V.R.I.O. Analysis

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1. V.R.I.O. Analysis
A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS : VRIO
• Resource–based analysis of the firm determines which resources and capabilities result in which
strengths or weaknesses
• Strategies are to be implemented which exploit (or build) strengths and avoid (or eliminate)
weaknesses
• What constitutes a strength or weakness is partially a function of the external environment
• Framework for analysis: VRIO – resources and capabilities should be o Valuable o Rare o
Inimitable o Organization can effectively exploit them
VALUE of resources and capabilities
• A VALUABLE resource or capability (or a combination thereof) must o Contribute to fulfillment
of customer 's needs o At a price the consumer is willing to pay, which is determined by
 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rare? Costly to Imitate ? Exploitable by the Organization? Competitive implications Economic
performance Strengths or Weaknesses
No – – No Competitive Disadvantage Below normal Weakness
Yes No – to Competitive Parity Normal Strength
Yes Yes No Temporary competitive advantage Above normal Strength and distinctive competence
Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustained competitive advantage Above normal Strength and sustainable distinctive
competence
Source : Barney, 1997, Tables 5.2 and 5.3, p.163.
Threats to sustainability
• Imitation or substitution
• Market entry
• Powerful buyers and suppliers
• Unpredictable changes in external environment
• Factors beyond a firm 's control (bad luck)
Limitations of the RBV
• Presented as static concept – however, many firms need to be able to cope with turbulent
environments
• Suggests that managers may have limited ability to create sustained competitive advantages
(empirical support by "perpetually failing firms" – firms that consistently earn normal or below–
normal returns
• Difficult to test empirically – data problem (at the level of the unit of analysis, Le., resources and
capabilities)
• What is the appropriate level of analysis? How deeply does one have to look?
Principles of capabilities–based competition

2. Goal : Build difficult–to–imitate organizational capabilities that distinguish a company from its
competitors
Principles
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4. Disadvantages Of Internet Research Paper
The internet became critical in our daily life . A lot of people try to ignore that internet have
disadvantage . But it's a fact that it have a lot of disadvantage and of course we all ben throw it in
one way or another. One of the worse many disadvantage for the internet , is losing our identities
because of using the Internet in the wrong way . First , is being an addicted to it and that because
most of people doesn't know when to stop and they even can't leave it , they stay in it in a long time
taking from their sleep time , eat and doing their works while using the internet in the same time .
And because of this a lot of Internet addicted lose their friends and the Family–familiarity , and that
make them feel lonely all the time whether with people or when they use internet . And for the
addicted people to stop being like that they shoaled to spend less time using internet and search for
other things they can enjoy doing it . second the worst way for someone to lose his identities is by
imitate others and that lead to lose who is he really are . And that happened by Monitors the ... Show
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Many students use the internet to search for information without making sure if that information is
confirmed or not, so they can get wrong information that can hurt him more than helping him
without even knowing. Sometime the student will search for an answer for certain question and can
be confused by the variety of answers for that one question, so he don't know which one is the right
answer. Even if they find the right answers , getting the information in that easy way can also be a
huge setback because that could reduce students desire and hunger to learn more and look for
education , it could also lead the students to be lazy and dependent on others. And in that way the
students will stop using their own minds and thoughts which will prevent this world from creativity
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6. The Effect Of Television Exposure On The Behavior Of...
Part 1: Outline The Similarities And Differences Between The Studies – Bandura et al. (1963) &
Hayne et al. (2003)
Introduction
The impact of television exposure is relatively unknown in the recent decades. Therefore, large
number of studies has been considered in order to find out the impact of television exposure on the
behaviour of infants or children. According to the classic studies conducted by Bandura et. al
(1963), the 3 to 5 years children continuously observe the aggressive behaviour of adult. Then they
carry out the same aggressive behaviour in front of children, doll or other toys.
Consequently, children imitate the aggressive behaviour of the actor, and mimic it in the presence of
other children. Comparatively, Hayne et. al (2003) states that 4 to15 month old imitate limited
actions demonstrated by videotaped models. Hence, the focus of this task is on the difference and
similarities between the studies of Bandura et al. (1963) & Hayne et al. (2003).
Discussion
Bandura et. al (1963) & Hayne et. al (2003)
The article "Imitation of film–mediated aggressive model"' is written by Albert Bandura, Dorothea
Ross, and Sheila A. Ross in 1963. On the basis of the article carried out by Bandura et. al (1963, p.
4), it is examine that 3 to 5 years old children continuously observe the aggressive behaviour of
adult. Then they conduct the same aggressive behaviour in front of doll or other toys. This shows
that aggressive behaviour of parents put adverse and negative impact
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8. Article Review: Prior Experience and Perceived Efficacy...
Critical Summary The purpose of the study on prior experience and perceived efficacy in three–
year–old children was to show through empirical evidence that children are able to perform tasks
using their previous experience as well as imitation. Children are not simply duplicating the acts
involved in performing the task. They perceive the goal of the task and use intelligence to determine
how and when to duplicate a model's actions to perform the goal. The hypothesis before the study
began was that prior experience would be an important factor in determining whether a child would
adopt the means used by a model in the performance of a task. If their own means achieved the
desired goal, they would be less likely to adopt the precise ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This tested whether the child's own experience would influence whether they would imitate a model
precisely in achievement of the goal. In the experiment, three stacked drawers, with a toy in each
drawer, were used as well as three cars, situated in three lanes. The diffucult–experience group had a
drawer with putty impeding the ability to open the drawer. The first car had filament attached to it so
that, if the fishing reel was enabled, the car would be difficult to move. If the reel was disabled, the
car would move unimpeded. All twenty–four children were given prior experience with the
materials. They were told to either open the first drawer or move the first car down the lane. After
the prior experience, the experimenter would show the children how they opened the second drawer
or moved the second car. The experimenter would push a button on the face of the second drawer
(which actually did not function) and would move the second car by using their extended index and
middle fingers. The experimenters used scorers who knew nothing about the hypothesis or which
group the children were in to gather the data. They measured the time it took the children to perform
the task, the verbal comments that the children used (e.g., "It's hard), and whether or not the child
imitated the experimenter's action by using videos taken of the subjects. The result of the experiment
showed that children were significantly more likely to imitate the experimenter's
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10. Social Criticism in the Hollywood Melodramas of the...
Social Criticism in the Hollywood Melodramas of the Fifties
In the early 1950s the films of Douglas Sirk led the way in defining the emerging genre of the
Hollywood melodrama. "Melodrama" strictly means the combination of music (melos) and drama,
but the term is used to refer to the "popular romances that depicted a virtuous individual (usually a
woman) or couple (usually lovers) victimized by repressive and inequitable social circumstances"
(Schatz 222). Sirk's films were commercially successful and boosted the careers of stars like Lauren
Bacall, Jane Wyman, and Rock Hudson, who was in seven of Sirk's thirteen American films
(Halliday 162–171). Although critics in the fifties called the films "trivial" and "campy" and
dismissed them ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The visual aspects of Imitation of Life are more discreet; the color is slightly more realistic, in part
because the newer Eastman color technology was used instead of Technicolor (Bordwell 357). The
outdoor scenes are lavish but authentic, due to the larger budget of the film and the desire not to
draw as much attention away from the more complex and socially important plot.
Visual realism, however, was never a goal of melodrama. In fact, melodramas had a variety of visual
techniques designed to remind the audience that they weren't real. Extreme high and low camera
angles, the placement of large objects in the foreground, visual blocks (like columns) separating
characters, and non–natural lighting were jarring to the audience and were a manifestation of "the
inner tensions of the characters" (FilmFrog 5). The idea behind these tactics was that "As soon as
the audience is reminded that they are watching a contrived reality, that only within this artificial
world are 'social problems' worked out so neatly, the prosocial fiction is cast in doubt" (Schatz 249).
But this most likely was not the true effect on most audiences, who although they may have
understood the social issues presented, probably did not pick up on the symbolism and technique ––
especially since melodramas weren't even analyzed academically until the 1970s (Klinger 2).
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12. Why Are You Interested At This Research Internship?
(1) Why are you interested in this research internship? What research projects, topics, or papers (e.g.
on our website, in developmental/cognitive psychology, in linguistics, etc) do you find interesting?
%
I am interested in this research internship because I want to work in the LCD lab as a summer intern
to gain more firsthand experiences in child language and cognitive development. I am especially
inspired and motivated by the exploratory advancement of linguistic, cognitive, and social
development made by the LCD lab. Additionally, I am curious about how the interconnectivity of
various cognitive aspects and mechanisms play a role in the human development. Furthermore, I
look forward to exploring the formation of semanticity out of the flexible use of children and adults'
vocabulary. I am particularly interested in the sphere of language development because it is such a
rich area with a lot to be explored and discovered. To be more specific, as a Chinese–English
bilingual, I am fascinated by the field of the executive function of bilingual children.
(2) Do you have any experience with children? If yes, please describe. %
I have been working as a student teacher at Vanderbilt Susan Gray School, a preschool that serves
typically developing and developmentally delayed children, for almost two semesters. As a student
teacher, I have been instructing and supervising ten 1–to–2–year–old children in developmental and
educational activities, including story telling and
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14. The Imitation Game: Psychodynamic Perspective And Alan
Final IMG Paper In any film, there is always a deep mental process through the behavior of its
characters. Why they do the things they do and how to give a detailed explanation on their behavior.
The Imitation Game shows many examples of psychology perspectives to analyze and break down.
Psychodynamic Perspective and Alan In the movie, we are introduced to a character named Alan.
Alan is a conservative, intelligent, and quiet individual. The imitation game shows many of Alan's
mannerisms that are unusual, he is severely bullied in his childhood. With the psychodynamic
perspective, in a broad definition psychodynamic is defined as an unconscious psychological
process; is our part of the mind that is unaware of what we want and feel and this is usually shaped
through traumatic experiences and our child hood (Feldman R., 2016). In the flashbacks and
references in the movie to when he was a teenager, they show many ... Show more content on
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For instance, when he was in the process of beginning Christopher his colleagues asked if he wanted
to go to lunch he completely disregarded it, they continued to ask but he showed no interest in
having a conversation. Also, when he is introduced to them he doesn't want to work alongside them
he prefers to work alone. What he surpasses in Openness and Conscientiousness traits these are
explained to be intelligent, creative, and achievement oriented (Eysenck, 1990). In the imitation
game, Alan is talking with his peers in a bar speaking with one of the women about the coded
messages with the Germans, he can analyze that the machine only needs to analyze certain settings
instead of all of them. The rest of the crew caught up after he found his breath to explain them.
Cognitive Perspective and
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16. Business Management: A Case Study Of IKEA
Question 1:
IKEA is a world famous furnishing company known for selling Scandinavian–style furniture and
other home–based goods. The company has over 230 stores, with operations carried out in over 42
countries with well over 70 000 employees. The stores themselves can occupy 410 million shoppers
per year. It is a Swedish based company built on the idea of offering a wide range of well–designed,
functional home furnishing products such low prices, that a majority of people will be able to afford
them. The IKEA group is currently solely owned by the INGKA Foundation through a holding
company, unlisted on any stock exchange.
IKEA Foundation is the philanthropic arm of INGKA Foundation, the owner of the IKEA Group of
companies. Based in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can also help them gain a temporary competitive advantage because other firms will not be able to
imitate them to speak regarding IKEA's strategy , IKEA's strategy has continually been to style and
develop product supported consumers' everyday wants, keeping costs low and providing purposeful,
engaging and reliable furnishings and solutions. property has been at the basis of IKEA's strategy
throughout its evolution. In 2012 it launched its folks and Planet Positive property strategy, that sets
out the company's approach to achieving positive social and environmental impacts. This property
strategy brings all the weather of vision, values and mission along to drive innovation and rework
the IKEA business. this may strengthen IKEA's aggressiveness by securing long access to big raw
materials and energy provides, maintaining and developing its provider base, developing
relationships with co–workers and customers, and increasing market share
The only way to avoid other furniture stores to imitate IKEA's strategies is to keep it a secret from
all but the highest executives , imitating the strategies of IKEA can lead to not having any
competitive advantage , and in order to preserve a competitive advantage is to keep it hidden and to
keep it a
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18. How Do Infants And Toddlers Develop Their Cognitive...
How do infants and toddlers develop their cognitive abilities? Essentially, the formative years of
research on the aspect of cognitive growth in infants made certain assumptions, for instance, an
infant growth was significantly simplified. However, modern research indicates that there is a
complex pattern of cognitive development in infants. To answer the question, it is imperative to start
by understanding what the cognitive aspect of the development of infants is. Ideally, infants and
toddlers do not only develop physically at this early age; but the development also takes an around
aspect of the mind, the emotions, and the language. In all these, the only visible aspect of growth is
the physical development, the cognitive development is significantly assumed because it requires
keen observations. However, toddlers develop cognitively through various aspects of their
surroundings.
Firstly, infants and toddlers' cognitive development occurs through cause and effects. Early on in
life, infants develop expectancy things in their environment due to the routine. For instance, an
infant learns that when they cry, someone picks them up. Ideally, this becomes the anticipation for
the toddler as it grows up. Over time, this reactionary aspect aids the infants to relate between events
and consequences. The cognitive ability to predict the likely outcome of issues starts to develop in
the infant. Problem–solving is another way through which infants and toddlers develop their
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20. Lana Turner Has Collapsed Essay
Reflective Essay: Poem ["Lana Turner has collapsed!"]
In 1995, an actress by the name of Lana Turner was found dead in her Los Angeles mansion. It was
not a surprise since she was publically diagnosed with throat cancer only a few years beforehand
and was known to be a lifelong smoker. Yet, her death at the age of seventy–four seemed to capture
national attention. Even though a majority of the population knew of Lana Turner, not many people
knew who Lana Turner was as a person. After reading the poem, appropriately titled "Poem ["Lana
Turner has collapsed!"]" by Frank O'Hara, I asked myself just what makes us obsess over celebrities
as much as we do. When I'm asked to describe myself, I usually leave out the fact that I'm
considered a fangirl. "A fangirl is defined as a girl or woman who is ... Show more content on
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So as we watch celebrities gallivant about the streets of Beverly Hills causing drama and pointing
fingers at each other, how can we not be expected to compare our average lifestyles to theirs? In a
Glamour Magazine article, author Jessica Rodloff made the connection that, "you can only talk
about the weather for so long" (Rodloff). That's where I feel O'Hara made the connection with the
rest of the poem. Throughout the poem's stanzas, it sounds as if the narrator is discussing the
weather with a friend, eventually, the discussion evolves into celebrity gossip, more specifically
Lana Turner. Maybe we fangirl over celebrities because they live the lives we wish we lead? A line
in the poem reads, "I've been to lots of parties / and acted perfectly disgraceful / but I never actually
collapsed / oh Lana Turner we love you get up." The narrator acts as if Lana's behavior is
unacceptable. Her death is so unbelievably shocking, that it was like a film to watch. They expected
the scene to end and for Lana to get back up again, sadly, that wasn't the case June 29,
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22. Bilingual Infants Have A Cognitive Advantage
Abstract
Cognitive development advances gradually during infancy. Bilingual infants have often been treated
as a special population with unique advantages or disadvantages as compared to monolinguals. A
recent collection of studies has demonstrated advantages in infants exposed to two languages,
however the specificity of this advantage remains unclear (Singh et al., 2015; Brito & Barr, 2013).
Although, one component such as memory can show a hallmark of an infant's flexibility in
development. Summarized in this paper are two studies in which researchers investigated whether or
not bilingual infants have a cognitive advantage. With comparisons between monolinguals and
bilinguals both studies reveal a bilingual advantage in cognitive control. The studies utilized two
different methods, the visual habituation procedure and the deferred imitation of memory retrieval.
Taken together, the studies evaluated how bilingualism may be correlated to a general enhancement
of the cognitive control system.
The Bilingual Advantage
There has been substantial amount of empirical research done on bilingual infants in which
researches have come up with the term "bilingual advantage." Previous studies conducted have
shown advantages associated with exposure within two languages (Singh et al., 2015; Brito & Barr,
2013). One study argues that visual habituation has been shown as the best predictor of later
intelligence, and is the most basic experimental test of information in infancy. During
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24. Strange Creatures By Susan Blackmore: Unique Imitation
Unique Imitation Learning is deciding the degree of human's evolution. How people learn other
creatures makes how people lead the new life. Today's life is based on the development made by our
ancestors and People now doing the research and make new products are for the unstopped progress.
There may be many problems on the way of discovering the new area but human beings have the
critical thinking to find the difference amid the process of imitation. Colleges and universities as the
places for learning want to train many talents in different areas to make the world more creative. In
the article "Strange Creatures" written by Susan Blackmore, she indicates that all skills and abilities
on based on imitation and different types of imitations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People have the basic gene to develop to the certain status but even the same gene can have the
different way to develop. As people's consciousness are deciding a lot of things such as behaviors
and reactions. Gene will also have some tiny changes due to Consciousness. Consciousness can help
people to make better evolution based the limit gene. In the essay, Susan Blackmore introduces the
concept of consciousness and indicates that consciousness plays an important role in the process of
brain give the reaction for all the situations. As a result, people are hard to make the same
application to imitate people's consciousness. She concludes that "If intelligence does not provide
simple answers perhaps consciousness might. Many people believe that human consciousness
unique and is responsible for making us human." (32). When people engage in the work for meme,
people neglect how people on earth think all the staff inside the brain. We need to keep this in mind
to make us find out the reason for the
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26. Social Interaction Influence Cognitive Development Essay
Social interaction plays an important role in people's life starting from the early childhood as infants
interact with their caregivers and build the emotional attachment that is the base for future
relationships. By social interaction with others children learn how to communicate, play and behave
in particular situation. Berk (2009) proposed the overview of the literature that concentrates upon
the early attachment and its importance. Knowing the influence of social interaction on child
development in the first few years, the essay is going to elaborate upon the implication of social
interaction on the development of cognition. Cognitive development as Lee & Gupta (eds.) claimed
is the term that refers to acquisition and development of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The interesting question is whether the social interaction is shaped in similar way across different
children. Therefore, specific groups of children as normally developed, deprived of parental care,
with Down syndrome, and Autistic are going to be considered to elaborate whether social interaction
is a necessity for cognitive development and how social interaction influences the later stages of
children's life. The essay is going to introduce short overviews of Piaget (1926) and Vygotsky's
(1978) theories to indicate their different approaches when considering cognitive development.
Piaget (1926) developed a constructivist theory which is the basis for the other cognitive
development theories that followed. He proposed the definition of schema which refers to children's
construction of shaping their thought and actions through the set of cognitive processes as
assimilation, disequilibriums and accommodation. When encountering new experiences, children try
to interpret them in terms of known cognitive schemas. In case of failing, they need to adjust their
interpretation to the reality (Schaffter & Kipp,8th ed). Based on his assumptions, Piaget (1926)
proposed that child as a lone individual progress through four main stages of cognitive development.
On the other hand, Vygotsky (1978) presented sociocultural theory. Vygotsky (1978) concentrated
on the social interaction between child and adult considering
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28. The Report Of The Leapfrog Number Lovin ' Oven Essay
Introduction: The LeapFrog Number Lovin' Oven is a easy cooking toy, which design for the
children around age 2–5. It is a simple cooking modeling oven that gives the children the experience
of cooking with oven and prepare for a meal. The toy comes with a mini oven, frying pan, spatula,
two plates and 16 fun ingredient, such as "pizza", "bread", "sunny side up egg" and some other
"vegetable". This toy owen have a weight of 3 lbs and the size of 5.3 x 14.9 x 9 inches. It is a
modeling toy of the real oven that contains a timer and a thermoregulator on the top. The children
can set up of different level of heat and the cooking time. It gives a real feeling to child about
cooking food and prepare for the ingredient. The LeapFrog Number Lovin' Oven is painted in blue
color with a decoration cartoon purple eyes in the front. Also to bring some fun and enjoyable to the
children while they are playing with the toy, the toy oven contain 30+ phrases and songs that
children can listen to while they are playing with this toy (Amazon, n.d.). This toy is simple and fun
to let the children play and learning at the same time. It provide a several way of learning, which
help the child to growth and develop in many way. When children are making food with the toy,
they need to cut up the ingredient, put the food into the plane and switch the temperature and set the
timer. To play this toy contribute the children's motor, perceptual, cognitive and language
development. Motor
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30. Is It Possible For A Machine?
4. Is it possible for a Machine to ''think''? To be ''conscious''? To ''understand''? Explain with
reference to your readings in the Philosophy of Mind module. The problem of thought associated
with a machine raises ethical issues on a scientific perspective. So, how can we engage and act to
develop the systems necessary for a peaceful life for human beings and especially in order not to be
responsible for a collapse of humanism by wrapping in an autonomous and dense monitoring system
throughout the society? Can a machine really think, understand and be conscious? In an article
written in 1950 "Computing machinery and intelligence" Turing wondered if a machine could think.
To find out, he proposed the "imitation game". That is, the machine would imitate the language
behavior of a human being and a judge would compare the writing behavior of a human to that of a
machine by asking questions. Turing conjectures that within fifty years after the publication of the
article, machines would become powerful enough to mislead the judge three or four times out of ten.
Therefore, according to Turing, popular wisdom would then acknowledge that machines can think.
It is quite clear that the way of life of our nowadays globalized society is the absolute use of what
nature can provide; with a limitless deployment of technology. For the past fifty years, computer
science has been technologically penetrating all fields including medicine and is now using
significant means of communication.
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32. There are many different ways of thinking about human...
There are many different ways of thinking about human behavior. Psychologists use a lot of
different ways to study how people think, feel, and behave. Some of them look at a certain point of
view while others look at several points of view. There is no single perspective that is better than the
other because each perspective points out different aspects of human behavior.
The essentials of the cognitive learning theory have a long history, and the cognitive transformation
occurred around the middle of the 20th century. This area of psychology focused on mental
processes such as memory, thinking, problem solving, language and decision–making. If one wanted
to simply define the cognitive perspective it would be a branch of psychology ... Show more content
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The retrieval process allows a person to bring stored memories into conscious awareness. Although
there are several ideas of suggested models for memory, the stage model of memory is often used to
explain the basic structure and function of memory. The separate stages of this memory model are
sensory, short–term, and long–term.
Language is related to how we use knowledge and is a tool people use for cultural transmission,
communication, and reflection on their own thinking. The social cognitive theory implies that the
imitation of language is modeled and people are reinforced by demonstrating sounds and words.
While another theory, sociocultural, proposes that language is developed through structural practice
that exists within zones of proximal development. No matter what theory is put forward, language
starts from an early foundation of utterances, to fine–tuning a language that includes over
generalizing and under generalizing, and finally a language use that involves multifaceted sentence
structures.
Influenced by psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Jerome Bruner, the cognitive perspective has
grown tremendously in recent decades. To Piaget, cognitive development was a progressive
reorganization of mental processes as a result of biological maturation and environmental
experience. He brought along the idea that people learn to create an understanding
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34. The Mimetic Tradition
The mimetic tradition in classical western literary criticism
The word mimesis means to imitate. As a critical and philosophical term mimesis may carry several
meanings such as representation, imitation, and mimicry, the act of resembling, the act of expression
and the presentation of the self. Mimesis as criteria of literary criticism refers to interpreting a text in
relation to a particular literary or cultural model. The tradition of mimetic criticism begins with
plato.
In ancient Greece the idea of mimesis referred to a reflection of the ideal world in the physical
Both plato and Aristotle however differentiated between mimesis and diegesis i.e. imitation and
narration. Mimesis means the act of imitating an event or action. Diegesis on ... Show more content
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It is a speaking picture whose aim is to teach and delight. Sidney classifies poetry into three types.
First is religious poetry that imitates the incredible excellence God. Secondly poetry that deals with
philosophical matters either moral or astronomical. The third type of poetry according to Sidney is
that which imitates for the sole purpose of teaching and delighting by telling not what has been or
shall be but which may be or should be. Thus he echoes aristotle's view on a poet's function carrying
forward the mimetic tradition in classical western literary criticism. Sidney also adds that a poet is
one who is capable of feigning images of virtue and vices in a didactic yet entertaining
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36. Apes and Behavioral Research
The term "ape" has been associated with imitation based on the behavioral research carried out on
apes that has shown that apes are good imitators. Many primatologists who are against animal
culture have argued that the learning of behaviors by apes is not a form of social transmission but
rather simple imitation. De Waal seems to refute the scientific meaning of imitation which is defined
by goals, rewards and punishments. I think de Waal makes a compelling argument for the
complexity of imitations. He proposes three criteria for one to imitate which include; identification,
understanding the goal and having background knowledge on the task. Imitations contain learning
aspects within them. If they did not, human beings for example would be able to do any physical
activity that they wanted to, which is not the case.
De Waal makes also talks about a theory that some primatologists have come up with to explain why
human–raised apes are better at imitating human behavior than wild apes. Enculturation implies that
human–reared apes operate on a different mental plane because they have benefited from human
culture simulation. This way of thinking is at the hallmark if speciesism. It implies that our form of
culture helped the apes tap into a mental ability that they wouldn't have if they were not raised by
humans. While others see enculturation as a way to show that animals lack culture, de Waal
proposes otherwise. He suggests that enculturation is a form of cultural learning in
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38. Explain the Principal Psychological Perspectives Applied...
Unit 29 Assignment 1:
* P1 Explain the principal psychological perspectives applied to the understanding of the
development of individuals * M1 Discuss the principal psychological perspectives applied to the
understanding of the development of individuals * D1 Evaluate the principal psychological
perspectives applied to the understanding of the development of individuals
There are numerous debates in regards to developmental psychology. One of the main debates to
begin with is nature vs nurture; some individuals believe that we are products of our environment
while others regards us while others believe that we are products of our genetics. John Locke
believes that when we are born we are a "tabula rasa" a blank slate ... Show more content on
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This theory focuses solely on children's cognitive development so that is both a strength and a
weakness as it gets an in–depth understanding of children's cognitive processes however it cannot be
generalised to adults. Another strength of this theory is the fact that it can be applied practically
within the real world, especially in regards to education as it means children can be taught based
upon their developmental stage. It is extremely useful in that sense as it is nomothetic so it can be
applied to larger population. The theory contains both continuous and discontinuous, it is
discontinuous as it contains distinct hierarchal stages. It is good in one sense as it allows
professionals to see if a child is meeting the stages and if they do not action can be taken. At the
same time it can be disadvantageous as professionals, such as teachers may not push a child to reach
their full cognitive capabilities as they have met the criteria for their age. At the time this was quite
revolutionary as children were once considered "little adults" that only has a slightly less mental and
developmental capacity. Therefore they may not have learnt as effective as they could, as they may
have been taught above or below their capacity. However with that said it has been suggested that
his stages of
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40. Infant's Cognitive Development
An amazing experience to witness is the development and growth of a child. As they grow and
learn, you see them explore the world and all the things we have become accustomed too. While all
children grow differently, they all experience and go through the same stages; physical, cognitive,
and socio–emotional development.
One of the first noticeable factors associated with the growth of an infant is how they develop
physically. Physical development involves the physical changes that take place with an infant; this
involves their facial features, which begin to take definition, and they begin to grow in length, and
weight. Naturally, infants are born with reflexes or natural body responses such as, sucking,
blinking, awareness, and grasping. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Love, support, and care are essential to a child brain to develop efficiently, a parent or giver must
provide constant interaction and attention. Cognitive development involves the way infants think,
perceive things, solve problems, and begin to understand the world around them. Imitation is a
perfect combination of both cognitive and socio–emotional development; this is a way infants learn.
As caregivers interact with their infant and begin to express emotions, the infant will copy what they
see their caregiver do. Interaction like this plays a role in your infant's brain development. The
sensorimotor stage incorporates senses (sight, hearing, tasting, and feeling) with physical actions.
An infant becomes interested in bright colors, or movement, and begins to respond to an action such
as a smiling caregiver. This concept is similar to joint–attention, when a caregiver points to an
object, and the infant becomes aware of it. While, these concepts are based on cognitive
development, socio–emotional development also plays an important role. Object permanence is a
mixture of both cognitive and physical development. We know object permanence to be when an
infant understands that an object exists even though the object is not in sight. This concept is in
close relation with physical development, because object permanence involves the senses, which
play a large role in physical
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42. The Presence Of Social Pressure And Stop Playing With Toys
The presence of social pressure to stop playing with toys featured most commonly among the
participants. They all specifically mentioned some form of conformity to social norms of 'growing
up' (e.g., R27, 151–152; R33, 238–241; R46, 158–160; R51, 302–304; R57, 108–111; R59, 144–
146). They provided examples of alternative activities that were considered acceptable for adults,
such as hanging out with friends (e.g., R27, 103–104; R59, 72–73), and electronic games (e.g., R46,
158–160; R59, 79–80).
The pressure that participants felt to move on from playing with toys appeared to emerge either
internally, stemming from self–identification as 'grown–up' (e.g., R33, 121–123; R46, 254–255;
R51, 79; R59, 55) or externally, through observation and imitation of peer behaviour (e.g., R46,
124–126; R59, 144–146) In a few instances, participants mentioned being explicitly told by peers
that playing with toys was no longer acceptable (e.g., R27, 188–190; R57, 108–111; R59, 71–72),
although parents were rarely cited as a source of pressure (e.g., R57, 114–115; R59, 140–143).
Participants with siblings highlighted the impact of these siblings on their cessation of play with
toys. Interestingly, participants with younger siblings tended to cite an internal process of social
pressure, where they were driven by a personal desire to appear older:
R27: ... you get to an age where if your sisters are playing with them and they are younger, you don't
really want to play the same things as
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44. Consumer Behavior Analysis
Protocols:
Protocol 1 Anticipatory I have been longing for one sunglass for a long time after I accidently
stepped on my old one and broke it. Since summer is on the way, nice and sunny weather has always
reminding me to think about consumption. Unfortunately, I am such a picky person that I
determined to get the perfect fit only for my special. My criteria are primary focused on the quality,
brand, and the style. Probably style can be considered as the most important one because I want
everything I possessed to reflect my personal conception. Price is an important but not most
significant element for me because I tend not to use budget to restrict my preference. Apparently,
around Bellingham area, the only place I can think of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Latent want is created of awareness of products potential)
VI. Beliefs expressed or implied by this protocol
More expensive, the better (Generated–Adaptive–Advice to reduce risk)
Guess specialized and is well famous on Sunglasses (Generated–Adaptive– Reputation)
Well known brands are usually guaranteed quality (Generated–Adaptive–Seek Guarantee)
Protocol 3:
VII. Goals Seek
Not to buy that expensive luxury again (Generated–Integrative–economic)
VIII. Wants Expressed
Want some alternatives if time can go back
IX. Beliefs expressed or implied by this protocol
Student shouldn't buy Luxuries (cognitive dissonance)
Conclusion
It seems like the consumption experience is not rational, at least from my experience. The ideas the
buyer hold at the beginning is not what they think during the consumption process and would
change eventually at the end. Especially buying an expensive item which requires more
consideration would cause great cognitive dissonance at the end. Some buying require active
decision making but some are not. During the retrospective process, buyer always has new wants
and somewhat discomfort on the decision made. I have some trouble defining the new goal want and
beliefs into the scheme on the retrospective stage. In this model, some buyer even thought buy the
products, they could still return it in one month to reduce
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46. The Skinner 's Theory Of Self Awareness, And Moral...
B.F Skinner was one of the most intelligence physiologist and a man who borderline on frightening
traits for a physiologist when it came to creating learning theories, due to his cruelty towards his
experiments and the way he view society structured. Learning theories can be viewed as mental
concepts informing human beings or society, how information is gathered, processed, and how
individuals retained it during learning concepts. Skinner created concepts such as conditioned
behavior," positive reinforcement," and punishments for children who behavior was viewed as
menacing. This term is known as time–out for children today, their own version of the Pandora box
if parents choose that path. Moreover, as a radical psychologist among his fellow peers in their field,
Skinner departs from certain beliefs that challenge the notions of self–awareness and moral
autonomy of the individual. These particular main philosophies of science are known as dignity and
free–will. Skinner main cogent contribution to psychology was his theory that the consequences we
suffer in our human lives, are directly tied to our behavior along with our environment. As a
behaviorism who supports deterministic behaviorism, Skinner view free–will as unrealistic theory.
To illustrate, individuals can make their own ideals or choices, whether to act on their desires by
going against the law or not. That does not apply to medically insane or young individuals such as
infants or children who have come to
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48. Movie Analysis : ' Imitation Of Life '
From the time of the creation of the first films, films have reflected the values society holds at the
time of the films creation. The film Imitation of life is no different, in two films adaptations it is
easy to see the society and ideals reflected in both movies. Both of the adaptations of the films deal
with similar issues, alls of which are depicted differently on screen because of the vast time
difference between the two periods. In the 1934 Version of the film by Director John M. Stahl the
plot focuses on two women one white, Bea Pullman (Claudette Colbert) and one black Delilah
Johnson (Louise Beavers), finding success in America during the Great Depression all while
balancing family, dealing with racism, and finding love and ultimately sacrificing it for family. The
1959 version of the film, directed by Douglas Sirk, again involves two women, one white Lora
Meredith (Lana Turner) and one black Annie Johnson (Juanita Moore). The 1959 adaptation of the
film has a similar kind of plot sequence but has Lora Meredith gain her success from acting. The
later adaptation of the film furthermore presents the issues of motherhood, racism, and gender in a
different way than the 1934 version of the film. Although the two films share the similarities of
these issues both films present them in two different ways, the difference can be attributed to their
respective time periods.
In the two films Imitation of life the 1934 version and the 1959 version, motherhood is a topic
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50. Prosocial Behavior Paper
Influences on Children's Prosocial Behavior
Prosocial behavior is important to psychologists because it is a significant part of development in a
child. Children learn prosocial behavior from many influences in their lives including parents, peers,
teachers, caregivers, and the media (Williams, O'Driscoll, & Moore, 2014). Prosocial behavior is
any action intended to help others. Children learn their earliest behaviors from their parents. If a
child never participated in prosocial behavior, there would be negative impacts. Some negative
impacts could include: less likelihood to develop a sense of gratitude, less involvement with others,
and Imitating their parent's actions plays a crucial role in their social interactions throughout the
child's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior studies have shown that mimicking promotes prosocial actions, but little research has been
done on who has a greater influence on prosocial behavior in children. The independent variable of
the study will be which adult model is shown in the video of prosocial behavior, either a parent as a
model, and other adult as a model. Each child will be assigned to watch one of two types of videos
in which a parent or an other adult performs a prosocial action. The dependent variable for this study
would be the behavior of the child. The dependent variable will be measured by the amount of time
the child takes to act prosocially. In the control condition, the participants will not be shown a video
and they will just be placed in the possible prosocial situation. The experiment will observe which
adult model has the greatest influence of prosocial behavior in the participants. The hypothesis of
the proposed experiment is participants who watch a video of their parent acting in a prosocial
manner are more likely to behave in a prosocial manner. This hypothesis comes from a finding that
parents have a great influence on a child's prosocial behaviors throughout
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52. Children Learn Through Imitation : Social Cognitive Theory...
Infants and Children Learn Through Imitation: Social Cognitive Theory
What influences human behavior? Does our surrounding have any influences on our behavior or are
we the sole determinants of our behavior? What methods can we use to enhance particular behavior
and discourage other behavior? Albert Bandura's studies on human behavior and its influences
resulted in the development of social cognitive theory which answers the above questions. Social
cognitive theory was first developed by the Canadian–American psychologist Albert Bandura. It is
one of the most influential theories of human learning and development. Social cognitive theory is
premised on the notion that humans learn by observing and reflecting upon the behaviors of role
models. Observing others, thinking about the consequences and setting performance goals are a just
a few of the examples of the social cognitive theory. This theory can also be split up into three
different but equally valid components: observational learning, self–efficacy and self regulation.
What and how much is learned depends on the degree to which the learner is attentive to the events;
learning is likely to be more focused when the role model behaves in intriguing ways, or when there
is a novel aspect to what is being observed. This theory is a blend of behaviorism and cognitive
psychology. Therefore, in this research paper, our group will be sharing multiple researchers and
experiments to show that social cognitive theory is very
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54. Psychological Research And Its Impact On Society
Drawing on examples from chapters 3, 4 and 8 of Investigating Psychology, examine and assess the
extent to which psychological research is of value to society. Psychological research describes
investigations psychologists undertake in order to review and analyse a specific hypothesis, (a
theory about the relationship between defined variables). Research allows theories to be confirmed,
amended or rejected and often leads to further research as requirements evolve. Psychological
research can take many forms, from laboratory based experiments to non–invasive viewing of
subjects in their own environment. This research can take place using human or non–human subjects
and the analysed results applied to human behaviour or experience within many disciplines
including, education, legal or occupational. Psychological research may be undertaken on a subset
of society; however the importance of the results may have an effect way beyond the group tested.
The value of psychological research varies and the same results can be used in different ways by
different groups of society. I will be looking at three areas of psychological research that affect the
way we interact with and can be affected by technological advances. These pieces of research were
not undertaken as a result of current hypotheses, but were the early examples of research within
their areas and led onto further research. I will be showing how psychological research can provide
awareness, can be used to manipulate
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56. Reflection of Learning from the Article Teaching Listener...
Summary
The topic for today's reading was Teaching Listener Skills and Echoics. The first assigned reading,
Teaching Receptive Language Skills and Other Nonverbal Operants, presented how Skinner
describes receptive language as listener skills and doesn't focus at all on developing imitation and
matching skills since he doesn't consider them verbal behavior. However, this does not mean they
are not important. In current verbal behavior (VB) programs, teaching children to respond to these
nonverbal operants is important and occurs early in the programming. The beauty of the receptive
skills is that they do not require a child to speak and many children find them easy to comply with.
Teaching these skills can often turn the tide away from non–compliance and frustration to learning.
In addition, Dr. Mark Sundberg has replaced the term receptive skills with the term listener skills. In
the same way that he thought the word expressive was too vague to describe manding, tacting,
intraverbals, and echoic, he believed that developing listener skills was a better way to describe the
process of assessing and developing this skill. Receptive language or listener skills include being
able to respond to another person's direction. Even before a typical child can speak, he will be able
to follow instructions to get a tissue, find the remote control, or point to mommy. Children with
autism usually do not have strong listener skills when they are diagnosed since these skills are
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58. Nowadays, Society Promotes An Idea That Everybody Should
Nowadays, society promotes an idea that everybody should think critically and be innovative. This
new idea let many people get confused and wonder whether we humans have the ability to actually
be able to control our mind. It seems like we did because we each has unique ideas. While as a
matter of fact, we don't. We don't have the control of our own mind due to our instinct of imitation
and being easily controlled by the social trend. In Blackmore's essay " Strange Creatures", she
claims that people become hosts of " memes" because each meme passes from one person to another
easily and also through people's special abilities of imitation. In Lauren Slater's essay " Who Holds
The Clicker," the author claims that social trends controls ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Accepting others ideas becomes a subliminal reaction for us and after hearing that we remember that
without a doubt. After a long time, we intentionally think that's our own ideas instead of someone
else's. In Slater's passage, it is also easier to treat someone else's ideas as our own. The patient,
Mario has electrode implanted in his brain to control obsessive–compulsive disorder. Mario's
treatment was actually mind control because the doctor holds the clicker to control him. As a matter
of fact, it is unethical because Mario himself did not do all the controlling, the doctors did. Doctors
controls human's feeling and OCD rituals with immediacy which made Mario has an illusion that his
treatment is almost done and soon he will be cured. Doctors treatment did let Mario be permanently
fine for his mental disease but he was not fundamentally treated. The neurological implants could
mess up with people's emotion, cause more complication. " Heath discovered that electrodes placed
in the hippocampus, the thalamus or the tegmentum could produce states of rage of fear, while
electrodes placed in brain's septal area and part of the amygdala could produce feeling of pleasure."
(Slater 277) By controlling people's electrodes in their brain, doctors could control their emotion and
how they feel. So as a matter of fact, his life is totally tied up with the doctor. He used to live
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60. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Piaget's Theory Of Cognitive Development
Jaclyn F. Losquadro
Hunter College, The City Of New York
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Cognitive development is much more than addition of new facts and ideas to an existing store of
information. According to Piaget, our thinking processes change radically, though slowly, from birth
to maturity because we constantly strive to make sense of our world. He also believed that all people
pass through the same four stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal
operational) in the exact same order. These four stages are required for one to gain understanding of
his or her world. As a result of Jean Piaget's early research in Biology, Piaget concluded that all ...
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Through this they begin to form schemas to shape memory. As infants approach the fourth month,
they continue to show trail and error attempts to repeat and prolong fortuitous interesting events.
Their movement is more accurate, précised, and often described as "outside" their body. This sub
stage is known as the secondary circular reactions (Miller 2011). During the circular reactions, the
child becomes aware of what is referred to as Object Permanence. Object Permanence is one's
realization that something exists even when it's out of perception (Sugarman 1987). For example,
the infant understands that the ball that has rolled out of sight still exists even though it is not in
view anymore. At around 8–12 months, the sub–stage of coordination of secondary circulatory
reactions is seen (Miller 2011). Within this domain, the infant shows coordination of schemas. He or
she retrieves hidden objects but continues searching where objects were previously found rather
than where they were last hidden. As the infant experiences object permanence, they begin to
develop separation anxiety. At around 12–18months, he or she shows tertiary circular reactions
(Miller 2011). Tertiary circular reactions involve the infant showing an interest in novelty for it's
own sake. He or she begins to walk on it's own without a walker. They continue to show lots of
curiosity and interest. They may begin creating ideas and experiments. For example, a
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62. Descriptive Essay : Shoreline Sand
One of my most extraordinarily adored spots to go in my available time is the shoreline. A shoreline
is a national geographic, nature made landform that is close to a waterway. It is normally involved
free particles, which regularly comprise of sand, shake, shingle, stones and, or cobblestone. The
particles living on a shoreline are frequently regular to the shoreline, for example, mollusk shells,
saltwater pal, or green growth development. Shorelines regularly show up around domains along the
drift where there is a wave or current activity. While being at the shoreline, I worship listening to the
sound of the tides, getting a vibe of a light breeze, having a thinking back aroma of ocean water,
listen to the call of the seagulls, and feeling the sand, underneath my exposed feet. Taking off to the
shoreline and experiencing these faculties gives me a critical help of unwinding. While perusing
Raymond A. Foss ' "Shoreline Sand," I can ostensibly meet these loosening up sensations, as he uses
the beautiful gadgets of symbolism, tone, and sound to word imitation, to prompt his followers, to
take a break and loosen up.
Foss first uses symbolism, to relate the shoreline to our faculties, with the objective that we can
imagine that we are physically there. Have you ever seen that a particular fragrance, can convey a
surge of clear recollections? Like the possess a scent reminiscent of ocean water or shoreline sand
may help you to recall that one astonishing summer excursion. That
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64. A Research Study On Infant Memory Development
"Infant memory development" is one of the topics of PSY103 lectures, and is also one of the
significant issues in Psychology. Dr. Jane Herbert was the lecturer of this topic and she drew my
attention and interest to infant memory development and infantile amnesia. Infantile amnesia is the
failure to recall events from babyhood and early childhood (Hayne & Jack, 2010). In other words,
according to Henri & Henri (1898 cited in Hayne, 2004), most of the children and adults can only
recollect the earliest memory between 2 and 4 years old. Early experience is a crucial element in
understanding human development as psychologists stated its influences would last for long (Hayne
& Jack, 2010). The early experience plays an important role in brain, social, behavioural
development (Hayne, 2004). Many scholars and psychologists at or beyond the University of
Sheffield has conducted numerous research in this field, and they aimed to study infant memory
ability and age–related changes in various kind of aspects with their research impacting society in
many ways. In this essay, the academic impacts of psychological research in connection with infant
memory development will be discussed first. This will be then followed by the discussion about the
social and economic impacts, which benefit the society.
Firstly, the academic impacts of psychological research will be discussed. Psychological research in
infant memory development has further developed the existing theory and expanded the
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66. Plato 's Republic : The Nature Of A Just Individual And...
Plato's Republic primarily discusses the relationship between the nature of a just individual and the
just city, and how their three distinct components should be balanced with respect to each other. In
The Republic, people are sorted into classes (producers, auxiliaries, guardians) according to which
part of their soul motivates or rules them. The appetitive part is described as money–loving and
gain–loving, and its principal concerns are the pleasures of food, drink, and sex (439d). The spirited
part is honor–loving and focuses on the pleasures of competition, with doing what is noble and
avoiding what is base. The reasoning part is wisdom–loving and is "entirely directed at every
moment towards knowing the truth of things" (581b). Plato puts forth the notion that within just
individual and the just city, these three parts should be balanced with respect to each other such that
the rational and reasoning part of ultimately prevails and rules, while the spirited part supports and
maintains this order, and the appetitive part obediently submits. Since the goal of Platonic education
is to produce philosophers, this necessitates the need to know how best to bring people whose
primary desires may be for food or drink, or for good reputation, to the state where their primary
desires are for wisdom and truth. In particular, Plato argues that such an education should be focused
on properly orienting a person such that they ultimately strive to look for and seek out the original
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68. Synthes Case
Synthes Case Study
Team S
Santiago Sanchez Villalba
Bharat Pawar
Morris Li
Jose Llanos
Tiia Paananen
What are the different threats to the sustainability of Synthes` competitive advantage?
Synthes has several threats to consider in the near and upcoming future. The first threat we can talk
about is with regards to imitation. Imitation is a big deal in the internal fixation device industry.
Synthes has become the leader in this market due to several competitive advantages, for example the
affiliation with AO, which surgeons take as a sign of confidence. These advantages have been able
to sustain them with huge market share and very high sales during the last 20 years. They have also
created other competitive advantages within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The threat level is still low because the first trial of bioresorbable failed and the second generation
has not yet fully convinced surgeons. But most doctors seem open to the idea or already use some of
the bioresorbable derivatives to substitute some of Synthes` products today. The difference from the
first generation bioresorbable products to the second one improved drastically and the third
generation could eventually be almost as effective as today's solutions. If Synthes is not fully
prepared there could be a very big threat to the company not only in sales but also reputation
because they are known for being the top dog and always offering the newest products for internal
fixation. A company with a similar strategy (affiliation to AO, good sales reps, high quality product)
could not only imitate but also substitute if the product part were to be able to be effective and
accepted by doctors. Although there are threats in a competitive industry such as this one, we
believe that Synthes has enough actual and probable competitive advantages to sustain throughout
time as a leader in the internal fixation industry. When we discuss the S–Curve for Synthes, we
could see that bioresorbable technology is slow and improving poorly because it is not understood
quite well. If anybody gets it right we could see the acceleration process and this is where Synthes
would be highly
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70. The Chameleon Effect: The Perception-Behavior Link And...
It was a brutally cold November morning, and my roommate and I talked in hushed voices as we hid
under our covers in dread. Her voice was warm and robust, tinged with a slight Nigerian influence.
Our tones were calm and slow, still waking from our short sleep. Not five minutes in, however, this
rare moment of peace was sharply shattered by a banging at the door. As the stomps of a cranky
Tyler entered the room, we knew our avoidance was over. Immediately, Tyler began to yell at my
roommate, Oluwafolabomi, in a deep, loud voice, thick in its Liberian influence. The ensuing debate
between the girls, over topics I could barely discern, bore no resemblance to the previous
conversation. Oluwafolabomi's voice was now deep, vivid, and utterly ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Questioning the fundaments of community building is the start of the solution. Of these building
blocks, perhaps the most significant and unrecognized is the chameleon effect. The chameleon effect
subconsciously communicates community, and subconsciously marks its outsiders. It is therefore
imperative that people begin to become aware of their use of this effect. Admittedly, it is more than
mildly ironic that to urge awareness of a subconscious action. But implicit biases, or attitudes or
stereotypes that affect the way we perceive and interact with others, are created in the subconscious
("Understanding implicit bias"). Likewise, implicit biases must be combatted by thorough
examination of the subconscious. The chameleon effect and the implicit biases that may guide it
must be thoroughly examined in order to gain an awareness of our actions. It is recognition of why
such actions occur that we can begin to truly control them. Communities are important. They foster
feelings of support, preserve culture, and validate the worth of the shared characteristic. In critical
times, we must examine our subconscious actions to promote these benefits of communities, as well
as overcome their inheent
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72. The Effects Of Deferred Imitation During The Sensorimotor...
Imitation and observational learning are important in aiding the attainment and portrayal of new
behaviours, beginning as early as infancy (Meltzoff, 1993, p. 467). Deferred imitation and mental
representations were concepts by developmental psychologist Jean Piaget in his theory of infant
cognitive development. Deferred imitation refers to a child's ability to imitate the actions that they
have seen others perform, following a delay, (Slater, Lewis, Anzures & Lee, 2011). Piaget proposed
that the emergence of deferred imitation during the sensorimotor period, is a sign of mental
representation, (Jones & Herbert, 2009, para. 14). His proposal of the formation of this ability has
been accredited by several studies that document the presence of deferred imitation in infants from
as early as birth to 24 months of age and beyond (Barr, Dowden, & Hayne, 1996; Heimann &
Meltzoff, 1996). A study by Heimann and Schaller (1985) used infants between 14–21 days old,
(p.33). The mother was told to either protrude her tongue or open her mouth while the infant was
engaged and observing during the exposure sessions, (p. 33). Two observers scored each infant on
the number of times they opened their mouth or protruded their tongue, depending on the groups
they were assigned to within the 60 second response period, (p.33). The results showed that the total
number of tongue protrusions or mouth openings were highest when the behaviours were modelled
to the infant, (p. 36). To reproduce the
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74. Character Analysis Of Shell'sPlease Dont Pass Me By?
knows that if she stops eating grilled cheese before bed and washes her hair more, she would not
look like Vicki. To add, Shell states that Vicki is a girl, a boy would want to touch and have a picture
of in his locker (Bozak 192). Shell wants to create an identity that is good looking like Vicki and
have her picture in a guy's locker. Even though Shell does not physically imitate her, there is prove
that Shell has the intention to look like Vicki. Shell is purposely trying to imitate and copy her close
friends Mamoon and Viki in order to develop her own identity where boys will admire her
appearance as well.
Not only does Shell imitate or copy appearances and lifestyles but she also tries to obtain the same
items. In the story "Please Don't Pass Me By", Shell never knew that people can even ask for stuff
for Easter. Shell talks about Easter because she no longer admires her old skates and prefers having
her own pair of Vicki's boot skates (Bozak 48). Since Shell copies and imitates people around her,
there is this sense that Shell automatically considers owning a particular thing without questioning
its effectiveness. For example, even after Shell's mother reminds her that her feet size will change,
Shell continues to ask for the boot skates. Furthermore, Shell instantly considers people's things are
better than her own. For example, when Shell states, "they're not the right kind. When me and Vicki
go to Bootin', they'll kick me out" (Bozak 48). Shell immediately convinces
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76. Why Do People Buy Counterfeit Products?
Why do people buy counterfeit products? 1
Running head: Why do people buy counterfeit products?
Why people by counterfeit products? Monica Rodriguez American Intercontinental University Dr.
Yamil Guevara
Why do people buy counterfeit products? 2
ABSTRACT The elaboration and commercialization of counterfeit products is an issue that has been
growing prominently within the last 20 years. There is no place in the world free with this type of
products. The modernization and the globalization make the counterfeiting process more difficult to
control, affecting not only the countries economy, but also its safety and the citizens' general
integrity. Knowing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can also be found in almost every type of legitimate retail or wholesale location, including
large chain department stores, malls, gift shops, pharmacies, supermarkets and flee markets (Lewis,
2009). According to the studies of the Counterfeit Intelligence Bureau of the International Chamber
of Commerce, counterfeit goods make up 5% to 7% of world trade. China is the leader for
intellectual property rights (IPR)
Why do people buy counterfeit products? 5
seizures, with an alarming 80% of the total valued sized; it makes China the greatest counterfeiting
country in the world. India is the second source for IPR seizure, with its main trading product, the
imitation of pharmaceutical goods (Maxwell, 2009) (Lewis, 2011). There are many adverse effects
that counterfeit trade involves. From the business perspective, the most common effect are the loss
of credibility of the company's name, the loss of money and time invested in research and
development and of course the profits that companies lose due to counterfeit product (Lewis, 2011).
To the country economic area represents an annual loss of millions of dollars (250 billions per year
in USA) and loss of jobs (750,000 in the last year)(Lewis, 2011). To the countries safety, counterfeit
trade is the perfect scenario for laundering money, funding terrorists and organized crime groups and
to creating methods of terrorist attacks.
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