Vaccine delivery system

Introduction, Uptake of Antigens Mucosal vaccine delivery system and Targeted vaccine delivery system

1. VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEM : VACCINES, UPTAKE OF ANTIGENS, SINGLE SHOT VACCINES, MUCOSAL & TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF VACCINES PRESENTED BY: SACHINKUMAR B 1 ST YEAR M.PHARMA DEPT OF PHARMACEUTICS SRINIVAS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY 1

2. Contents What are vaccines? History of vaccines Types of vaccines Uptake of antigens Single shot vaccines Mucosal vaccine delivery system Transdermal vaccine delivery system References 2

3. What are vaccines… ? ?? A vacc i ne is a bio l ogical preparat i on that i m proves i m muni t y to a pa r t i cu l ar diseas e . A va c c i ne t y p i ca l ly co n t a i n s an agent t h at r e s emb l es a d i s e ase-caus i ng mic r oo r ganism and is of t en made f r om weak e ned or k i l l ed f o r m s of the m i c r ob e , i t s tox i ns or one of i t s surface pro t e i n s. 3

4. 4 A vaccine contain agent that resemble a disease. The agent stimulate the body’s immune system to recognise foreign agent, destroy it, and keep a record of it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. V ac c i n es can be pr o phy l ac t ic ( to p r event or amel i orate the e f f e cts of a f u t u r e i n f e c t ion by any na t ur a l or wi l d pa t hogen ) , or therapeut i c ( vacc i nes against cance r ) .

5. History of vaccines…… The term V A C CIN E and VACCINATION are derived from a Latin word VARIOLAE VACCINAE T h e d i ary work e rs would nev e r h a ve the often fatal d i sea s e sm allp ox becau s e th ey a l r eady h a ve th e cowp o x 5

6. 6 First vaccine was developed in 1878 for small pox by Edward Jenner. His innovations begun with successful use of cowpox material to create immunity against smallpox The second generation of vaccines was introduced in 1880s by Louis Pasteur who developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax

7. Jen n er took the pus f r om the hand of a m ilkmaid with cow pox, scrat c hed it in t o the arm of an 8 yr o l d boy and s i x weeks la t er inocu l ated (variolated) the boy with small pox, he observed that boy did not cat c h smallpo x . His t ory … … . 7

8. T ypes of vacci n e Vaccines are Dead or inactivated micro-organism or purified product derived from them. Traditional vaccine Innovative Vaccine 8

9. T radi t ional vaccine : Kill e d ( inac t iva t ed) vaccine B a cterial T y phoi d - par at y phoid ( T A B) Chol e ra W hooping cough Plagu e e t c. V irus Rab ies Influ e nza H e p a t i t is B, A e t c 5 9

10. Live att e nuated vaccin e ( Long lasting immunity) V irus Poliomyelitis oral live(OPV Sabin) Mump s Measels Rubella Varicella 10 Bacterial T y p h oi d B e cillu s C a l m ette agerin (BCG) 6

11. T oxoid 11 Dip h the r ia , Modi f ied bacte r ia , T oxic i t i es lo s t but ant i gen i ci t y is reta i ned T eta n us 7

12. Innova t ive vacc i ne 12 Conju g ate va c cine Re c om b inant v e ctor v a c c ine ( DNA) T -cell rec e ptor pe p tide va c cine V ale nt ( Mon o v a lent , Multivalent ) 8

13. UPTAKE OF ANTIGENS Antigens generated by endogenous and exogenous antigen processing activate different effector functions 13

14. Y E N D O G E N O US P A T H O G ENS Elimina t ed by: Killing of infected cells by CTL that use antigens generated by ENDO G ENOUS P R OCESSING E X O G E N O U S P A T H O G ENS Elimina t ed by: An t ibod i es and phagoc y te ac t i v at i on by T he l per c e l l s that use ant i gens gen e rated by E X O G ENOUS P ROCESSING A n t i gens genera t ed by endogenous and exogenous antigen process i ng act i vate di f fe r ent e f fe c tor functions 14

15. STAGES OF EXOGENOUS ANTIGEN UPTAKE UPTAKE Access of native pathogens to intracellular pathways of degradation DEGRADATION Limited proteolysis of antigens to peptides ANTIGEN-MHC COMPLEX FORMATION Loading of peptides on MHC molecules ANTIGEN PRESENTATION Transport and expression of peptide-MHC complexes on the surfaces of cells for reorganization by T-Cells 15

16. STAGES OF ENDOGENOUS ANTIGEN UPTAKE UPTAKE Antigens/pathogens already present in the cells DEGRADATION Antigens synthesized in cytoplasm undergo limited proteolytic degradation in the cytoplasm ANTIGEN-MHC COMPLEX FORMATION Loading of peptide antigens onto MHC Class 1 Molecules is different to the loading on MHC Class-2 Molecules PRESENTATION Transport and expression of antigen-MHC Complex on the surface of cells for reorganization by T-cells 16

17. SINGLE SHOT VACCINES Single dose vaccines are given at a single contact point for preventing 4-6 diseases. They will replace the need for a prime boost regimen, consequently eliminating the repeated visits to doctors. The cost for single shot vaccines are higher as compared to normal vaccines. DEFINATION: The single shot vaccine is a Combination Product of a Prime Component Antigen with an Microsphere Component and appropriate Adjuvants and an encapsulated antigen which will provide the booster immunizations by delayed release of the antigen. 17

18. 18 In order to increase the therapeutic activity of single shot vaccines Vaccine Adjuvants are used. Addition of Adjuvants triggers the immune system to become more sensitive to the vaccine.

19. MUCOSAL VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEM Mucosal surfaces area is Major portal of entry for many human pathogens that are the cause of infectious disease worldwide . Immunization by mucosal routes may be More effective at inducing protective immunity against mucosal pathogens at their sites of entry. Efforts have focused on efficient delivery of vaccine antigens to mucosal sites that facilitate uptake by local antigen-presenting cells to generate protective mucosal immune responses. 19

20. 20 The adult human mucosa lines the surfaces of the Digestive, Respiratory and genitourinary tracts, covering an immense surface area (400 M2) that is~200 times greater than that of the skin. Mucosal surfaces are typically categorized as Type-1 and Type-2 mucosa. Type-1 mucosa include surface of the lung and gut, where as Type-2 mucosa include surfaces of the mouth, esophagus and cornea

21. DESIGN AND STRATERGIES FOR MUCOSAL DELIVERY Emulsion type delivery Melt in mouth strips Liposome based delivery Polymeric nano -particles Virosomes 21

22. TRANSDERMAL VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEM The skin is the largest and most accessible organ of the body. Vaccine administration on the skin offers many advantages including ease of access, a potential for generation of both systemic and mucosal immune response. Formulations approaches such as liposomes, physical penetration enhancers such as electroporation, and technologies that create micron-sized pores in the skin, such as microneedles. 22

23. SKIN AS A SITE OF VACCINE DELIVERY The skin has multiple barrier properties to minimize water loss from the body and prevent the permeation of environmental contaminants into the body. These barriers can be considered as -Physical barriers. -Enzymatic barriers. -Immunological barriers. 23

24. DESIGN AND STRATERGY FOR TRANSDERMAL VACCINE DELIVERY Liquid jet injections Energy based approaches Epidermal power immunization Colloidal carriers 24

25. REFERENCES Elgert KD. Immunology: Understanding the immune system. 2 nd ed. United states: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009 (629). Carino GP. Vaccine delivery. In: Mathiowitz E, editor. Encyclopedia of Controlled Drug Delivery. Vol.2. United States:Wiley Interscience ; 1999 (996). 25

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