urban fringes

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1. Urban fringes Presented by : padamatikona swapnika

2. Importance of urban fringe Urban fringes are receiving more and more attention, given the transformational changes in both urban and rural areas plus the fact that both are becoming increasingly interwoven . A main driver for the increased attention on the urban fringe is the demographic change that many countries are, and will be, experiencing in the coming decades. For a long time the urban fringe was a ` temporary zone’ waiting for the next wave of urban expansion . In many cases it is no longer expected that this ongoing process of expansion will continue much longer. This gives the urban fringe a much more permanent character and calls for specific attention.

3. definition of urban fringe FRINGE is defined as relation to the city and exists in agriculture hinterland (area around or beyond a major town) where land use is changing. URBAN FRINGE is an area that situates between urban and rural system. It’s the most sensitive, dynamic and swiftly changing area during the urbanization process ( Gu & Xiong , 1989).

4. HOW LAND MASS AFFECTS URBAN FRINGE? Urban fringes character is deciding based on the availability of amount of land in countries. If any country has less land to accommodate more population, those countries are trying people to settle them in outskirts of the cities which is giving negative impact on the existing environment

5. EFFECTS OF urban fringe on SUBURBAN AREAS Suburbanization often occurs in or near the urban fringe. In the U.S, as a city grows and more room is needed to support the expanding population, the urban fringe also expands to meet these demands, thus surrounding large cities like Cleveland, St. Louis, and New York in vast suburban areas, thus making the urban fringe a large "ring" around the city than is itself also vast and gradual. As a city's population grows and more people move farther out, the urban fringe is often swallowed up and developed as a suburb , thus pushing the urban fringe out even further. THE OUTWARD SHIFT OF THE RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

6. . MAJOR CONCERN – PRESERVING NATURE One of the best aspects of living in the urban fringe for the people who live there is its proximity to nature , the ability to get away from the fast pace and crowding in the city. Many cities are built in mountain valleys or near open water, and the need to preserve these lands is for the population's leisure activities, wildlife and the ecosystem is extremely important. Preserving nature is more dependent on what the population demands and the land surrounding the city

7. NATURE OF THE URBAN FRINGES The nature of the rural-urban fringe is influenced by four main factors: agricultural policy, regional planning, the urban economy and the agricultural economy. Baker et al have identified four types of fringe resulting from these influences: disturbed landscapes neglected landscapes simplified landscapes valued landscapes. THE NATURE OF THE RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

8. STAGES OF GROWTH INTRODUCTION: R . Ramachandran and srivastava , well known urban geographer. In 1950’s during a study of villages lying in the RUF of delhi , they had found a particular pattern of stages trough which a village community passes as the village gets transformed into an urban one.

9. STAGES OF GROWTH The rural urban fringe developed as FOUR aspects: Spatial interaction with city. Social dimensions. Physical aspects. Economic aspects. Keeping this aspects in view, there can be FIVE stages in the process of transformation.

10. 1)RURAL STAGE: Agriculture is the main occupation of the people who live in villages. Land less laborers form a large group and work as a agricultural laborers.

11. 1)RURAL STAGE Interaction between the city and village is minimum. Movement is restricated only to jobs in urban areas and trips for sale of agricultural produce. Such villages lack almost all the facilities available in the city.

12. 2)THE STAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE CHANGE The city offers a market for products like milk, vegetables and e. t. c . And villagers are in a position to supply. Few farmers notice it and take advantage of this opportunity . The village in this manner becomes vegetable farm and milk shed of the city . The three FACTORS which are responsible for development is : Increase in city population leads to the demand for products like milk, and vegetables. Improvement in transportation facilities. As a result, village become more accessible then before. In this case, people’s awareness and direct contact with the city increases over a period of time.

13. 3)STAGE OF OCCUPATIONAL CHANGE The village population responds to the employment opportunity in the city. Some village families have started business like repair shops, tea shops, grocery in city. The mobility of village population increases and number of scooters, bikes, cars and city buses increases. Houses are rebuilt with better furnished and well equipped in the villages.

14. 4)STAGE OF URBAN LAND USE GROWTH A few plots of land from villagers are purchased by real estate agents from the city. They develop into a residential colonies within a short time and they convert village lands into city life. Lands near main road which connects the village to city are first developed.

15. 5)URBAN VILLAGE STAGE Now the fringe village is converted into urban uses . No agricultural lands around the village. Migration starts. All around the village site, we have a number of urban residential localities.

16. CASE STUDY- NORTH AMERICAN RURAL-URBAN FRINGE The main processes operating in North American fringe areas are: A marked change in ownership land size with distance from the built-up area. Units of land show decreasing size and increasing value with proximity to the urban area. The rate at which land ownership changes also varies with distance from the boundary of the built-up area with the most intense activity closest to the urban area. Development takes the forms of peripheral accretion (adding on directly to the existing urban area), linear development along major route ways and leap-frogging. The locations of the latter are determined by a number of factors including the varying desirability of different locations and the ownership status of the land. A MODEL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

17. CHALLENGES Differences and fluctuations in property value Lack of coherence in planning policy and regulations , potentially leading to a decline in spatial quality and loss of attractiveness of the area .

18. CHALLENGES In contrast, sometimes a lack of identity: not rural, not urban, lack of specific cultural or regional identity, as a result of the lack of coherent planning and the diversity of functions. services may get failure due to the sudden increase in population

19. CHALLENGES An area with specific environmental risks and opportunities: ‘urban’ water is contaminating clean rural water, landscape cluttering, risk of decrease in biodiversity in situations of deterioration. A change of functions as a result of local, regional, national and international developments: agricultural property becomes available for other functions

20. GUIDELINES To Climate Change: Encourage appropriate woodland or other planting in landscapes higher up the river catchment areas to help provide natural alleviation to extreme weather events and reduce the amount of hard engineered solutions needed alongside rivers and close to settlements.

21. GUIDELINES GUIDELINES To Natural Features: Establish new woodlands or tree groups on prominent skylines in order to soften their windswept appearance and provide screening where climatic conditions allow. Manage and restore existing semi-natural woodlands.

22. GUIDELINES Development: When new development takes place consider opportunities to enhance and strengthen green infrastructure to provide a link between urban areas and the wider countryside. Reinforcing woodland belts, enhancing water and soil quality and the provision of green corridors from and between settlements could all help reinforce landscape and biodiversity features . Along major roads, develop schemes to improve visual awareness of the individual settlements, land uses and cultural landmarks. Conserve and maintain traditional farm buildings within their own setting. Reduce the impact of large scale new farm buildings by careful location so as not to dominate the traditional farm buildings on a plot adequate to accommodate circulation, storage and landscape proposals using a choice of sympathetic colours and non-reflective finishes.

23. GUIDELINES Access and Recreation: Public rights of way should be well maintained and quiet recreational areas and facilities should be improved and developed to be compatible and reinforce the remaining pastoral characteristics of this sub type. Seek opportunities to enhance access to farmland through farm stewardship or other schemes.

24. Conclusion: Though urban fringes are becoming as extension areas for cities, It is our responsibility to not to disturb/destroy existing features like nature, settlements, economic activities etc.. of the urban fringe areas. while zoning, its recommended to give recreational zone/ agri zone as major landuse to urban fringes, so that the existing features wont get disturbed by this landuse and bio-diversity can be maintained in cities

25. bibliography Geocases : Access to Geographical Cases Studies for A Level: The Rural-urban Fringe Anbumozhi , V., 2007. Eco-Industrial Clusters in Urban-Rural Fringe Areas- A Strategic Approach for Integrated Environmental and Economic Planning, Business and the Environment Research Project , Kansai Research Center , Hyogo, Japan.   Andrews, R. B., 1942. Elements in the urban fringe pattern, Journal of Land and Public Utility Economics , Vol. 18, May, pp. 169-183.   Asif, K., 2010. Developing agro-processing enterprises in the rural-urban fringe areas – a view point on sustainable development and propelling rural prosperity, Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Environment , Proceedings of the International Conference 29-30th October, Department of Civil Engineering, A.M.U., Aligarh, pp. 592-595 . Rodrigue , J. P., Comtois , C. and Slack, B., 2009. The Geography of Transport Systems , Department of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University, New York. http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans . Daniel R. fesenmaier , Michael F. godchild and Sandra Morrison. The spatial structure of the rral -urban fringe http:// peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/urban-fringe-9706.html http://www.tutor2u.net/geography/reference/7-characteristics-of-the-rural-urban-fringe

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