Values of biodiversity

Biodiversity
valves of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity
conservation of biodiversity
Environment
conservation of biodiversity
types of biodiversity
threats to biodiversity

1. Submitted to :-Dr. Sunil K umar sir Submitted by :- Ayushi karna B.A.(hons)Applied Psychology 2 nd semester Environmental Studies Amity university Rajasthan

2. VaLUEs OF BIODIVERSITY

3. Biodiversity Bio means “life” and diversity means “variety”. -The existence of a number of different kinds of animals and plants which together make a good and healthy environment. - The Amount of diversity between different plants,animals and other species in a given habitat at a particular time. -The term Biodiversity was first coined by Walter G. Rosen in 1986 .

4. Values of biodiversity Consumption values Social values Production Values Ethical Values Aesthetic Values Option Values

5. Consumptive Values The value of Nature’s product that are consumed directly such as a firewood’s ,fodder and meat. In other words , the product which are consumed directly without passing through the market. Consumptive use value seldom appear in National income accounts.

6. Consumptive Use The most important point of consumptive use is that some rural communities closest to the forests or other natural areas can prosper through the sustainable harvesting of wildlife species. Hunting, direct-consumption (e.g. collection of berries, mushrooms, herbs, plants) are all "consumptive uses“.

7. Social Value Biodiversity in INDIA, particularly,is important for its religious, spiritual and other cultural uses. Many plants and animals have ritual significance. The entire ecosystem is utilized for cultural and spiritual purposes.

8. SOME EXAMPLES Among auspicious flowers offered in temples are Hibiscus to the Goddess mainly in Bengal. Datura flowers to Lord Shiva. Gujarat Shami ( Prosopis Spicigera ) is used in sacrificial fires. Sacred value was attached to patches of forest believed to be adobe of Gods and ancestors and utilized only for prayers and related rituals. A network or such groves is still in evidence in some parts of India.

9. Productive Values Many of the forest products are precious hence they are exploited to the maximum. The products which are got from the forests and directly merchandised come under the productive value. Elephant tusks - used in show pieces Tiger bones and testis - Chinese medicine Skins of tigers, red panda, cheetah and snakes.

10. Productive Use Products such as animal skins, ivory, medicinal plants, honey, bee-wax, fibber's, gums, etc ,

11. PESTICIDE: The C alabar beans are used as pesticide to kill insects. MATERIAL : Pyrethrum Used in mosquito coils and lice killing shampoo MEDICINE: Neem used in anti bacterial an anti fungal creams, soups, shampoo, etc.

12. Ethical Value Although economic arguments can be advanced to justify the protection of biological diversity, there are also strong ethical arguments for doing so. Protecting biological diversity can be justified on ethical grounds as well as on economic grounds. Ethical arguments assert that humans have a duty to protect species based on their intrinsic value, unrelated to human needs.

13. People do not have the rights to destroy species and should take action to prevent their extinction. The toss of one species have far-reaching consequences to biological community and human society. People must learn to live within the ecological constraints of the planet. Must Learn to minimize the environmental damage and take responsibility for their action. People also have responsibility to future generations of humans to keep the Earth in good condition.

14. Aesthetic Value Regardless of our own material self-interest , we should treat nature respectfully. Enlightened self interest, arguing that preserving biodiversity and developing our knowledge of it will make us better and happier people. Nearly everyone enjoys wildlife and joy makes our lives good lives. A loss of biodiversity could very well limit the creative energies of people in the future and thus restrict the development.

15. SOME EXAMPLES: The beauty of wildflowers in Glacier National Park. Hiking , canoeing and mountain climbing are physically intellectually and emotionally satisfying. People spend tens of billions of dollars annually in these pursuits, proof enough of their value.

16. Option Value The intangible Values of biodiversity . That is keeping options for the future and simply knowing that certain species exist . A species potential to provide an economic benefit to human society at some point in the future is its option value. As the needs of the society change , so must the methods of satisfying those needs. The option value of species could be only recently utilized by human beings.

17. SOME EXAMPLES: • Health agencies and pharmaceutical companies are making a major effort to collect and screen species for compounds that have the ability to fight cancer. In some cases well known species have been found to have exactly those properties needed to deal with a significant human problem.

18. Biodiversity at Global, National and Local Level

19. Global level - This includes the study of biodiversity at world level, Biosphere of globe has about 30 million species, out of which only 144 millions have been named. Species found in remote areas where man could not reach have not been studied. - Biodiversity is governed by distance from equator, latitude and longitude of a place.

20. In general the Global Biodiversity is classified in the following regions:- Oriental Regions:- This includes India, Myanmar, Sri-Lanka, Java-Bali and some parts in China. Its mostly covered by monsoon climate. Important animals are:-Crocodile, snakes, tortoise, elephant, Rhesus Monkey, tigers, squirrel, fishes, Nilgai , Bear. Ethiopian Region:- It includes Africa and Madagascar. Important animals are: Wolf, Flying lizard, Snakes, gorilla, Zebra, King Fisher, Vulture & Chimpanzee.

21. (C) Australian Region: - It includes Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. Important animals are anteater, sphenodon, kangaroo, owl and pigeon with crown. (D) Neotropical Region: - It includes Mexico Greenland South America, Central America South Mexico West Indies: Important animals are: Guinea Pig, Anteater, Armadillo and Vampire Bat. (E) Nearctic Region : - This includes Mexico green land. Important animals are:- Armadillo, flying squirrel, wild goat, Antelope, swan, Vulture, Rattle Snake, coral Snake, Parrot a Pit viper.

22. Tropical rain forest parts of the globe have rich biodiversity. In 1983 international. union of biological. science organised a programme "Decade of tropics". In this programme a seminar was held on "Species diversity a its significance" In1988 a work shop was organized at Washington (USA) on "Ecosystem Functions of the biological diversity" .In1991 one more work shop was organized on the topic "From genes to Ecosystem, a reserve agenda for biodiversity" .At Amsterdam International Union of Biological Science(IUBS) organized a symposium on "Biological diversity Et global Change". - First Earth summit was organized at Rio de Janeiro Brazil in 1992 in which 168 countries including India participated. All these counties signed the agenda regarding Biodiversitv I conservation. Thus efforts to conserve biodiversity at global level, which were started in 1983, continue even today.

23. National Level - This biodiversity is a part of global biodiversity but it has political boundaries Amazon, Malaysia basin, Congo basin and Indonesia and Malaysia are the areas of rich national biodiversity. - Monsoon countries are also rich countries of national biodiversity but biodiversity of India, China and Indochina are different. India is a developing country and occupies tenth rank amongst the industrial countries of the world. Here Agriculture animal husbandry, fishery forest education and cultivation of medicinal plants are given due weight age.

24. Cultural diversity and indigenous system of medicine are helpful to maintain biodiversity .Biodiversity of India is changeable due to different geology, Latitude longitude & climate of different states of this nation. Geographical area of India is 320 million hectares out of which 7000 km is occupied by sea coast. Climate of India has huge range from hot climate of desert to cold climate of Himalayas. The average rainfall of the desert is 10 cm per year while that of C herapunji is 500 cm per year. The area of India is 2% of the global area but 5% of the plants and animals are found in this nation. India has 45000 species of plants and 68371 species of animals.

25. Some important crop plants of the world which have originated in India and have got naturalized in the world are: 1. Rice 5. Plantain 2. Sugar Cane 6. Lemon 3. Jute 7. Bajra 4. Mango 8. Jawar

26. At national level the following organization are working in India to protect biodiversity:- Council Of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. Botanical Survey of India Zoological Survey of India G.B. plant Institute of Himalaya Environment and Development. Indian Council of Agriculture Research , New Delhi

27. Local Biodiversity Living plants and animals of a particular locality are included Under Local biodiversity WCAL biodiversity. Under different climate condition it is different. Thus vegetation and animals of Thar Desert are different from those of Himalayan Region. Sunderban and Andaman are well known for mangrove vegetation. Mangrove plants show germination of seed on parent plants, itself so that several baby plants are seen attached to parent tree. This is a thrilling sight. Thus biodiversity at global level, national level and local level is different. The differences are due to different geographical conditions and different climate.

28. Conservation of Biodiversity The convention on biological diversity held in June,1992 stressed the need of conservation of Biodiversity for Sustainable development and perpetuation of human being in Earth. Conservation is known as “the management of human use of biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to the present generation while maintain in gits potential to meet the needs and aspirations of the future generation.” The 2 basic approaches to Wildlife Conservation in protected habitats are:- In-Situ conservation Ex-Situ Conservation

29. In-Situ Conservation: (Protected Area, National parks, Sancturies , Bio-Sphere Reserves, Scared Forest & Lakes) It is a process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning of habitat it self or by defending of the species from predators. In-Situ conservation is one of situ conservation or the conservation of genetic resources in natural population plant or animal species such as forest genetic resources in natural population of tree species. It is applied to conservation of agricultural biodiversity in agro forestry by farmers, especially those used unconventional farming practice.In -situ used unconventional farming practice.In -situ conservation done by declaring area.

30. Ex-situ conservation Ex-Situ Conservation is the preservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitat. This involves conservation of genetic resources, as well as wild and cultivated or species, draws on a diverse body of techniques and facilities. Such strategy include establishment of botanical gardens, zoos, conservational strands and gene, pollen seed, seedling, tissue culture and DNA banks.

31. Seed Banks: These are cooled storages where seeds are kept under controlled and humidity for storages and this is easy way to store germ plasma of plant at low temperature. Seed preserve under controlled condition(minus temperature)remain viable long duration of time. Gene banking: Genetic Variability also is preserved by gene bank under normal growing conditions. These are cooled storages where germ plasm are kept under controlled temperature and humidity for storage; This is an important way of preserving. Cryopreservation: This is the newest application of technology for preservation of biotic parts. This type of conservation is done by at low temperature(-196)in liquid nitrogen. T he metabolic activity of organism are suspended under low temperature, which are later used to research purpose .

32. Threats to Biodiversity

33. Habitat Destruction:- It is the complete elimination of localized or regional ecosystem leading to the total loss of its former biological function. It is caused by mining, dam construction, Commercial fishing, forestry. Habitat fragmentation:- It occurs when remaining population are isolated because the links between habitat patches have been destroyed. It is the process where by a large, continuous area of habitat is both reduced in area and divided into more fragments.

34. Invasion By exotic Species:- Prominent examples are the spread of the Peruvian thorny Prosopis jiliflorian in the dry parts of the northern India where it replaced native species such as Acacia nilotica and the spread of the south American flowering bush Lantana camara in the sub-Himalayan belt. A fish native to T exas , eliminated by hybridization with introduced mosquito fish.

35. Genetic Pollution:- It occurs by uncontrolled hybridization. It is deterimental to rare species that comes into contact with more abundant ones. Abundant species immediately colonize the new area, vanishing the rare species. Alters the genetic pool, which is an irreversible change.

36. Pollution- Over-exploitation:- Mangroves have been cleared for fuel wood. Prawn farming, which has led to a decrease in the habitat essential for breeding of marine fish. Its causes are:- Frequent uncontrolled ground fires. Frequent boating and diving in coral reef area typically degrade the community as fragile species are crushed by divers’s flippers, boat hulls and anchors. The general effects of pollution on water quality, air quality, global climate having great concern to the biological threats.

37. Pictures of Over-exploitation

38. Pesticide Pollution:- The danger of pesticides were brought to the world’s attention in 1962 by Rachel Carston’s influential book “Silent Spring”. Effects of Pesticides:- Pests develop resistance against such pesticides. DDT overdose create serious results not only insects, birds but on the humans as well. The continuing use of these pesticides in other countries is cause for concern not only for the sake of endangered animal species but also due to its potential long term effects on people. Water pollution:- It has negative consequences for human population as it destroys food sources such as fish, shellfish, contaminated drinking water, affect the other water communities.

39. Air pollution:- Human activities has contaminated the earth’s atmosphere. Acid Rain (the acid are incorporated into the cloud which dramatically lower the pH of the rain water.) Effects are:- Decline in pH of water. Acidity also inhibit the microbial activity. Minimize the mineral recycling and ecosystem productivity. Pond, lakes and river bodies have lost large portion of their animal communities. Ozone production and Nitrogen deposition:- Causes are automobiles, power plants, Industrial activities, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides as waste products.

40. Poaching:- Specific threats to certain animals are related to large economic benefits. Skin and bones from tigers. Ivory from Elephants. Horns from Rhino Perfume from the must deer. Bears are killed for their gall bladder. The rare whale shark, a highly endangered species is being killed off the coast of Gujarat. Corals and shells are also collected for export or sold on the beaches of Chennai and Kanyakumari. A variety of wild plants with real or at times dubious medicinal value are being over harvested. The commonly collected plants include Rauvolfia , Datura , etc. Collections of garden plants includes orchids, ferns and moss.

41. Pictures of Poaching

42. Short Video on Biodiversity