom .
SUMMARY
The dark age witnessed the Roman Empire crumbling under the weight
of luxury , pomp and ceremony by the 5
th
century AD. The western
civilisation declined and trade was dis-integrated . Colonisation and
exploitation was increased in South east Europe . This age also saw
the shift of Roman capital from Rome to Byanthium (Constantinople )
for convenience of administration. The flowing period from seven to
tenth century saw the rise of Muslim Civilisation all over Northern
Africa and much of South East Europe which challenged Christianity .
Contemporary development in India can be traced since 6
th
Century BC
when the Persians invaded India and ruled fir 200 years over northern
part of India .

24. With Alexander , the great invading India in 4
th
Century BC , contacts
between Greeks and Indians were established . Thereafter two
memorable region followed which have contributed to the glory of
the indiaculture .theMauryan empire ( 324 B.C . to 187 B.C) was at
its maximum glory under Samrat Ashok and covered almost the
whole of India except Assam and some southern parts Afghanistan ,
Baluchistan , Kahsmir and Nepal . Buddhism flourished during this
period . The Mauryan Empire was divided into Provinces , Cities
and Muncipalities .
The fall of Mauryan Empire was followed by a period of 500 years of
political instability in which Hindu religion revived again. The
Gupta period ( 320AD to 520 AD ) under the reign Samudra Gupta
and his Vikramaditya is looked upon as the golden age of India.
King Vikramaditya patronized advancement of learning and
culture . This period is characterized by easy and comfortable life of
people with growth of trade and Industry which brought in wealth .
Caves at Ajanta and Ellora which belong to this period demonstrate
the classical style of Art and Architecture .

25. During the Rajput period ( 8
th
-10
th
Cen AD ) Several Rajput Kings
ruled different parts of North India. Due to acute rivalry amongst
themselves , they fell prey to external aggression as foreign invaders
took advantage of this disunity .
•Arthashastra, a Sanskrit book containing discourses on many
subjects written by Chanakya of the Mauryan empire had laid down
guidelines inter allied duties of government , administration and also
on town and country planning and housing . Similarly , there exists
another treatises on town planning in ancient India , the Manasara of
the 6
th
Cn AD which shows 8 different types of village and towns
according to different shapes .
•The first Muslim invasion on India was by Arabs in Sindh.
Muslim invasion on India were accompanied by ruthless
massacres , plundering and looting and breaking of adults as
well as works of art and Architecture .

26. •Muslim invasion in the year 1348 – 50 , by Taimurlang the lame
traitor carried death and destruction , uprooted everything on his
way , destroyed cities and killed a lakh of prisoners . The seat of
Muslim rule in India was based on Delhi . Hindus were subjected to
persecution and were refused any employment , they were subjected
to say Jezia Tax . Invasions of South India led to formation of an
independent Bahamani kingdom of Muslim at Gulbarga and Bidar .