Vaccine,Vaccnication,History and Types ofVaccine

Vaccine,Vaccnication,History and Types of Vaccine

1. BP221506 Thulasinathan J 1st M.Sc Applied Microbiology Vaccine,Vaccnication,History and Types of Vaccine

2. Vaccine A preparation that is used to stimulate the body's immune response against diseases. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but some can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

3. Vaccination The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.

4. Hitory of Vaccine

5. Hitory of Vaccine 1796-smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner was the first successful vaccine to be developed.

6. Hitory of Vaccine 1881 - anthrax vaccine By French Biologist Louis Pasteur .

7. Hitory of Vaccine 1885-Rabies Vaccine By Louis Pasteur

8. Hitory of Vaccine 1914 - Pertussis, or whooping cough, vaccine is developed.

9. Hitory of Vaccine 1926-Diphtheria (D) vaccine By Emil von Behring 1938 - Tetanus vaccine is developed. By Edmond Nocard

10. Hitory of Vaccine 1948 - Pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are combined and given as the DTP vaccine.

11. Hitory of Vaccine 1955 - polio vaccine By Jonas Salk develops a break-through polio vaccine based on a dead poliovirus.

12. Hitory of Vaccine 1963 - Measles vaccine is developed. By John Franklin Enders

13. Hitory of Vaccine 1967 - Mumps vaccine is developed. By Maurice Hilleman of Merck & Co.

14. Hitory of Vaccine 1969 - Rubella vaccine is developed. By Stanley Plotkin

15. Hitory of Vaccine 1977- The smallpox vaccine is no longer recommended. Because of the vaccine's success, the disease is considered eradicated. 1981 - Hepatitis B vaccine is developed . By Blumberg and Millman.

16. Hitory of Vaccine 1996 - Chickenpox vaccine is developed. Michiaki Takahashi

17. Hitory of Vaccine 1998-1999 - Rotavirus vaccine is developed. Dr. Bhan

18. Hitory of Vaccine 2000 - Hepatitis A vaccine is developed. By Maurice Hilleman .

19. Hitory of Vaccine 2000 - Polio vaccine is no longer recommended. Because of the vaccine's success, the disease is no longer considered a threat. 2001 - Pneumococcal vaccine is developed. By Sir Almroth Wright.

20. Hitory of Vaccine 2006-HPV Vaccine. 2019-Ebola Vaccine.

21. Hitory of Vaccine 2020- COVID-19 Vaccine .

22. TYPES OF VACCINE

23. TYPES OF VACCINE 1.Inactivated Vaccine: Vaccines of this type are created by inactivating a pathogen, typically using heat or chemicals such as formaldehyde or formalin. This destroys the pathogen’s ability to replicate, but keeps it “intact” so that the immune system can still recognize it. Example - polio, hepatitis A, and rabies vaccines .

24. TYPES OF VACCINE 2. Attenuated Vaccine: Attenuated vaccines can be made in several different ways. Some of the most common methods involve passing the disease-causing virus through a series of cell cultures or animal embryos (typically chick embryos). When the resulting vaccine virus is given to a human, it will be unable to replicate enough to cause illness, but will still provoke an immune response that can protect against future infection. Example - measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the varicella (chickenpox) vaccine

25. TYPES OF VACCINE 3. Toxoid Vaccine: Some bacterial diseases are not directly caused by a bacterium itself, but by a toxin produced by the bacterium. Immunizations for this type of pathogen can be made by inactivating the toxin that causes disease symptoms. As with organisms or viruses used in killed or inactivated vaccines, this can be done via treatment with a chemical such as formalin, or by using heat or other methods. Example - diphtheria and tetanus vaccines

26. TYPES OF VACCINE 4. Subunit Vaccine: Subunit vaccines use only part of a target pathogen to provoke a response from the immune system. This may be done by isolating a specific protein from a pathogen and presenting it as an antigen on its own. Example - hepatitis B and acellular pertussis vaccines (protein subunit)

27. 5. Recombinant vaccine Recombinant vaccines are synthesized using yeast or bacterial cells for the manufacture of vaccines. These protein or DNA recombinants are introduced into the host cells where they are identified as a foreign material, and as a result, an immune response is triggered. Example - Hepatitis B vaccine ,HPV vaccine.

28. TYPES OF VACCINE 6 . Conjugate Vaccine: Conjugate vaccines are somewhat similar to recombinant vaccines: they’re made using a combination of two different components. Conjugate vaccines, however, are made using pieces from the coats of bacteria. These coats are chemically linked to a carrier protein, and the combination is used as a vaccine . Example -Haemophilus Influenza Conjugate Vaccine (Hib) and Pneumoccocal Conjugate Vaccine (Prevnar®)

29. TYPES OF VACCINE 7 . mRNA Vaccine: An mRNA vaccine (or RNA vaccine) is a novel type of vaccine which is composed of the nucleic acid RNA, packaged within a vector such as lipid nanoparticles. Example - vaccines for COVID-19

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