UROLOGY class presentation. Introduction

From class

1. BY MR I.K EZEH UROLOGIC SURGICAL NURSING

2. Brachytherapy: A type of radiotherapy where radioactive seeds are implanted directly into an organ, usually the prostate gland. Calcium Oxalate: The commonest constituent of kidney stones and the type of stone which is most prone to recur . TERMINOLOGIES USED IN UROLOGY

3. DRE: Digital rectal examination; usually to feel the prostate gland. D ysuria: Painful passage of urine. E mbolisation : Blocking the artery to an organ by introducing foam, coils or gel under X-ray control using a small catheter placed in the artery.

4. E nuresis: Incontinence of urine at night usually considered synonymous with bedwetting. F requency: Passing urine too often, usually during the day. H esitancy: Having to wait an abnormally long time for the flow of urine to start . Haematuria: Blood in the urine.

5. Retrograde ejaculation: This occurs when semen enters the bladder instead of emerging through the penis during orgasm. There is sexual climax with very little or no semen during ejaculation . Haematospermia : Blood in the semen during ejaculation. Azoospermia : The complete absence of sperms in ejaculated semen. Can be due to failure of production or obstruction of the tubing for sperm flow . Oligospermia : A low sperm count( less than 15 million sperm in1 ml of semen). Also known as Oligozoospermia .

6. Incontinence: Involuntary leakage of urine. Nocturia : Abnormal passage of urine at night. H ydrocele: An abnormal collection of fluid in the naturally-occurring sac which surrounds the testicle.

7. I mmunotherapy: Treatment of cancer by stimulating the natural immune response. Polyuria: Over-production of urine, usually at night; often occurs in the elderly due to poor water handling ability with increasing age Testosterone : The main male hormone produced mainly by the testicles (and by the adrenal gands )

8. Urgency: A sudden, irresistible desire to pass urine . Antiandrogen : A drug that blocks the effects of the male hormone (testosterone), often used in the treatment of prostate cancer Bladder training: A technique whereby the patient learns to resist the urge to urinate by passing urine according to a strict, timed schedule.

9. Co-morbidity The presence of one or more disorders (or diseases), together with a primary disease or disorder, which increase(s) a patient's susceptibility to complications. Creatinine A waste product filtered from the blood by the kidneys and expelled in the urine. Cryotherapy Destruction of a tissue or organ by freezing to a very low temperature. 

10. Detrusor muscle The interlocking muscle fibres which form the bladder wall, allowing the bladder to contract and empty itself of urine. Dribbling Leakage after the normal passage of urine due to either obstruction (prostate or stricture) or to an abnormal out pouching of the urethra (diverticulum)

11. Endourology : A generic term for inspection of the internal lining of organs of the urinary tract using a telescope and an illuminating light source. Positron emission tomography (PET) A scanning technique, occasionally used to assess the spread of cancer, which combines radio-isotope scanning with CT or MRI . Transplantation Surgical implantation of a donated organ to replace one which has failed to work effectively.

12.   Priapism A persistent, painful erection which occurs without sexual stimulation . Prostatectomy Surgical Removal of the prostate gland by telescopic or open surgery. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) The involuntary leakage of urine during periods of raised abdominal pressure (e.g. coughing, sneezing, laughing or lifting) .

13. Voiding : Act of Passing urine. Stricture Abnormal scarring or narrowing of a hollow tube e.g Urethra. Uric acid ( urate ) A chemical, eliminated in the urine, whose levels can build up in the body (to produce gout) or in the kidneys (to produce stones ).

14. Vasography An X-ray examination performed through the vas deferens to establish the presence or absence of obstruction in the tubing; now largely obsolete due to improved sperm retrieval techniques. Urologist: A Urologist is a specialist who diagnose and treat diseases of the genitourinary tract in men and urinary tract in female. They are also trained to perform different types of urological surgery.

15. Cystectomy: This is the Surgery to remove the bladder, often to treat bladder cancer. Cystoscope : This is a flexible scope that is inserted into the urethra and then into the bladder to determine abnormalities in the bladder and lower urinary tract. Cystoscopy: This is the process of inserting a viewing tube up to the urethra to examine the urethra and bladder cavity. Nephrectomy: Surgical removal of the kidney . Urinary retention: The inability to empty the bladder.

16. Lithotripsy: A procedure done to break up stones in the urinary tract using ultrasonic shock waves, so that the fragments can be easily passed from the body. Extracorporeal Shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL): This uses highly focused impulses projected from outside the body to pulverize kidney stones. Intrinsic sphincter deficiency(ISD): Weakening of the urethral sphincter muscles, leading to abnormal sphincter. This condition is a common cause of stress urinary incontinence.

17. Pyeloplasty : Surgery to correct ureteropelvic junction(UPJ) obstruction. The goal is to provide drainage of the kidney to the bladder. Urology(Urological): As the name implies,urology deals with the male and female urologic systems. Orchidectomy : This is the surgical removal of the testis usually to treat germ-cell tumours of the testis, such as seminoma and teratoma which are malignant tumours of the testis . Orchidopexy : This is a surgery to mobilize an undescended testis in the groin and fixing it in the scrotum.

18. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCN): Percutaneous means through the skin. In PCN, the surgeon or urologist make a 1cm incision under local anaesthesia in the patient`s back through which an instrument, called nephroscope is passed directly into the kidney and if necessary the ureter. Smaller stones may be manually extracted . Larger ones may need to be broken up with ultrasonic, electrohydraulic or LASER-tipped probes before they can be extracted. A tube may be inserted into the kidney for drainage

19. Vasectomy: This is the surgical operation of severing the vas deferens. Bilateral vasectomy causes sterility and is an increasingly popular means of birth control. Circumcision: Is the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis. It is performed for religious and ethnic reasons but sometimes required for medical conditions mainly phimosis and paraphimosis . Varicocele : This is a collection of dilated veins in the spermatic cord. It usually produces no symptoms apart from ocassional aching & discomfort. In some cases it is associated with oligospermia,which can improve by surgical correction or radiological embolization of the varicocele .

20. Cystourethroscopy : Examination of the bladder and posterior urethra by an instrument called cystourethroscope . Litholapaxy : This is the surgery to crush a stone in the urinally tract. The small fragments of the stone can then be removed by irrigation and suction. Suprapubic cystostomy : This is a surgical approach by creating an artificial surgical incision into the urinary bladder, by cutting through or above the pubic bone to provide drainage route for urine.

21. Nephrolithotomy : Is the surgical removal of a stone from the kidney by an incision into the kidney substance. Pyelolithotomy is the surgical removal of a stone through an incision made in the pelvis of the kidney. Ureterolithotomy : This is the surgical removal of a stone(calculus) from the ureter. If the stone occupies the lower portion of the ureter, it may be extracted by cystoscopy, thus avoiding open surgery.

22. Total cystectomy and Ureterosigmoidostomy : This is the surgical removal of the urinary bladder. Usually the ureter draining urine from kidneys are re- implanted into the terminal ileum and also planting into the sigmoid colon. The urine is passed together with the faeces avoiding the need for an external opening and appliance to collect the urine.