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Understanding the self

1. PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SELF UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES FOUNDATION Salinas Drive, Lahug, Cebu City, Philippines STEVEN A. EGUIN, LPT, MAED College Instructor College of Teacher Education, Arts, and Sciences

2. “Knowing your own darkness is the best method of dealing the darkness of other people.” Carl Jung

3. Let’s hit the mark! I. Explain the concept of the “self” according to the following psychologists: Sigmund Freud; Carl Jung; Erick Erickson; and Carl Rogers; and II. Illustrate the following concepts to real-life experiences: ideal self vs. real self the provinces of the mind - id, ego, superego;4 psychosocial development theory; and archetypes.

4. PSYCHOLOGY is the science of behavior. It originates from the Greek word; psyche (soul) and logos (study). It literally means the study of the soul/mind. Today, Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

5. The self has many aspect that help make an integral part of it. Example of these are self-concept, self-esteem, self-awareness, and self-perception. The psychology of self, either cognitive of affective, represents one’s identity.

6. SIGMUND FREUD CARL JUNG ERIK ERIKSON CARL ROGERS Provinces of the Mind Major Jungian Archetypes Psychosocial Developmental Self Theory Freud argued that the self is influenced by the interaction of Id, ego, and superego. Jung emphasized the influences of archetypes on one’s personality. Erikson suggested that in each life stage, an individual may experience a crisis or a challege. Rogers asserted the idea of real self vs. ideal self.

7. SIGMUND FREUD Provinces of the mind, Psychosexual development, and the defense mechanisms. Freud (1856-1929) was an Austrian neurologist. He is considered as founder of Psychoanalysis. Freud contented that the self is the outcome of the interaction between the tree structures of the mind; the id, ego, and superego.

8. Characteristics of the Id, Ego, and Superego. Id Ego Superego PLEASURE PRINCIPLE REALITY PRINCIPLE MORALITY PRINCIPLE seeks immediate gratification of impulses; ignores consequences seeks immediate gratification of impulses; ignores consequences rational and thoughtful responsible for society’s moral standards; feels guilty if rules are disobeyed “ I WANT TO DO IT NOW ” “ I HAVE A PLAN ” “ IT’S NOT RIGHT TO DO THAT “

9. Id and superego are frequently in conflict, and the role of the ego is to satisfy both. According to Freud, when the id's desires and the superego's rules cannot be satisfied, humans feel anxiety, and to cope with this, people habitually and unconsciously distort reality using defense mechanisms (Feist 2021).

10. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY According to Freud, children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges. His theory explores the five psychosexual stages in which the person seeks pleasure from body parts that are sexual in nature. He also emphasized that a child's first five years are the most critical developmental stage for social and personality development (Cherry 2016).

11. Psychosexual Stages of Development Stage Age Erogenous Zone Successful Resolution Fixation ORAL Birth up to 12 months Infant’s mouth (feeding) Weaning A person tends to be talkative, sarcastic, or cursive (oral aggressive); or tends to suck on his/her thumb, smoke, overeat, and drink alcoholic beverages (oral passive). ANAL One to Three years old Toddler’s Anus (bowel and bladder control) Toilet Training Perfectionist, meticulous, overly tidy, stubborn, stingy (anal retentive) or disorganized, distractive, and clumsy (anal expulsive)

12. Psychosexual Stages of Development Stage Age Erogenous Zone Successful Resolution Fixation PHALLIC Three to three years old (Masturbation) Gender Identification Oedipus complex - (mama's boy) son's attraction to his mother Electra complex - (daddy's girl) daughter's affection for her father LATENCY Six years old to puberty N/A (dormant sexual feelings) Socialization Dormant sex instinct sublimated in school activities, hobbies, sports, and making friends. Genitals

13. Psychosexual Stages of Development Stage Age Erogenous Zone Successful Resolution Fixation Genital Puberty to Adulthood (reproduction and pleasure) Intimate relationships (dating and mating) Fixation in the prior stage could result in frigidity, impotence, difficulty in intimate relationships, etc. Other people’s genitals or whole body

14. Defense mechanisms are unconscious techniques used by the ego to avoid confronting aggressive and sexual urges, as well as to defend itself when anxiety becomes intolerable (Feist et al. 2021). Despite their differences in detail, all defense mechanisms share these common characteristics: denial or distortion of reality and occurring unconsciously (Schultz and Schultz 2013). DEFENSE MECHANISMS

15. Defense Mechanism Description Example The unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and feelings. You cannot remember your mother's funeral. Repression Denial Regression Projection A person's refusal to accept reality due to a painful experience Reverting to a less mature way by adopting childish behavior Attribution of unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone or something else You are arrested for drunk driving several times but deny you have problems with alcohol. You claim that your sister is mad at you, not knowing that you are the one who is really mad at her. An adolescent who is overwhelmed with fear might exhibit earlier childhood behaviors he has long since overcome, such as bed-wetting, looking for motherly care, or eating comfort foods from childhood.

16. Defense Mechanism Description Example Shifting a feeling, thought, or action toward a more vulnerable target When you get mad at your sister, you kick the dog instead. Displacement Reaction Formation Rationalization Sublimation Adopting beliefs, attitudes, and feelings that are directly opposite to your own views. Attempting to justify one's action to dismiss unpleasant feelings Redirecting unacceptable drives into personally and socially acceptable channels Unconsciously laughing on the outside, crying on the inside Channeling your anxiety through painting or exercising You always cross the street using the pedestrian lane, but you know a lot of people who violate the law, so it is okay to do the same sometimes.

17. Defense Mechanism Description Example Shifting a feeling, thought, or action toward a more vulnerable target When your neighbor tops the board exam, you share his/her achievement by saying: “He/She is my neighbor”. Introjection Fixation Rationalization Sublimation Fixation is a process where an individual may be persistently focused on an early stage of psychosexual development because one's wishes are over-gratified or under-gratified Incorporating positive qualities of another person into their own ego Redirecting unacceptable drives into personally and socially acceptable channels When you see an adult who does thumb-sucking, it is possible that he/she is orally fixated. Channeling your anxiety through painting or exercising When your neighbor tops the board exam, you share his/her achievement by saying: "He/She is my neighbor." These defense mechanisms are universal and healthy at some point to overcome the anxiety caused by a conflict between the id and superego. They can benefit the individual and not cause any harm to society to some extent. However, it should be noted that when used severely, they may cause the formation of maladjustments.

18. CARL JUNG Jung was a Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist. He is the founder of analytical psychology and a student of Sigmund Freud. Jung believed that since the beginning of time and through the repetitive experiences of our ancestors, these experiences have formed archetypes. Archetypes are defined as ancient images that derive from the collective unconscious. These images cause us to react sensitively to symbols of nativity, dying, good figures, mother and father figures, figures of the opposite sex, and so on.

19. Archetypes express themselves mainly through dreams; some are through fantasies and delusions. Each archetype is believed by Jung to have its own life and personality; some of it is still vague, and only a few have been established

20. Although Jung suggested a series of archetypes such as the father (authority figure), the mother (nurturing), the wise old man (wisdom, knowledge), the hero (champion, rescuer), the trickster (troublemaker), among others. We will be focusing on what are regarded as the 4 major Jungian Archetypes: The Self, the Persona, The Shadow, and the Anima/Animus

21. The persona is the mask you use to present yourself to the world. THE PERSONA

22. THE SHADOW The shadow is the darker side of you. This consist of sex and life instincts.

23. THE ANIMA and ANIMUS The anima and animus are the masculine and feminine aspects of personality that all people have.

24. THE SELF The self symbolizes the psyche.

25. For Jung, self-realization is the process of attaining selfhood. Selfhood means enabling all the psychological components to work in unity and harmony. People who have achieved this state have been able to acquire a balance between and among the archetypes.

26. ERIK ERIKSON Erikson was a German-American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst. He was a professor at Harvard, University of California, and Yale. Erikson is famous for his psychosocial development theory and has been recognized for creating the phrase identity crisis (Vom Orde 2016).

27. Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory claims that self-identity progresses in eight stages, each facing a specific psychosocial dilemma or "crisis" throughout the lifetime. In every life stage, there is an interaction of conflicts, the harmonious (syntonic) element, and the disruptive (dystonic) element. Moreover, Erikson emphasized the point that in order to have a balanced output, each stage should experience not only one element but both conflicting elements (Carson-Arenas 2011).

28. Erik Erikson believed that the psychosocial developmental theory works in chronological order and is applicable to different cultures. Knowing this may help yourself and others in understanding the self, in accordance with which stage you are in.

29. CARL ROGERS Carl Rogers was an influential American humanistic psychologist. He is one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy. Rogers emphasizes that the self is divided into two categories: REAL SELF and IDEAL SELF.

30. A. Real Self. This is our true self. This is who and what we really are. This self may be an imperfect one, but certainly, it is the most real part. B. Ideal Self. This is the self we wish to be, we strive to be, and what we feel we are expected to be. We tend to accommodate other expectations because we believe that we will be more liked and loved if we do.

31. Conversely, if there is a big difference between these two categories, then personality problems may occur. When the discrepancy between the real self and the ideal self is huge, this can lead us to feel dampened and low. Also, this incongruity can lead to psychological burdens like stress and anxiety because we feel that our real self seems not to be sufficient while the ideal self seems impossible to reach (Feist 2021).

32. Rogers contended that self-concept is composed of three elements: 1. Self-Image Your self-image is how you see yourself based on your strengths and weaknesses. How you think and feel about your appearance, your task performance, and your social relationships consistently affect your self-image.

33. 2. Self-Esteem Self-esteem refers to the positive and negative feelings you have about yourself. When you feel that you are good, then your self-esteem is high. Overly high self-esteem, however, can have a negative effect. Possible links to high self-esteem are bullying, increased social comparisons, and prejudice or racism (Jhangiani 2022)

34. However, when you feel that you are a failure and unworthy, you experience low self-esteem. Low self-esteem has its downside. It has been linked to psychological suffering, including anxiety, depression, and suicide. Self-esteem helps us to: Identify our own strength. Distinguish between our inner beauty and outer beauty. Focus on the good rather than the bad. Understand more about what makes good friendships. Create a habit of positive realism.

35. 3. Ideal Self Ideal self is based on one's hopes and wishes based on how a person would like to become. If there is a big gap between how you see yourself and what you would like to become, it will somehow affect how you value yourself