Usa pavillion expo 67

Assignment prepared by Behiye Buse Ergi

1. USA Pavillion Expo 67 Montreal Biosphére by Buckminster Fuller Behiye Buse ERGİ 20170704020

2. General Tag of Montreal Biosphère Architect: Buckminster Fuller Typology : Cultural Architecture / Museum Location : 160 Chemin Tour -de- l’Isle,Île Sainte-Hélène , Parc Jean- Drapeau , Montreal, Canada Completion : 1967 Evocative topics : Blobitecture , World Fair , Geodesic Structures

3. Montreal Biosphere is a museum dedicated to the environment in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is housed in the former United States pavilion constructed for Expo 67 located within the grounds of Parc Jean-Drapeau on Saint Helen's Island. The museum's geodesic dome was designed by Buckminster Fuller.

4. ‘’ You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete. ’’ – R. Buckminster Fuller

5. Who is Buckminster Fuller? He was a U.S. e ngineer , architect , philosopher, poet, writer, and inventor. Throughout his life, Fuller has tried to figure out whether or not humanity has a chance to live longer and more successfully on planet Earth, and how it will be if it exists. In architecture, he designed the "geodesic dome" , which allows you to cover a space with minimal materials. H e coined the term " Tensegrity" , short for the words "tension" and "integrity".

6. Fuller believed that ; R educing the weight of buildings the key to material efficiency and planetary sustainability, so he designed the steel-and-acrylic dome to have the lowest possible ratio of weight to enclosed volume. His obsession with this particular type of structure emerged from his interests in material efficiency, structural integrity, and modularity, the key ingredients of what he hoped would become a sustainable, easily replicable design intervention.

7. About Buckminster Fuller & Geodesic Dome Buckminster Fuller’s first geodesic dome, 18 meters in diameter, was built on The Dome Restaurant in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in 1952.

8. In the spring of 1953, with the construction in just a few weeks of the Ford Dome above the central atrium of the Ford Motor Company’s cylindrical head office building in Dearborn, on the outskirts of Detroit, Michigan. The 8.5-tonne dome, with a diameter of 83 meters, was the only structure capable of covering the vast central space without placing too much pressure on the walls of a building that had not originally been designed to accommodate such an addition. World media attention to the construction and inauguration of the dome popularized the theories of “ Bucky ,” as he came to be known.

9. Fuller had been working on geodesic domes for almost 20 years before designing Montreal Biosphére . In short, when he approached the American government in 1963 to design the U.S. pavilion for Montréal’s World Fair in 1967, Buckminster Fuller had become a star. January 1964 cover of Time Magazine.

10. Montreal Biosphère Of all of Fuller’s domes, the Biosphere is perhaps the most spectacular. Montreal Biosphère , u nlike many of Fuller's squat half domes, the one at Expo was a 3/4 sphere set amidst a park-like setting. What he, and partner Shoji Sadao , came up with was first derided as impossible, but convinced it would work Fuller presented a plan for what would be the world’s largest geodesic dome soaring over 200 feet in height and close to 250 feet in diameter. It should be noted that Fuller’s original plan was for a structure twice the size !

11. The America Pavilion for the 1967 Fair in Montreal was as high as a 20-story building. In addition to being innovative, inventive, popular, sophisticated, inventive and seductive, Fuller's Montreal biosphere is the largest geodesic dome on earth. The vast geodesic sphere, with a diameter of 76 ( seventy-six ) meters (250 ft .) , rises 62 ( sixty-two ) meters (200 ft .) towards the sky and completely dominates the island on which it is located. This geodesic dome, which wraps around the outside of the exhibition buildings, forms a closed structure consisting of steel and acrylic cells. The volume contained within it is so spacious that it comfortably fits a seven-story exhibition building featuring the various programmatic elements of the exhibit.

12. During the Exposition, it contained 6 inner floors housing American artefacts. The exhibition buildings inside the dome are reinforced concrete structures. Visitors had access to 4 large theme platforms divided into 7 levels. The building included a 37m long escalator, the longest ever built at the time. The Minirail monorail ran through the pavilion.

13. What was the working principle of the geodesic dome of the Montreal Biosphere? Geometrically, the dome is an icosahedron, a 20-sided shape formed by the interspersion of pentagons into a hexagonal grid. However, the clarity of this form is obfuscated by the fragmentation of its faces, which are subdivided into a series of equilateral triangles with minor distortions that bow the individual planar sections into shells. The triangles forming the dome formed a double-walled structure with 32 frequencies. T he inner and outer layers are connected by a latticework of struts.

14. Typically a geodesic dome design begins with an icosahedron inscribed in a hypothetical sphere, tiling each triangular face with smaller triangles, then projecting the vertices of each tile to the sphere. The endpoints of the links of the completed sphere are the projected endpoints on the sphere's surface. If this is done exactly, sub-triangle edge lengths take on many different values, requiring links of many sizes. To minimize this, simplifications are made. The result is a compromise of triangles with their vertices lying approximately on the sphere. The edges of the triangles form approximate geodesic paths over the surface of the dome.

15. As a result, the aggregate composition of the dome is substantially more spherical than simple icosahedra, while the smaller units create dazzling visual complexity through sheer repetitiousness. This lattice-type structure is created entirely of 7,6 cm ( three-inch ) steel tubes, welded at the joints and thinning gently toward the top of the structure so as to optimally distribute forces throughout the system.

16. What does d ome frequency mean? To obtain a more regular network, a secondary bracing is introduced, modularly dividing each equilateral triangle into a number of subdivisions. There are two possible classes of geodesic subdivision; for Class I subdivision, the dividing lines are parallel to the edges of the primary bracing . ( Figure 3) A subdivision, or “frequency” is defined by the number of triangles each edge of the primary bracing is divided into . Montreal Biosphere ’ s Dome has Class 1 subdivisions . Because it has Class 1 subdivisions, it is developed from the icosahedron.

17. Why did Fuller build the geodesic dome out of triangles? Triangles are the strongest shape because they have fixed angles and don’t distort very easily. The triangle is the only arrangement of structural members that is stable within itself without requiring additional connections at the intersection points to prevent warping of the geometry. In other words, apply pressure to one edge of a triangle, and that force is evenly distributed to the other two sides, which then transmit pressure to adjacent triangles. That cascading distribution of pressure is how geodesic domes efficiently distribute stress along the entire structure.

18. Briefly; g eodesic dome utilizes the power of natural geometry to make incredibly efficient structures. Geodesic domes are three-dimensional structures using stable triangles approximating spheres to create multiple load carrying paths from point of load to point of support.

19. What was the working principle of the geodesic dome of the Montreal Biosphere? “ G eodesic D ome ” is the result of balancing compression and tension forces in building ( Fuller’s structures use the principle of tension instead of usual compression) and which is qualified as lightweight, cost-effective and easy to assemble without needing intrusive supporting columns. Their main quality is that they distribute tension and stress economically throughout the construction by channeling it differently. The structure efficiently distributes stress and can resist despite the hard conditions. Geodesic domes are the most efficient structures ever created in terms of material weight.

20. Load Distribution of Geodesic Dome Working Principle : Support through compression and tension . Geodesic domes have most members in compression . However, the lower horizontal struts can be in tension. Also, geodesic domes are the only types of domes which can support its own weight. It does this by distributing the stresses and loads within the structure. An advantage of this type of load distribution is that it allows for the dome to be able to be set directly on the ground as a complete structure.

21. Load Distribution of Dome of Montreal Biosphere We can say that the load distribution of the Montreal Biosphere ’s d ome is as in the previous slide field d option . Because the dome is 3/4 of a sphere, as in the figure. Since the dome consists of triangles, incoming loads are transferred through each element and transmitted to the last surface of the Earth. Their main quality is that they distribute tension and stress economically throughout the construction by channeling it differently. Load Earth’s Reaction

22. Why was the Montreal B iosphere built as a double-walled d ome ? Actually; Dome of Montreal Biosphere work s with space lattice logic. T he less horizontal a given strut is, the less compression it needs to withstand an applied load. Increasing the number of subdivision points to capture the sphere form is not a very correct decision for the stability of the structure. Because as the number of subdivisions increases, the truss depth decreases. As the truss width decreases, so does the stabilization. A way around this issue is to have two concentric domes, and run the struts from one to the other, allowing the truss depth to be larger. This method is generally necessary to have larger geodesic domes. Therefore , truss depth in larger domes can be increased by adding a second layer to create a space frame .

23. Subdivisons o f A Geometric Shape

24. Truss Depth in Geodesic Domes

25. Photos showing truss depth of Montreal Biosphere

26. Construction Phase Of 1967 Expo USA Pavilion If a prediction is made based on the photo; We can say that the triangulars that make up the dome are produced outside the construction site and brought to the construction site to be merged into the construction site.

27. As seen in the second photo, it can be estimated that the triangulars prepared outside the construction site, which will be assembled as the dome rises, are seated using a tower crane.

28. Suspended scaffolding was used to make connections to steel rods.

29. Connector of Steel Bars The pavilion was originally designed to be dismantled. However, for reasons of economy, the American officials asked for the metal tubes to be welded, not bolted as Buckminster Fuller had proposed. This change slowed down the building process considerably, and also - fortunately for Montréal - made the structure impossible to dismantle.

30. Nodes : In a space frame, connecting joints play an important role, both functional and esthetic,is form sphere and hot pressed steel forging . Nodes can be drilled any number of holes according to the project needs. Members are circular hollow sections with cone-shaped steel forgings welded at the ends, which accommodate connecting bolts. Pipes : Members are circular hollow sections with cone-shaped steel forgings welded at the ends, which accommodate connecting bolts. Tension and pressure forces o c cur in the system transfer to the nodes by the the conic members. The material specification must be same at least with pipes.

31. Close view of one of the joints in the dome.

32. About Dome’s Shading System To complete the dome 1,900 clear acrylic ‘lenses’ created a transparent ‘skin’ to the structure that housed five exhibition platforms inside. The effect was a striking bauble that glittered in the sunlight and glowed in the evening. It was, in effect, the crowning jewel of the Fair and a technological masterpiece. The theme of ‘Creative America’ was chosen for the exhibition. To keep the indoor ambient temperature at an acceptable level, Buckminster Fuller designed an apparatus composed of mobile triangular panels that would move over the inner surface of the dome following the sun. Although brilliant on paper, this innovation was probably too advanced for its time, and unfortunately never worked properly. Instead, a large number of valves were installed in the centre of the acrylic panels, to enable the pavilion to "breathe."

33. Hanging Shading System Using Suspended Scaffolding

34. Energy E fficiency & G eodesic D ome

35. The incredibly successful 1967 World’s Fair took place in Montreal from April to October of 1967 and drew over 50 million visitors. The most popular pavilion was the impressive geodesic dome of the United States , The United States pavilion welcomed more than 9 million visitors in six months. Of the 62 countries present at Montréal’s World Fair, the United States stands out for its truly exceptional contribution, due not only to the impact of its geodesic dome on the Île Sainte-Hélène landscape, but also to the spectacular aspect of the pavilion's popular and sophisticated content.

36. PLANS

37. SECTIONS

38. After the Fair ended ; T he pavilion was gifted to the city of Montreal and it went on to become an exhibition space for a few years. In 1976, during some repairs, a welder accidentally set fire to the one of the o riginally sheathed in a thin acrylic membrane and the entire dome was quickly engulfed in flames. T he dome as originally built was more opaque and visually solid than the version experienced today. However, its present structural nakedness creates a beautifully legible transparency that fully reveals the ingenuity of Fuller’s design. Standing outside the building, sightlines through the sphere penetrate the shell on two surfaces without material differentiation, resulting in a continuous reading of interior and exterior surfaces as facets of a single structural fabric curving in on itself. With the acrylic infill removed, the experiential emphasis of the dome shifts from spatial enclosure to the sensorial wonder of the structure itself. The unchoreographed visibility of the exhibition building within, however, is forgivably less appealing, at times resembling a disquietingly modern take on snowglobe kitsch at the grandest of scales.

39. After the fire; Fuller’s dome sat unused for some time and in early 1990’s was transformed into the Montreal Biosphere, a museum dedicated to raising environmental awareness. Montreal's Biosphere is a unique interactive museum aiming to raise awareness of the Saint-Lawrence river and the Great Lakes ecosystem. Due to its specific architecture, energy consumption is substantial. The combination of a geothermal system and leading-edge technologies produces an impressive energy efficiency. Compared to a conventional electrical option, the geothermal system shows a reduction in energy usage of 459 MWh . Today ‘Bucky’s Bubble’ is an icon of the city of Montreal. Without its original acrylic skin the structure now soars like delicate filigree lace and still impresses. While Fuller’s dome has a new purpose, it will always stand as testament to the creative, often fearless, ingenuity of America.

40. Model of Montreal Biosphere’s Structural System A single-layer dome of high frequency buckles easily under local loads, but thickening it to two layers makes it a truss, which adds greatly to its rigidity. In this design, there are triangles for the outer layer and hexagons for the inner layer. These two tessellations mesh well because { red } and { black } are dual to each other, i.e., the vertices of each tessellation will lie in the centers of the faces of the other tessellation and the edges of each cross the edges of the other at right angles.

41. 1. I've determined the materials I'll use before I start making models. I used toothpicks to represent the steel bars in Montreal Biosphere ’ dome , styrofoam balls to represent the Iron Balls at the ports. In the real d ome , the steel were welded to the ports. So I shoved the toothpicks into the styrofoam balls to replace the welding process. Styrofoam Balls : Steel Balls Connector Toothpicks : Steel Bars

42. 2. I combined the materials I had to form a sphere from hexagonal modules.

43. 3. After I created the inner wall of the dome from hexagons, I added intermediate toothp icks decks that would connect it to the second wall by calculating their angle.

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47. More Information About USA Pavilion Expo 67 ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuEcxv86a0U

48. Sources http://i-rep.emu.edu.tr:8080/jspui/bitstream/11129/612/1/Ghadim.pdf http://www.sos.siena.edu/~mmccolgan/Structures/Schedule_files/S-6.pdf http://www.domerama.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Marek_Kubik_report.pdf https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/biosphere/about/united-states-pavillion-expo-67.html https://www.archdaily.com/572135/ad-classics-montreal-biosphere-buckminster-fuller?ad_medium=gallery http://www.arch.ttu.edu/ courses /2008/ fall /3501perl/ wong /project1/GEOdome.htm#:~: text =Also%2C%20geodesic%20domes%20are%20the,ground%20as%20a%20complete%20structure. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/2b/b8/e6/ccd9ed1de0b54c/US5704169.pdf https://www.mcmdaily.com/buckys-bubble/ https://expo67.ncf.ca/expo_usa_p1.html https://www.tboake.com/expo67.html https://www.georgehart.com/MathCamp-2008/dome-two-layer.html

49. THANKS FOR WATCHING BEHİYE BUSE ERGİ 20170704020 ARCH345 ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURAL DESIGN FIRST ASSIGNMENT: USA PAVILION EXPO 67