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1. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
REVIEWER
BSTM-1
Patricia Miah Lynette C. Tuscano

BEYOND UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
BEYOND
-​Greek Word: “META” (something
that goes much further).

WESTERN COUNTRIES
-​All theories come from the western
countries.
-​The dominance of Western
countries in the field of Science

WESTERNER
-​Their scientific thought.
-​Give value in science.
-​Scientific method.
-​Critical thinking.
-​Philosophers, scientists,
psychologists.

EASTENERS
-​More focused on religion.
-​In spirituality.
-​Rarely accept eastern counties
theory

HISTORICAL INFLUENCE:
1.​ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN
CONTRIBUTIONS
-​Thinkers like Plato,
Aristotle, and Euclid.
-​School of Athens.
-​Where people who study
science first existed.
-​Near AGORA.
-​Marketplace.
-​Schools were
placed near
marketplaces
because many
people go to
markets + they can
study or learn.
-​For systematic inquiry and rational
thought.
-​Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates built
schools.

PERIPATETIC SCHOOL
-​Simplest form of school.
-​History and culture is taught (?).
-​Built by Socrates(?)

SOCRATES.
-​Mainly from Plato’s writings.

PLATO
-​Said to build schools.
-​SCHOOL ACADEMY/PLATO’S
ACADEMY
-​Only offers fundamentals
(math, science, and
STATESMANSHIP)
-​More on values.

ARISTOTLE
-​ARISTOTLE’S LYCEUM
-​Provides philosophy, logic,
ethics, politics, natural
sciences, and rhetoric.

RHETORIC
-​“Art of persuasion.”
-​How to convey and persuade.
-​ETHOS
-​How to market using ethical
or credible methods.
-​Credibility.
-​PATHOS
-​More emotional.
-​LOGOS
-​Logical, practical.

ACADEMY
-​Only teaches fundamentals or the
basics (up until grade 6 to junior
high school).
-​More on value.

UNIVERSITY
-​ Teaches more complex subjects,

2. -​More on-hand.

WHY IS LYCEUM MORE CONSIDERED
AS THE HIGHEST RANK COMPARE TO
PERIPATETICS AND THE ACADEMY?
LYCEUM
-​Discipline thinking.
-​A mental process of approaching
problems using rational and
objective reasoning.
-​Systematic and focused.
-​Critical thinking.
-​You will understand the problem
yourself.

2 TYPES OF REASONING:
OBJECTIVE REASONING
-​Mayrong universal truth.
SUBJECTIVE REASONING.
-​Opinionated
-​It comes from our opinion.
-​It came from our culture.
-​Opinions differ due to
different cultures.
-​Suspending your
judgement and reasoning.

SYSTEMATIC
-​Step-by-step procedure.

B. RENAISSANCE
-​Revival of interest in science, art,
and literature in Europe, leading to
significant intellectual growth. ‘
-​Ung napagaralan na nila sa
science is inaaply na sa art and
literature.
-​Pormahan is very formal and
artistic.

C. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
-​16th and 17th century
-​Surge in scientific discovery and
innovation.
-​Inventors like Galileo, Newton, and
Kepler developing foundational
theories in physics and astronomy
-​(nasakop tau ng spaniards ng time
na to).

2.​CULTURAL FACTORS

SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
-​The way a certain individual arrives
at a certain truth.

-​EMPHASIS ON RATIONALISM
AND EPIRICISM (STUDY)
-​Western philosophy has
traditionally emphasized rational
thought and empirical evidence,
which are critical for theory
development
-​EMPIRICISM
-​Using senses.
-​To see is to believe.
-​Based on experience.
-​RATIONALISM
-​More on the mind
-​Uses reason and logic.
-​Give value to mathematics.

INDIVIDUALISM & INQUIRY
INDIVIDUALISM
-​To celebrate differences.
-​Natural rights, independence and
self-interest of individuals.
INQUIRY
-​Learning and discovery.
-​Seeking information and truth.

3.​SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-​Economic and technological
changes during the Industrial
Revolution in Europe and North
America provided resources and
motivations for scientific and
theoretical advancements.
-​Nagkakaroon ng problems kase
nagkakaroon na ng machines.
-​Maraming nawawalan ng
trabaho.

3. -​THEORETICAL
ADVANCEMENTS
-​Series of learnings
-​Not practical but to
familiarize

COLONIALISM
-​Western colonial powers often
exported their educational systems
and scientific paradigms,
spreadung Western theories
globally.
-​Spaniards first colonized
philippines
-​Religion catholicism

4.​INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT
UNIVERSITIES AND RESEARCH
INSTITUTIONS
-​Many of the world’s oldest and
most prestigious universities are in
the West, serving as hubs for
theoretical research and
dissemination.

a.​HARVARD UNIVERSITY (USA)
-​Known for its research in a wide
range of disciplines, including
medicine, business, law, and social
sciences.
b.​MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY (MIT, USA)
-​Renowned for its cutting edge
researching technology,
engineering, and the physical
sciences.
c.​UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
-​One of the oldest universities in the
world.
-​Has a rich history of research
excellence in the humanities,
sciences.
-​Known for its contribution to
literature, history, and philosophy
as well as modern sciences.
d.​UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
(UK)
-​Like Oxford, it has a long history of
research excellence.
-​Made a significant contributions in
fields such as mathematics,
physics, and biology, with a
notable number of Nobel Prize
winners.

HUMANITIES
-​HUMANUS (PEOPLE)
-​Study people based on their
culture.

ANTHROPOLOGY
-​Science of human beings.
-​Study of our ancestors through
time and space in relation to
physical character, environmental
and social relations, and culture.
-​Study of the origin of human.

PREJUDICE AND BIASES
BIASES
-​may pinapanigan.
-​both negative and positive
PREJUDICE
-​An opinion against a group or an
individual based on insufficient
facts and usually unfavorable and
or intolerant.

PUBLICATION AND COMMUNICATION
-​Western countries have historically
controlled much of the academic
publishing landscape, allowing
them to disseminate and dominate
theoretical discourse.

NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES
US
-​New York Times
-​The Washington Post
-​Wall Street Journal
UK
-​The Wall Street Journal
-​The Guardian
-​The vines
-​The Daily Telegram

4. SELF
-​Personality.
-​Just part of the self.

Personality
-​Naiisipn, nararamdaman, ugali
-​Can be fake compare to
character.

Difference between personality and
chsaracter

Character
-​Composed of different cultures.

Virtue
-​A repetition of good habit.
-​Ex: honesty.
-​Practiced by yourself.

Values
-​The one that we give value
-​Pinapahalagahan naten.
-​The one we give value on it.

SOCIAL FACTOR

PERSON VOLITION FACTOR
-​Kalayaan (volition)

Hereditary factoro
-​Genes
-​Nakakaapekto ang lahi sa
pagkakatao

NATURE NURTURE
NATURE
-​Genes and hereditary
-​Runs on the blood

Nurture
-​Environmental.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
-​Geographic region/area.
-​Culture.


Self
Concepts of self
1.​Self awareness
-​Aware of who you are
-​You are aware.
-​Introspections
-​Possible responses to any
stimuli or situation.
-​Recognition
-​
-​Awareness is the lowest form of
knowledge

2.​SELF ESTEEM
-​Worth
-​Value is important
-​Self-worth

3.​Self knowledge
-​Deeper than self awareness.
-​You know to answer the question
“how”
-​Dynamic and evolving.
-​Magkakaiba
-​Evolving thanks to the
situation
-​Maturity.

4.​Self perfection
-​Not far from abraham maslow
about self actualization
-​To improve ourself.
-​Perfection
-​Pinaliwanag ni plato
-​World of forms/ideas.
-​Only exists in the mind.

5.​Cognitive self
-​Intellectual activity
-​Thinking
-​ex : critical thinking, logics.

6.​Affective self
-​Feelings and emotion.

5. EMOTIONS AND FEELINGS
-​Emotions
-​Catter the body
-​In all citations
-​Cannot be fake
-​Physical state
-​Feelings
-​Serve the mind
-​Processed by emotions
then magiging feelings.
-​Every action to emotion
-​Mental state
-​Can be hidden

STIMULI
-​Situations
-​Initial reactions

PHILOSOPHER
-​Give full understanding on the self
-​Intellectual person who seek
wisdom and enlightenment
-​Lover of wisdom
-​PHILIA (love)
-​SOPHIA (wisdom)

Wisdom
-​Knowledge Applied in reality

PRE SOCRATIC ERA
-​Bago kay socrates
-​PRESOCRATIC
-​THALES OF MILETUS
-​Water
-​The world comes from
water. (change)

CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY
-​METAPHYSICALE
-​TAMETA
-​Beyond the mind
-​PHYSICAL
-​About reality
-​Dialogue for truth




Socrates
-​Soul (mind)
-​Body is imperfect and
impermanent.
-​Death.
-​Mag d decay but will still
remain.
-​Imperfection in the mind and soul

PLATO
-​RATIONAL
-​Intellect
-​Part of our mind where we
practice thinking and critical
thinking.
-​SPIRITED
-​Emotion
-​You relate
-​APPETITIVE
-​Gusto mo

PASSION
-​appetitive
-​Human desire

INTELLECT
-​Rational

WILL
-​Spirited
-​May kakayahan kang gawin to

PSYCHE
-​Lahat ng being may soul
-​Faculty of your mind.

Everything is a being

Lowest form of being
-​Stone
-​Coexist
-​Plants
-​May soul
-​Vegetative soul
-​To exist and grow
-​Animals
-​To exist, grow, and to sense
-​Human

6. -​Exist, grow, sense, think
-​Faculty of the minerals is to exist
-​Angels
-​Supreme being
-​What angels called God

SCHOLASTICISM
-​

IDEALISM
-​They value ideas
-​What you think is the truth

REALISM
-​whAT something present in reality
is the truth

SCHOLASTICISM
-​Combines science and fate.