UTTERANCE MEANING, SEMANTICS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE

SEMANTICA DE LA LENGUA EXTRANJERA ESTUDIO DEL SIGNIFICADO DEL ENUNCIADO

1. SEMÁNTICA DE LA LENGUA EXTRANJERA UT. 3 UTTERANCE MEANING LIC. ANA ESMERALADA FERNANDEZ ROJAS

2. UTTERANCE MEANING “UTTERANCE MEANING is what a speaker means when he makes an utterance in a particular situation.” [ Hurford and Heasley , 1984: 269] 1

3. PRESUPPOSITION PRESUPPOSITION is something taken as being true or factual and used as a starting point for a course of action or reasoning.

4. PRESUPPOSITION

5. PRESUPPOSITION

6. TYPES OF PRESUPPOSITION THE EXISTENTIAL PRESUPPOSITION THE FACTIVE PRESUPOSITION THE NON FACTIVE PRESUPPOSITION THE LEXICAL PRESUPPOSITION THE STRUCTURAL PRESUPPOSITION THE COUNTER FACTUAL PRESUPPOSTION

7. THE EXISTENTIAL PRESUPPOSITION Entities named by the speaker are assumed to be present. It is the assumption of the existence of the entities named by the speaker. 1.Noun phrase. 2.Possessive constructions. A POSSESSIVE NOUN PHRASE (NP) = A COMPLETE STATEMENT X HAD/HAS/WILL HAVE+ AN INDEFINITE NP 1. ‘They haven’t spoken to each other since their last week’s quarrel.’ ( countable noun: singular) their last week’s quarrel The utterance presupposes that they had a quarrel last week.

8. THE EXISTENTIAL PRESUPPOSITION

9. THE EXISTENTIAL PRESUPPOSITION A DEFINITE NOUN PHRASE (NP) = A COMPLETE STATEMENT THERE IS/WAS/ARE/WERE+ AN INDEFINITE NP (+ ADJUNCT OF PLACE) EXIST/EXISTS/EXISTED+ AN INDEFINITE NP (+ ADJUNCT OF PLACE )

10. THE EXISTENTIAL PRESUPPOSITION A DEFINITE NOUN PHRASE (NP) = A COMPLETE STATEMENT THERE IS/WAS/ARE/WERE+ AN INDEFINITE NP (+ ADJUNCT OF PLACE) EXIST/EXISTS/EXISTED+ AN INDEFINITE NP (+ ADJUNCT OF PLACE )

11. THE EXISTENTIAL PRESUPPOSITION A DEFINITE NOUN PHRASE (NP) = A COMPLETE STATEMENT THERE IS/WAS/ARE/WERE+ AN INDEFINITE NP (+ ADJUNCT OF PLACE) EXIST/EXISTS/EXISTED+ AN INDEFINITE NP (+ ADJUNCT OF PLACE )

12. THE EXISTENTIAL PRESUPPOSITION A DEFINITE NOUN PHRASE (NP) = AN INDEFINITE NOUN PHRASE (NP)

13. THE FACTIVE PRESUPPOSITION It is the assumption that something is true due to the presence of some verbs such as "know" , "realize" and “glad” etc.

14. THE NON-FACTIVE PRESUPPOSITION It  is an assumption referred to something that is not true. For example, verbs like "dream", "imagine“ and "pretend" are used with the presupposition that what follows is not true.

15. THE LEXICAL PRESUPPOSITION t is  the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as the another meaning (word) will be understood.

16. THE STRUCTURAL PRESUPPOSITION It  is the assumption associated with the use of certain structures. Wh -question constructions. The listener perceives that the information presented is necessarily true, or intended as true by the speaker . Wh EMBEDDED CLAUSE = A COMPLETE STATEMENT

17. THE COUNTER FACTUAL PRESUPPOSITION AN ENBEDDED CLAUSE AFTER WISH = A COMPLETE STATEMENT

18. THE COUNTER FACTUAL PRESUPPOSITION A CLAUSE WITH A MODAL PERFECT VER FORM = A COMPLETE STATEMENT

19. 3.2. CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE 2

20. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE

21. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE

22. GRICE´ THEORY OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE

23. GRICE´ THEORY OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE

24. GRICE´ THEORY OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE

25. GRICE´ THEORY OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE

26. DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRESUPPOSITION AND CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE

27. DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRESUPPOSITION AND CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE Compare their few main properties to distinguish presupposition from conversational implicature :

28. 3.3. CONVENTIONAL IMPLICATURE Unlike conversational implicatures , conventional implicatures “don’t have to occur in conversation, and they don’t depend on special contexts for their interpretation. Not unlike lexical presuppositions, conventional implicatures are associated with specific words and result in additional conveyed meanings when those words are used.” [Yule, 1996: 45] Among these words are and, but, even, and yet. 3

29. 3.4. SPEECH ACTS “An important part of the meaning of utterances is what speakers DO by uttering them.” [ Hurford and Heasley , 1984: 334 ] Definition “A speech act is an UTTERANCE as a functional unit in communication .” [Richards et al, 1985: 265] “Quite contrary to the popular belief that actions and words are entirely distinct, many actions can actually be performed with words .” [ Hurford and Heasley , 1984: 235] 4

30. 3.4. SPEECH ACTS

31. 3.4. SPEECH ACTS

32. 3.4. CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACTS

33. 3.4. CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACTS

34. 3.4. CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACTS Peccei [1999: 54] gives the following linguistic expressions typically related to various types of speech acts:

35. DISTINCTION BETWEEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS “Speech acts can be classified as direct or indirect. In a direct speech act there is a direct relationship between its linguistic structure and the work it is doing. In indirect speech acts the speech act is performed indirectly through the performance of another speech act.” [Peccei, 1999: 56] Performing a direct speech act, the speaker utters a sentence which means exactly what he or she says: Performing an indirect speech act, the speaker utters a sentence which does not mean exactly what he or she says: 1(a) ‘Come in, please.’ is a direct request. 2(a) ‘It is quite wrong to condone robbery.’ is a direct assertion against robbery. 3(a) ‘You should go to the doctor.’ is a direct piece of advice. 1(b) ‘Won’t you come in?’ is not merely a Yes-No question. It is an indirect request made in a very concerned manner. 2(b) ‘Is it right to condone robbery?’ is an indirect assertion against robbery though it is in form of a Yes-No question. 3(b) ‘Why don’t you go to the doctor?’ is not used to ask for any reason. Instead, it is used to give an indirect piece of advice though it is in form of a Wh -question.

36. DISTINCTION BETWEEN LOCUTION, ILLOCUTION AND PERLOCUTION

37. DISTINCTION BETWEEN LOCUTION, ILLOCUTION AND PERLOCUTION

38. SPEECH ACTS Felicity conditions “FELICITY CONDITIONS are the conditions which must be fulfilled for a speech act to be satisfactorily performed or realized. The felicity conditions necessary for promises are: (a) A sentence is used which states a future act of the speaker. (b) The speaker has the ability to do the act. (c) The hearer prefers the speaker to do the act rather than not to do it . (d) The speaker would not otherwise usually do the act. (e) The speaker intends to do the act.” [Richards et al, 1987: 104]

39. 3.5. PERFORMATIVES AND CONSTATIVES Definition A performative is “one that actually describes the act that it performs, i.e. it PERFORMS some act and SIMULTANEOUSLY DESCRIBES that act.” [ Hurford and Heasley , 1984: 235 ] For example, ‘I promise to repay you tomorrow’ is a performative because in saying it the speaker actually does what the utterance describes, i.e. he promises to repay the hearer the next day. The utterance both describes and is a promise. A constative asserts something that is either true or false . For example, ‘John promised to repay me tomorrow’ is a constative because the utterance does not simultaneously do what it describes, i.e. John promised to repay the hearer the next day . The utterance describes a promise but is not itself a promise . 5

40. 3.5. PERFORMATIVES AND CONSTATIVES

41. 3.5. PERFORMATIVES AND CONSTATIVES

42. DISTINCTION BETWEEN EXPLICIT PERFORMATIVES AND IMPLICIT PERFORMATIVES

43. 3.6. POLITENESS, CO-OPERATION AND INDIRECTNESS 6

44. POLITENESS AND CO-OPERATION

45. POLITENESS AND INDIRECTNESS

46. 3.7. DIEXIS 7

47. 3.7. DIEXIS

48. COMPLEXITY IN THE USE OF DEICTIC EXPRESSIONS

49. COMPLEXITY IN THE USE OF DEICTIC EXPRESSIONS