VanPutte_Seeleys_Essentials_11e EPITHELIAL TISSUE.pdf
IzylGacutan
14 views
115 slides
Mar 09, 2025
Slide 1 of 115
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
About This Presentation
Midterm topic histo
Slide Content
Because learning changes everything.®
Chapter 4
Tissues
Lecture Outline
Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Eleventh Edition
Cinnamon VanPutte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Chapter 4
Tissues
Lecture Outline
Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Eleventh Edition
Cinnamon VanPutte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Tissue
A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and
function, plus the extracellular substance surrounding them.
Histology is the study of tissues.
2
Tissue
A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and
function, plus the extracellular substance surrounding them.
Histology is the study of tissues.
2
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Types of Tissues
There are four tissue types in the human body:
Epithelial – a covering or lining tissue1.
Connective – a diverse primary tissue type that makes up
part of every organ in the body
2.
Muscle – a tissue that contracts or shortens, making
movement possible
3.
Nervous – responsible for coordinating and controlling
many body activities
4.
3
Types of Tissues
There are four tissue types in the human body:
Epithelial – a covering or lining tissue1.
Connective – a diverse primary tissue type that makes up
part of every organ in the body
2.
Muscle – a tissue that contracts or shortens, making
movement possible
3.
Nervous – responsible for coordinating and controlling
many body activities
4.
3
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Epithelial Tissues
Epithelium, or epithelial tissue, covers and protects
surfaces, both outside and inside the body.
Included under the classification of epithelial tissue are the
exocrine and endocrine glands.
4
Epithelial Tissues
Epithelium, or epithelial tissue, covers and protects
surfaces, both outside and inside the body.
Included under the classification of epithelial tissue are the
exocrine and endocrine glands.
4
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
Mostly composed of cells1.
Covers body surfaces2.
Has an exposed surface3.
Attaches at the basal surface4.
Specialized cell connections and matrix attachments5.
Avascular6.
Capable of regeneration7.
5
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
Mostly composed of cells1.
Covers body surfaces2.
Has an exposed surface3.
Attaches at the basal surface4.
Specialized cell connections and matrix attachments5.
Avascular6.
Capable of regeneration7.
5
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Characteristics of Epithelium
Figure 4.1
(top) ©Victor Eroschenko; (bottom) Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images
Access the text alternative for slide images.
6
Characteristics of Epithelium
Figure 4.1
(top) ©Victor Eroschenko; (bottom) Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images
Access the text alternative for slide images.
6
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Functions of Epithelial Tissues
Protects underlying structures1.
Acts as a barrier2.
Permits passage of substances3.
Secreting substances4.
Absorption of substances5.
7
Functions of Epithelial Tissues
Protects underlying structures1.
Acts as a barrier2.
Permits passage of substances3.
Secreting substances4.
Absorption of substances5.
7
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Classification of Epithelia 1
Epithelial tissues are classified primarily according to the
number of cell layers and the shape of the superficial cells.
The cell layers can be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified.
The cell shapes can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or a
special transitional shape, that varies with the degree of
stretch.
8
Classification of Epithelia 1
Epithelial tissues are classified primarily according to the
number of cell layers and the shape of the superficial cells.
The cell layers can be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified.
The cell shapes can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or a
special transitional shape, that varies with the degree of
stretch.
8
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Classification of Epithelia 2
Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells, with
each cell extending from the basement membrane to the
free surface.
Stratified epithelium consists of more than one layer of
cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to
the basement membrane.
9
Classification of Epithelia 2
Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells, with
each cell extending from the basement membrane to the
free surface.
Stratified epithelium consists of more than one layer of
cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to
the basement membrane.
9
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Classification of Epithelia 3
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a special type of
simple epithelium, that appears to be falsely stratified.
It consists of one layer of cells, with all the cells attached to
the basement membrane.
Due to variations in the shape of the cells, the epithelia
appears stratified.
10
Classification of Epithelia 3
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a special type of
simple epithelium, that appears to be falsely stratified.
It consists of one layer of cells, with all the cells attached to
the basement membrane.
Due to variations in the shape of the cells, the epithelia
appears stratified.
10
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Classification of Epithelia 4
There are three types of epithelium based on idealized shapes
of the epithelial cells:
Squamous cells are flat or scalelike. 1.
Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped—about as wide as they are
tall.
2.
Columnar cells tend to be taller than they are wide.3.
11
Classification of Epithelia 4
There are three types of epithelium based on idealized shapes
of the epithelial cells:
Squamous cells are flat or scalelike. 1.
Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped—about as wide as they are
tall.
2.
Columnar cells tend to be taller than they are wide.3.
11
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Simple Squamous Epithelium 1
Simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of thin, flat
cells.
Some substances easily pass through this thin layer of cells,
but other substances do not.
In the lungs, simple squamous epithelium, allows for gas
exchange.
In the kidneys, simple squamous epithelium, helps filter
wastes from the blood while keeping blood cells inside the
blood vessels.
12
Simple Squamous Epithelium 1
Simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of thin, flat
cells.
Some substances easily pass through this thin layer of cells,
but other substances do not.
In the lungs, simple squamous epithelium, allows for gas
exchange.
In the kidneys, simple squamous epithelium, helps filter
wastes from the blood while keeping blood cells inside the
blood vessels.
12
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Simple Squamous Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part A)
(a) Simple Squamous Epithelium
Alvin Telser/McGraw-Hill Education
Structure:
Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells;
the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed
in cross section because the cells are so
flat
Function:
Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and
some protection against friction
Location:
Lining of blood vessels and the heart,
lymphatic vessels, alveoli of the lungs,
portions of the kidney tubules, lining of
serous membranes of body cavities
(pleural, pericardial, peritoneal)z
Access the text alternative for slide images.
13
Simple Squamous Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part A)
(a) Simple Squamous Epithelium
Alvin Telser/McGraw-Hill Education
Structure:
Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells;
the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed
in cross section because the cells are so
flat
Function:
Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and
some protection against friction
Location:
Lining of blood vessels and the heart,
lymphatic vessels, alveoli of the lungs,
portions of the kidney tubules, lining of
serous membranes of body cavities
(pleural, pericardial, peritoneal)z
Access the text alternative for slide images.
13
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 1
Simple cuboidal epithelium is a single layer of cube-like cells
that carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, or
secretion.
They have a greater secretory capacity than simple
squamous epithelial cells.
14
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 1
Simple cuboidal epithelium is a single layer of cube-like cells
that carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, or
secretion.
They have a greater secretory capacity than simple
squamous epithelial cells.
14
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part B)
(b) Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Single layer of cube-shaped cells; some
cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia
(terminal bronchioles of the lungs)
Function:
Secretion and absorption by cells of the
kidney tubules; secretion by cells of glands
and choroid plexuses; movement of
particles embedded in mucus out of the
terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells
Location:
Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts,
choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of
terminal bronchioles of the lungs, and
surfaces of the ovaries
Access the text alternative for slide images.
15
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part B)
(b) Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Single layer of cube-shaped cells; some
cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia
(terminal bronchioles of the lungs)
Function:
Secretion and absorption by cells of the
kidney tubules; secretion by cells of glands
and choroid plexuses; movement of
particles embedded in mucus out of the
terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells
Location:
Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts,
choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of
terminal bronchioles of the lungs, and
surfaces of the ovaries
Access the text alternative for slide images.
15
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Simple Columnar Epithelium 1
Simple columnar epithelium is a single layer of tall, thin
cells.
The large size of these cells enables them to perform
complex functions, such as secretion.
The simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine
produces and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes.
16
Simple Columnar Epithelium 1
Simple columnar epithelium is a single layer of tall, thin
cells.
The large size of these cells enables them to perform
complex functions, such as secretion.
The simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine
produces and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes.
16
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Simple Columnar Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part C)
(c) Simple Columnar Epithelium
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have
cilia (bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes,
uterine tubes, and uterus) or microvilli
(intestines)
Function:
Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of
the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible
for the movement of oocytes through the uterine
tubes by ciliated cells; secretion by cells of the
glands, the stomach, and the intestines;
absorption by cells of the intestines
Location:
Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of lungs,
auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach,
intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, and ventricles
of the brain
Access the text alternative for slide images.
17
Simple Columnar Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part C)
(c) Simple Columnar Epithelium
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have
cilia (bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes,
uterine tubes, and uterus) or microvilli
(intestines)
Function:
Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of
the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible
for the movement of oocytes through the uterine
tubes by ciliated cells; secretion by cells of the
glands, the stomach, and the intestines;
absorption by cells of the intestines
Location:
Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of lungs,
auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach,
intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, and ventricles
of the brain
Access the text alternative for slide images.
17
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 1
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium secretes mucus,
which covers its free surface.
Cilia in the airways move the mucus and accumulated
debris toward the throat, where it is swallowed.
18
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 1
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium secretes mucus,
which covers its free surface.
Cilia in the airways move the mucus and accumulated
debris toward the throat, where it is swallowed.
18
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part D)
(d) Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin
and reach the free surface, and others do not;
the nuclei of these cells are at different levels
and appear stratified; the cells are almost always
ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that
secrete mucus onto the free surface
Function:
Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free
surface and move mucus (or fluid) that contains
foreign particles over the surface of the free
surface and from passages
Location:
Lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory
tubes, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi of lungs
Access the text alternative for slide images.
19
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.2 Simple Epithelium (Part D)
(d) Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin
and reach the free surface, and others do not;
the nuclei of these cells are at different levels
and appear stratified; the cells are almost always
ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that
secrete mucus onto the free surface
Function:
Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free
surface and move mucus (or fluid) that contains
foreign particles over the surface of the free
surface and from passages
Location:
Lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory
tubes, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi of lungs
Access the text alternative for slide images.
19
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium 1
Stratified squamous epithelium forms a thick epithelium
because it consists of several layers of cells.
Though the deepest cells are cuboidal or columnar and are
capable of dividing and producing new cells, the naming is
based on the shape of the surface cells.
There are two types of stratified squamous epithelia:
keratinized stratified squamous and nonkeratinized
stratified squamous epithelia.
20
Stratified Squamous Epithelium 1
Stratified squamous epithelium forms a thick epithelium
because it consists of several layers of cells.
Though the deepest cells are cuboidal or columnar and are
capable of dividing and producing new cells, the naming is
based on the shape of the surface cells.
There are two types of stratified squamous epithelia:
keratinized stratified squamous and nonkeratinized
stratified squamous epithelia.
20
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
The outer layer of the skin is comprised of a keratinized
squamous epithelium.
The keratin reduces the loss of water from the body.
21
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
The outer layer of the skin is comprised of a keratinized
squamous epithelium.
The keratin reduces the loss of water from the body.
21
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium of the mouth is a moist
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
This nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium provides
protection against abrasion and acts as a mechanical
barrier.
Water, however, can move across it more readily than
across the skin (keratinized stratified squamous).
22
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium of the mouth is a moist
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
This nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium provides
protection against abrasion and acts as a mechanical
barrier.
Water, however, can move across it more readily than
across the skin (keratinized stratified squamous).
22
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.3 Stratified Epithelium (Part A)
(a) Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Alvin Telser/McGraw-Hill Education
Structure:
Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal
layer and progressively flattened toward the
surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized
(moist) or keratinized; in nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium, the surface cells retain a
nucleus and cytoplasm; in keratinized stratified
epithelium, the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is
replaced by a protein called keratin, and the cells
are dead
Function:
Protects against abrasion, forms a barrier against
infection, and reduces loss of water from the body
Location:
Keratinized—outer layer of the skin; nonkeratinized
—mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina,
inferior urethra, and corneas
Access the text alternative for slide images.
23
Stratified Squamous Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.3 Stratified Epithelium (Part A)
(a) Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Alvin Telser/McGraw-Hill Education
Structure:
Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal
layer and progressively flattened toward the
surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized
(moist) or keratinized; in nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium, the surface cells retain a
nucleus and cytoplasm; in keratinized stratified
epithelium, the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is
replaced by a protein called keratin, and the cells
are dead
Function:
Protects against abrasion, forms a barrier against
infection, and reduces loss of water from the body
Location:
Keratinized—outer layer of the skin; nonkeratinized
—mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina,
inferior urethra, and corneas
Access the text alternative for slide images.
23
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Transitional Epithelium 1
Transitional epithelium is a special type of stratified
epithelium that can be greatly stretched.
The shape of the cells change as the epithelium is
stretched.
Transitional epithelium lines cavities that can expand
greatly, such as the urinary bladder.
It also protects underlying structures, like the urinary
bladder, from the caustic effects of urine.
24
Transitional Epithelium 1
Transitional epithelium is a special type of stratified
epithelium that can be greatly stretched.
The shape of the cells change as the epithelium is
stretched.
Transitional epithelium lines cavities that can expand
greatly, such as the urinary bladder.
It also protects underlying structures, like the urinary
bladder, from the caustic effects of urine.
24
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Transitional Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.3 Stratified Epithelium (Part B)
(b) Transitional Epithelium
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Stratified cells that appear cuboidal when
the organ or tube is not stretched and
squamous when the organ or tube is
stretched by fluid
Function:
Accommodates fluctuations in the volume
of fluid in an organ or a tube; protects
against the caustic effects of urine
Location:
Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and
superior urethra
Access the text alternative for slide images.
25
Transitional Epithelium 2
Figure of Table 4.3 Stratified Epithelium (Part B)
(b) Transitional Epithelium
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Stratified cells that appear cuboidal when
the organ or tube is not stretched and
squamous when the organ or tube is
stretched by fluid
Function:
Accommodates fluctuations in the volume
of fluid in an organ or a tube; protects
against the caustic effects of urine
Location:
Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and
superior urethra
Access the text alternative for slide images.
25
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Free Surface Modifications
Most epithelia have a free surface that is not in contact with
other cells and faces away from underlying tissues.
The characteristics of the free surface reflect its functions.
The free surface can be smooth or lined with microvilli or
cilia.
Cilia move materials over the top of the cell.
Microvilli increase surface area.
26
Free Surface Modifications
Most epithelia have a free surface that is not in contact with
other cells and faces away from underlying tissues.
The characteristics of the free surface reflect its functions.
The free surface can be smooth or lined with microvilli or
cilia.
Cilia move materials over the top of the cell.
Microvilli increase surface area.
26
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cell Connections 1
Cells have several structures that hold one cell to one
another or to the basement membrane.
These structures do three things: mechanically bind the
cells together, help form a permeability barrier, and provide
a mechanism for intercellular communication.
Desmosomes are mechanical links that bind cells together.
Hemidesmosomes are half desmosomes that anchor cells
to the basement membrane.
27
Cell Connections 1
Cells have several structures that hold one cell to one
another or to the basement membrane.
These structures do three things: mechanically bind the
cells together, help form a permeability barrier, and provide
a mechanism for intercellular communication.
Desmosomes are mechanical links that bind cells together.
Hemidesmosomes are half desmosomes that anchor cells
to the basement membrane.
27
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cell Connections 2
Tight junctions are cell connection structures that form
barriers and anchor cells to each other.
Structures called adhesion belts are found just below the
tight junctions, and help tight junctions anchor epithelial cells
to each other.
They prevent the passage of materials between epithelial
cells because they completely surround each cell.
28
Cell Connections 2
Tight junctions are cell connection structures that form
barriers and anchor cells to each other.
Structures called adhesion belts are found just below the
tight junctions, and help tight junctions anchor epithelial cells
to each other.
They prevent the passage of materials between epithelial
cells because they completely surround each cell.
28
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cell Connections 3
Materials that pass through an epithelial layer with tight
junctions must pass through the cells, so those cells
regulate what materials can cross.
Tight junctions are found in the lining of the intestines.
29
Cell Connections 3
Materials that pass through an epithelial layer with tight
junctions must pass through the cells, so those cells
regulate what materials can cross.
Tight junctions are found in the lining of the intestines.
29
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cell Connections 4
Gap junctions are small channels that allow small
molecules and ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an
adjacent one.
Most epithelial cells are connected to one another by gap
junctions, and researchers believe that molecules or ions
moving through the gap junctions act as communication
signals to coordinate the activities of the cells.
30
Cell Connections 4
Gap junctions are small channels that allow small
molecules and ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an
adjacent one.
Most epithelial cells are connected to one another by gap
junctions, and researchers believe that molecules or ions
moving through the gap junctions act as communication
signals to coordinate the activities of the cells.
30
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cell Connections 5
Figure 4.3
Access the text alternative for slide images.
31
Cell Connections 5
Figure 4.3
Access the text alternative for slide images.
31
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Glands 1
Glands are secretory organs that secrete substances onto a
surface, into a cavity, or into the bloodstream.
Glands are composed primarily of epithelium, with a
supporting network of connective tissue.
Glands with ducts are called exocrine glands.
Both the gland and its ducts are lined with epithelium.
Endocrine glands are ductless glands; they secrete their
products (termed hormones) into the bloodstream.
32
Glands 1
Glands are secretory organs that secrete substances onto a
surface, into a cavity, or into the bloodstream.
Glands are composed primarily of epithelium, with a
supporting network of connective tissue.
Glands with ducts are called exocrine glands.
Both the gland and its ducts are lined with epithelium.
Endocrine glands are ductless glands; they secrete their
products (termed hormones) into the bloodstream.
32
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Structure of Exocrine Glands
The duct is the tube that transports the secreted material to
the free surface of the epithelium.
The secretory portion of the gland lies deeper in the
epithelium and is composed of cells that produce the
secreted material.
Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified according to
the structure of their ducts and secretory regions, and mode
of secretion.
33
Structure of Exocrine Glands
The duct is the tube that transports the secreted material to
the free surface of the epithelium.
The secretory portion of the gland lies deeper in the
epithelium and is composed of cells that produce the
secreted material.
Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified according to
the structure of their ducts and secretory regions, and mode
of secretion.
33
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Glands 2
There are 3 categories of exocrine glands:
Unicellular glands are composed of only a single cell.
Simple glands are multicellular and have a single,
nonbranched duct.
Compound glands are multicellular and have several
branched ducts.
34
Glands 2
There are 3 categories of exocrine glands:
Unicellular glands are composed of only a single cell.
Simple glands are multicellular and have a single,
nonbranched duct.
Compound glands are multicellular and have several
branched ducts.
34
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Glands 3
Glands with secretory regions shaped as tubules (small tubes)
are called tubular, whereas those shaped in saclike structures
are called acinar or alveolar.
35
Glands 3
Glands with secretory regions shaped as tubules (small tubes)
are called tubular, whereas those shaped in saclike structures
are called acinar or alveolar.
35
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Simple Glands
There are several types of simple glands:
Simple tubular—glands forming a straight tube with no
branching of the secretory portion
Simple branched tubular—gland with several tubular
secretory portions branching from the single duct
Simple acinar—glands with a single sac-like secretory
portion
Simple branched acinar—glands with several acinar
secretory portions branching from the single duct
36
Simple Glands
There are several types of simple glands:
Simple tubular—glands forming a straight tube with no
branching of the secretory portion
Simple branched tubular—gland with several tubular
secretory portions branching from the single duct
Simple acinar—glands with a single sac-like secretory
portion
Simple branched acinar—glands with several acinar
secretory portions branching from the single duct
36
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Compound Glands
There are several types of compound glands:
Compound tubular—glands with multiple ducts, each with a
narrow tubular secretory portion
Compound acinar—glands with multiple ducts, each with a
several sac- like secretory portions
Compound tubuloacinar—glands with multiple ducts, each
with several tubular and acinar secretory portions
37
Compound Glands
There are several types of compound glands:
Compound tubular—glands with multiple ducts, each with a
narrow tubular secretory portion
Compound acinar—glands with multiple ducts, each with a
several sac- like secretory portions
Compound tubuloacinar—glands with multiple ducts, each
with several tubular and acinar secretory portions
37
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Structure of Exocrine Glands 1
Figure 4.4a and b
Access the text alternative for slide images.
38
Structure of Exocrine Glands 1
Figure 4.4a and b
Access the text alternative for slide images.
38
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Structure of Exocrine Glands 2
Figure 4.4c and d
Access the text alternative for slide images.
39
Structure of Exocrine Glands 2
Figure 4.4c and d
Access the text alternative for slide images.
39
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Glands 4
Exocrine glands can also be classified according to their
modes of secretion.
Merocrine secretion involves the release of secretory
products by exocytosis.
Apocrine secretion involves the release of secretory
products as pinched-off fragments of the gland cells.
Holocrine secretion involves the shedding of entire cells.
40
Glands 4
Exocrine glands can also be classified according to their
modes of secretion.
Merocrine secretion involves the release of secretory
products by exocytosis.
Apocrine secretion involves the release of secretory
products as pinched-off fragments of the gland cells.
Holocrine secretion involves the shedding of entire cells.
40
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Connective Tissue
Connective tissue is a diverse primary tissue type that
makes up part of every organ in the body.
Connective tissue differs from the other three tissue types in
that it consists of cells separated from each other by
abundant extracellular matrix.
Connective tissue is diverse in both structure and function.
Connective tissue is comprised of cells, protein fibers, and
an extracellular matrix.
41
Connective Tissue
Connective tissue is a diverse primary tissue type that
makes up part of every organ in the body.
Connective tissue differs from the other three tissue types in
that it consists of cells separated from each other by
abundant extracellular matrix.
Connective tissue is diverse in both structure and function.
Connective tissue is comprised of cells, protein fibers, and
an extracellular matrix.
41
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Functions of Connective Tissue
Enclose and separate other tissues1.
Connecting tissues to one another2.
Supporting and moving parts of the body3.
Storing compounds4.
Cushioning and insulating5.
Transporting6.
Protecting7.
42
Functions of Connective Tissue
Enclose and separate other tissues1.
Connecting tissues to one another2.
Supporting and moving parts of the body3.
Storing compounds4.
Cushioning and insulating5.
Transporting6.
Protecting7.
42
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Connective Tissue Cells 1
The specialized cells of the various connective tissues
produce the extracellular matrix.
The name of the cell identifies the cell functions.
Osteoblasts form bone, osteocytes maintain it, and
osteoclasts break it down.
Fibroblasts are cells that form fibrous connective tissue,
and fibrocytes maintain it.
Chondroblasts form cartilage and chondrocytes maintain it.
43
Connective Tissue Cells 1
The specialized cells of the various connective tissues
produce the extracellular matrix.
The name of the cell identifies the cell functions.
Osteoblasts form bone, osteocytes maintain it, and
osteoclasts break it down.
Fibroblasts are cells that form fibrous connective tissue,
and fibrocytes maintain it.
Chondroblasts form cartilage and chondrocytes maintain it.
43
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Connective Tissue Cells 2
Cells associated with the immune system, such as white
blood cells, are also found in connective tissue.
Macrophages are large cells that are capable of moving
about and ingesting foreign substances, including
microorganisms in the connective tissue.
Mast cells are nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such
as histamine, that promote inflammation.
44
Connective Tissue Cells 2
Cells associated with the immune system, such as white
blood cells, are also found in connective tissue.
Macrophages are large cells that are capable of moving
about and ingesting foreign substances, including
microorganisms in the connective tissue.
Mast cells are nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such
as histamine, that promote inflammation.
44
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Extracellular Matrix
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue has three major
components: protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid.
Ground substance consists of non-fibrous protein and
other molecules.
The structure of the matrix is responsible for the functional
characteristics of connective tissues—for example, they
enable bones and cartilage to bear weight.
45
Extracellular Matrix
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue has three major
components: protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid.
Ground substance consists of non-fibrous protein and
other molecules.
The structure of the matrix is responsible for the functional
characteristics of connective tissues—for example, they
enable bones and cartilage to bear weight.
45
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Matrix Protein Fibers
Three types of protein fibers—collagen, reticular, and elastic
—help form most connective tissues.
Collagen fibers, which resemble microscopic ropes, are
very flexible but resist stretching.
Reticular fibers are very fine, short collagen fibers that
branch to form a supporting network.
Elastic fibers have the ability to return to their original
shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an
elastic quality.
46
Matrix Protein Fibers
Three types of protein fibers—collagen, reticular, and elastic
—help form most connective tissues.
Collagen fibers, which resemble microscopic ropes, are
very flexible but resist stretching.
Reticular fibers are very fine, short collagen fibers that
branch to form a supporting network.
Elastic fibers have the ability to return to their original
shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an
elastic quality.
46
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Matrix Ground Substance
The ground substance consists of non-fibrous molecules
and is shapeless.
It consists of proteoglycans, which are large molecules that
consist of a protein core attached to many long
polysaccharides.
Proteoglycans trap large quantities of water between the
polysaccharides, which allows them to return to their original
shape when compressed or deformed.
47
Matrix Ground Substance
The ground substance consists of non-fibrous molecules
and is shapeless.
It consists of proteoglycans, which are large molecules that
consist of a protein core attached to many long
polysaccharides.
Proteoglycans trap large quantities of water between the
polysaccharides, which allows them to return to their original
shape when compressed or deformed.
47
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Types of Connective Tissues 1
The two main types of connective tissue are embryonic and
adult connective tissue.
By eight weeks of development, most of the embryonic
connective tissue has become specialized to form the types
of connective tissue seen in adults.
48
Types of Connective Tissues 1
The two main types of connective tissue are embryonic and
adult connective tissue.
By eight weeks of development, most of the embryonic
connective tissue has become specialized to form the types
of connective tissue seen in adults.
48
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Types of Connective Tissues 2
Loose connective tissue consists of relatively few protein
fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled
with ground substance and fluid.
Three subdivisions of loose connective tissue are areolar,
adipose, and reticular.
Areolar connective tissue primarily consists of collagen
fibers and a few elastic fibers.
The most common cells in loose connective tissue are the
fibroblasts.
49
Types of Connective Tissues 2
Loose connective tissue consists of relatively few protein
fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled
with ground substance and fluid.
Three subdivisions of loose connective tissue are areolar,
adipose, and reticular.
Areolar connective tissue primarily consists of collagen
fibers and a few elastic fibers.
The most common cells in loose connective tissue are the
fibroblasts.
49
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Areolar Connective Tissue
Figure of Table 4.6 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part A)
(a) Areolar Connective Tissue
©Ed Reschke
Structure: A fine network of fibers
(mostly collagen fibers with a few
elastic fibers) with spaces between
the fibers; fibroblasts, macrophages,
and lymphocytes are located in the
spaces Function: Loose packing,
support, and nourishment for the
structures with which it is associated
Location: Widely distributed
throughout the body; substance on
which epithelial basement membranes
rest; packing between glands,
muscles, and nerves; attaches the
skin to underlying tissues
Access the text alternative for slide images.
50
Areolar Connective Tissue
Figure of Table 4.6 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part A)
(a) Areolar Connective Tissue
©Ed Reschke
Structure: A fine network of fibers
(mostly collagen fibers with a few
elastic fibers) with spaces between
the fibers; fibroblasts, macrophages,
and lymphocytes are located in the
spaces Function: Loose packing,
support, and nourishment for the
structures with which it is associated
Location: Widely distributed
throughout the body; substance on
which epithelial basement membranes
rest; packing between glands,
muscles, and nerves; attaches the
skin to underlying tissues
Access the text alternative for slide images.
50
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Types of Connective Tissues 3
Adipose tissue consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which
contain large amounts of lipid for energy storage.
Adipose tissue pads and protects parts of the body and acts
as a thermal insulator.
Reticular tissue forms the framework of lymphatic tissue,
such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone
marrow and the liver.
51
Types of Connective Tissues 3
Adipose tissue consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which
contain large amounts of lipid for energy storage.
Adipose tissue pads and protects parts of the body and acts
as a thermal insulator.
Reticular tissue forms the framework of lymphatic tissue,
such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone
marrow and the liver.
51
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Adipose Tissue
Figure of Table 4.6 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part B)
(b) Adipose Tissue
©Ed Reschke
Structure: Little extracellular matrix
surrounding cells; the adipocytes, or
fat cells, are so full of lipid that the
cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery
of the cell Function: Packing
material, thermal insulator, energy
storage, and protection of organs
against injury from being bumped or
jarred Location: Predominantly in
subcutaneous areas, mesenteries,
renal pelves, around kidneys,
attached to the surface of the colon,
mammary glands, and in loose
connective tissue that penetrates into
spaces and crevices
52
Adipose Tissue
Figure of Table 4.6 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part B)
(b) Adipose Tissue
©Ed Reschke
Structure: Little extracellular matrix
surrounding cells; the adipocytes, or
fat cells, are so full of lipid that the
cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery
of the cell Function: Packing
material, thermal insulator, energy
storage, and protection of organs
against injury from being bumped or
jarred Location: Predominantly in
subcutaneous areas, mesenteries,
renal pelves, around kidneys,
attached to the surface of the colon,
mammary glands, and in loose
connective tissue that penetrates into
spaces and crevices
52
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Reticular Tissue
Figure of Table 4.6 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part C)
(c) Reticular Tissue
Al Telser/McGraw-Hill Education
Structure: Fine network of
reticular fibers irregularly arranged
Function: Provides a
superstructure for lymphatic and
hemopoietic tissues Location:
Within the lymph nodes, spleen,
bone marrow
53
Reticular Tissue
Figure of Table 4.6 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part C)
(c) Reticular Tissue
Al Telser/McGraw-Hill Education
Structure: Fine network of
reticular fibers irregularly arranged
Function: Provides a
superstructure for lymphatic and
hemopoietic tissues Location:
Within the lymph nodes, spleen,
bone marrow
53
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Types of Connective Tissues 4
Dense connective tissue has a relatively large number of
protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the
extracellular space.
There are two major subcategories of dense connective
tissue: collagenous and elastic.
54
Types of Connective Tissues 4
Dense connective tissue has a relatively large number of
protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the
extracellular space.
There are two major subcategories of dense connective
tissue: collagenous and elastic.
54
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Types of Connective Tissues 5
Dense collagenous connective tissue has an extracellular
matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers.
Dense collagenous connective tissue having the collagen
fibers oriented in the same direction is termed dense
regular.
Examples of dense regular are tendons and ligaments.
55
Types of Connective Tissues 5
Dense collagenous connective tissue has an extracellular
matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers.
Dense collagenous connective tissue having the collagen
fibers oriented in the same direction is termed dense
regular.
Examples of dense regular are tendons and ligaments.
55
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Types of Connective Tissues 6
Dense collagenous connective tissue having the collagen
fibers oriented in the multiple directions is termed dense
irregular.
Examples of dense irregular are in the dermis of the skin
and in organ capsules.
56
Types of Connective Tissues 6
Dense collagenous connective tissue having the collagen
fibers oriented in the multiple directions is termed dense
irregular.
Examples of dense irregular are in the dermis of the skin
and in organ capsules.
56
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue
Figure of Table 4.7 Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Connective Tissue (Part A)
(a) Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue
©Victor Eroschenko Ed Reschke/Stone/Getty Images
Structure:
Matrix composed of collagen fibers
running in somewhat the same
direction in tendons and ligaments;
collagen fibers run in several
directions in the dermis of the skin
and in organ capsules
Function:
Withstand great pulling forces exerted
in the direction of fiber orientation due
to great tensile strength and stretch
resistance
Location:
Tendons (attach muscle to bone) and
ligaments (attach bones to each
other); also found in the dermis of the
skin, organ capsules, and the outer
layer of many blood vessels
Access the text alternative for slide images.
57
Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue
Figure of Table 4.7 Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Connective Tissue (Part A)
(a) Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue
©Victor Eroschenko Ed Reschke/Stone/Getty Images
Structure:
Matrix composed of collagen fibers
running in somewhat the same
direction in tendons and ligaments;
collagen fibers run in several
directions in the dermis of the skin
and in organ capsules
Function:
Withstand great pulling forces exerted
in the direction of fiber orientation due
to great tensile strength and stretch
resistance
Location:
Tendons (attach muscle to bone) and
ligaments (attach bones to each
other); also found in the dermis of the
skin, organ capsules, and the outer
layer of many blood vessels
Access the text alternative for slide images.
57
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Types of Connective Tissues 7
Dense elastic connective tissue has abundant elastic fibers
among its collagen fibers.
The elastic fibers allow the tissue to stretch and recoil.
Examples include the dense elastic connective tissue in the
vocal cords.
A genetic condition called Marfan syndrome results from, in
part the inability to properly maintain and form elastic fibers.
58
Types of Connective Tissues 7
Dense elastic connective tissue has abundant elastic fibers
among its collagen fibers.
The elastic fibers allow the tissue to stretch and recoil.
Examples include the dense elastic connective tissue in the
vocal cords.
A genetic condition called Marfan syndrome results from, in
part the inability to properly maintain and form elastic fibers.
58
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
Figure of Table 4.7 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part B)
(b) Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Matrix composed of collagen fibers and
elastin fibers running in somewhat the same
direction in elastic ligaments; elastic fibers
run in connective tissue of blood vessel walls
Function:
Capable of stretching and recoiling like a
rubber band with strength in the direction of
fiber orientation
Location:
Elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and
along the dorsal aspect of the neck (nucha)
and in the vocal cords; also found in elastic
connective tissue of blood vessel walls
Access the text alternative for slide images.
59
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
Figure of Table 4.7 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue (Part B)
(b) Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Matrix composed of collagen fibers and
elastin fibers running in somewhat the same
direction in elastic ligaments; elastic fibers
run in connective tissue of blood vessel walls
Function:
Capable of stretching and recoiling like a
rubber band with strength in the direction of
fiber orientation
Location:
Elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and
along the dorsal aspect of the neck (nucha)
and in the vocal cords; also found in elastic
connective tissue of blood vessel walls
Access the text alternative for slide images.
59
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cartilage 1
Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes, located in spaces
called lacunae within an extensive matrix.
Collagen in the matrix gives cartilage flexibility and strength.
Cartilage is resilient because the proteoglycans of the matrix
trap water.
Cartilage provides support, but if bent or slightly
compressed, it resumes its original shape.
60
Cartilage 1
Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes, located in spaces
called lacunae within an extensive matrix.
Collagen in the matrix gives cartilage flexibility and strength.
Cartilage is resilient because the proteoglycans of the matrix
trap water.
Cartilage provides support, but if bent or slightly
compressed, it resumes its original shape.
60
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cartilage 2
There are three types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage,
and elastic cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage
and has many functions, such as covering the ends of
bones, where they form joints.
Also forms the cartilage rings of the respiratory tract, the
nasal cartilages, and the costal cartilages, which attach the
ribs to the sternum (breastbone).
61
Cartilage 2
There are three types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage,
and elastic cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage
and has many functions, such as covering the ends of
bones, where they form joints.
Also forms the cartilage rings of the respiratory tract, the
nasal cartilages, and the costal cartilages, which attach the
ribs to the sternum (breastbone).
61
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Hyaline Cartilage
Figure of Table 4.8 Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage (Part A)
(a) Hyaline Cartilage
©Victor P. Eroschenko
Structure:
Collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in
the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent;
the chondrocytes are found in spaces, or lacunae,
within the firm but flexible matrix
Function:
Allows growth of long bones; provides rigidity with
some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and
nose; forms strong, smooth, yet somewhat flexible
articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic
skeleton
Location:
Growing long bones, cartilage rings of the
respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal
cartilages, articulating surface of bones, and the
embryonic skeleton
Access the text alternative for slide images.
62
Hyaline Cartilage
Figure of Table 4.8 Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage (Part A)
(a) Hyaline Cartilage
©Victor P. Eroschenko
Structure:
Collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in
the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent;
the chondrocytes are found in spaces, or lacunae,
within the firm but flexible matrix
Function:
Allows growth of long bones; provides rigidity with
some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and
nose; forms strong, smooth, yet somewhat flexible
articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic
skeleton
Location:
Growing long bones, cartilage rings of the
respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal
cartilages, articulating surface of bones, and the
embryonic skeleton
Access the text alternative for slide images.
62
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cartilage 3
Fibrocartilage has more collagen than does hyaline
cartilage and is able to withstand compression and resist
tearing or pulling.
Fibrocartilage is found in the disks between the vertebrae
(bones of the back) and in some joints, such as the knee
and temporomandibular (jaw) joints.
63
Cartilage 3
Fibrocartilage has more collagen than does hyaline
cartilage and is able to withstand compression and resist
tearing or pulling.
Fibrocartilage is found in the disks between the vertebrae
(bones of the back) and in some joints, such as the knee
and temporomandibular (jaw) joints.
63
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Fibrocartilage
Figure of Table 4.8 Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage (Part B)
(b) Fibrocartilage
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline
cartilage; the fibers are more numerous than
in other cartilages and are arranged in thick
bundles
Function:
Somewhat flexible and capable of
withstanding considerable pressure;
connects structures subjected to great
pressure
Location:
Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, and
articular disks (e.g., knees and
temporomandibular [jaw] joints)
Access the text alternative for slide images.
64
Fibrocartilage
Figure of Table 4.8 Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage (Part B)
(b) Fibrocartilage
©Victor Eroschenko
Structure:
Collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline
cartilage; the fibers are more numerous than
in other cartilages and are arranged in thick
bundles
Function:
Somewhat flexible and capable of
withstanding considerable pressure;
connects structures subjected to great
pressure
Location:
Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, and
articular disks (e.g., knees and
temporomandibular [jaw] joints)
Access the text alternative for slide images.
64
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cartilage 4
Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers in addition to
collagen and proteoglycans.
The elastic fibers appear as coiled fibers among bundles of
collagen fibers.
Elastic cartilage is able to recoil to its original shape when
bent.
The external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube contain elastic
cartilage.
65
Cartilage 4
Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers in addition to
collagen and proteoglycans.
The elastic fibers appear as coiled fibers among bundles of
collagen fibers.
Elastic cartilage is able to recoil to its original shape when
bent.
The external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube contain elastic
cartilage.
65
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Elastic Cartilage
Figure of Table 4.8 Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage (Part C)
(c) Elastic Cartilage
Victor P. Eroschenko
Structure:
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix
also contains elastic fibers
Function:
Provides rigidity with even more flexibility
than hyaline cartilage because elastic
fibers return to their original shape after
being stretched
Location:
External ears, epiglottis, and auditory
tubes
Access the text alternative for slide images.
66
Elastic Cartilage
Figure of Table 4.8 Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage (Part C)
(c) Elastic Cartilage
Victor P. Eroschenko
Structure:
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix
also contains elastic fibers
Function:
Provides rigidity with even more flexibility
than hyaline cartilage because elastic
fibers return to their original shape after
being stretched
Location:
External ears, epiglottis, and auditory
tubes
Access the text alternative for slide images.
66
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Bone 1
Bone is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells
and a mineralized matrix. Osteocytes are located within
lacunae.
The strength and rigidity of the mineralized matrix enables
bones to support and protect other tissues and organs.
Two types of bone tissue exist: spongy bone and compact
bone.
67
Bone 1
Bone is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells
and a mineralized matrix. Osteocytes are located within
lacunae.
The strength and rigidity of the mineralized matrix enables
bones to support and protect other tissues and organs.
Two types of bone tissue exist: spongy bone and compact
bone.
67
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Bone 2
Spongy bone has spaces between trabeculae or plates, of
bone and therefore resembles a sponge.
Compact bone is more solid, with almost no space between
many thin layers of mineralized matrix.
68
Bone 2
Spongy bone has spaces between trabeculae or plates, of
bone and therefore resembles a sponge.
Compact bone is more solid, with almost no space between
many thin layers of mineralized matrix.
68
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Bone 3
Figure of Table 4.9 Supporting Connective Tissue: Bone
©Trent Stephens
Structure:
Hard, bony matrix predominates; many
osteocytes (not seen in this bone
preparation) are located within lacunae;
the matrix is organized into layers called
lamellae
Function:
Provides great strength and support and
protects internal organs, such as the
brain; bone also provides attachment
sites for muscles and ligaments; the
joints of bones allow movements
Location:
All bones of the body
Access the text alternative for slide images.
69
Bone 3
Figure of Table 4.9 Supporting Connective Tissue: Bone
©Trent Stephens
Structure:
Hard, bony matrix predominates; many
osteocytes (not seen in this bone
preparation) are located within lacunae;
the matrix is organized into layers called
lamellae
Function:
Provides great strength and support and
protects internal organs, such as the
brain; bone also provides attachment
sites for muscles and ligaments; the
joints of bones allow movements
Location:
All bones of the body
Access the text alternative for slide images.
69
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Blood 1
Blood is a liquid connective tissue
It contains a liquid matrix, termed the plasma, along with
formed elements.
The formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
platelets.
It functions in transport of food, oxygen, waste, hormones,
and other substances.
70
Blood 1
Blood is a liquid connective tissue
It contains a liquid matrix, termed the plasma, along with
formed elements.
The formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
platelets.
It functions in transport of food, oxygen, waste, hormones,
and other substances.
70
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Blood 2
Figure of Table 4.10 Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood
Ed Reschke/Getty Images
Structure:
Formed elements and a fluid matrix
Function:
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide,
hormones, nutrients, waste products,
and other substances; protects the body
from infections and is involved in
temperature regulation
Location:
Within the blood vessels; white blood
cells frequently leave the blood vessels
and enter the extracellular spaces
71
Blood 2
Figure of Table 4.10 Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood
Ed Reschke/Getty Images
Structure:
Formed elements and a fluid matrix
Function:
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide,
hormones, nutrients, waste products,
and other substances; protects the body
from infections and is involved in
temperature regulation
Location:
Within the blood vessels; white blood
cells frequently leave the blood vessels
and enter the extracellular spaces
71
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Muscle 1
The main function of muscle tissue is to contract, or shorten,
making movement possible.
Muscle contraction results from contractile proteins located
within the muscle cells.
The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth.
72
Muscle 1
The main function of muscle tissue is to contract, or shorten,
making movement possible.
Muscle contraction results from contractile proteins located
within the muscle cells.
The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth.
72
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Muscle 2
Skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton and enables the
body to move.
Skeletal muscle cells are striated, or banded, because of the
arrangement of contractile proteins within the cells.
73
Muscle 2
Skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton and enables the
body to move.
Skeletal muscle cells are striated, or banded, because of the
arrangement of contractile proteins within the cells.
73
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Skeletal Muscle
Figure of Table 4.11 Muscle Tissue (Part A)
(a) Skeletal Muscle
©Ed Reschke
Structure:
Skeletal muscle cells or fibers appear
striated (banded); cells are large,
long, and cylindrical, with many
nuclei
Function:
Movement of the body; under
voluntary control
Location:
Attached to bone or other connective
tissue
Access the text alternative for slide images.
74
Skeletal Muscle
Figure of Table 4.11 Muscle Tissue (Part A)
(a) Skeletal Muscle
©Ed Reschke
Structure:
Skeletal muscle cells or fibers appear
striated (banded); cells are large,
long, and cylindrical, with many
nuclei
Function:
Movement of the body; under
voluntary control
Location:
Attached to bone or other connective
tissue
Access the text alternative for slide images.
74
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Muscle 3
Cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart; it is responsible
for pumping blood.
Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical but much shorter than
skeletal muscle cells.
Cardiac muscle cells are striated and usually have one
nucleus per cell.
They are often branched and connected to one another by
intercalated disks.
75
Muscle 3
Cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart; it is responsible
for pumping blood.
Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical but much shorter than
skeletal muscle cells.
Cardiac muscle cells are striated and usually have one
nucleus per cell.
They are often branched and connected to one another by
intercalated disks.
75
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cardiac Muscle
Figure of Table 4.11 Muscle Tissue (Part B)
(b) Cardiac Muscle
©Ed Reschke
Structure:
Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical
and striated and have a single
nucleus; they are branched and
connected to one another by
intercalated disks, which contain gap
junctions
Function:
Pumps the blood; under involuntary
(unconscious) control
Location:
In the heart
Access the text alternative for slide images.
76
Cardiac Muscle
Figure of Table 4.11 Muscle Tissue (Part B)
(b) Cardiac Muscle
©Ed Reschke
Structure:
Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical
and striated and have a single
nucleus; they are branched and
connected to one another by
intercalated disks, which contain gap
junctions
Function:
Pumps the blood; under involuntary
(unconscious) control
Location:
In the heart
Access the text alternative for slide images.
76
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Muscle 4
Smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow organs; it is also
found in the skin and the eyes.
Smooth muscle is responsible for a number of functions,
such as moving food through the digestive tract and
emptying the urinary bladder.
Smooth muscle cells are tapered at each end, have a single
nucleus, and are not striated.
77
Muscle 4
Smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow organs; it is also
found in the skin and the eyes.
Smooth muscle is responsible for a number of functions,
such as moving food through the digestive tract and
emptying the urinary bladder.
Smooth muscle cells are tapered at each end, have a single
nucleus, and are not striated.
77
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Smooth Muscle
Figure of Table 4.11 Muscle Tissue (Part C)
(c) Smooth Muscle
Dennis Strete/McGraw-Hill
Structure:
Smooth muscle cells are tapered at
each end, are not striated, and have
a single nucleus
Function:
Regulates the size of organs, forces
fluid through tubes, controls the
amount of light entering the eye, and
produces “goose bumps” in the skin;
under involuntary (unconscious)
control
Location:
In hollow organs, such as the
stomach and intestine; skin and eyes
Access the text alternative for slide images.
78
Smooth Muscle
Figure of Table 4.11 Muscle Tissue (Part C)
(c) Smooth Muscle
Dennis Strete/McGraw-Hill
Structure:
Smooth muscle cells are tapered at
each end, are not striated, and have
a single nucleus
Function:
Regulates the size of organs, forces
fluid through tubes, controls the
amount of light entering the eye, and
produces “goose bumps” in the skin;
under involuntary (unconscious)
control
Location:
In hollow organs, such as the
stomach and intestine; skin and eyes
Access the text alternative for slide images.
78
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Nervous Tissue 1
Nervous tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body
activities.
Nervous tissue consists of neurons and support cells,
termed glial cells.
The neuron is responsible for conducting electrical signals.
It is composed of three parts: a cell body, dendrites, and an
axon.
79
Nervous Tissue 1
Nervous tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body
activities.
Nervous tissue consists of neurons and support cells,
termed glial cells.
The neuron is responsible for conducting electrical signals.
It is composed of three parts: a cell body, dendrites, and an
axon.
79
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Nervous Tissue 2
Figure of Table 4.12 Nervous Tissue
©Trent Stephens
Structure:
A neuron consists of dendrites, a cell
body, and a long axon; glia, or support
cells, surround the neurons
Function:
Neurons transmit information in the form
of action potentials, store information,
and integrate and evaluate data; glia
support, protect, and form specialized
sheaths around axons
Location:
In the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia
Access the text alternative for slide images.
80
Nervous Tissue 2
Figure of Table 4.12 Nervous Tissue
©Trent Stephens
Structure:
A neuron consists of dendrites, a cell
body, and a long axon; glia, or support
cells, surround the neurons
Function:
Neurons transmit information in the form
of action potentials, store information,
and integrate and evaluate data; glia
support, protect, and form specialized
sheaths around axons
Location:
In the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia
Access the text alternative for slide images.
80
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Tissue Membranes 1
A tissue membrane is a thin sheet or layer of tissue that
covers a structure or lines a cavity.
Most membranes consist of epithelium and the connective
tissue on which the epithelium rests.
There are four tissue membranes in the body: cutaneous,
mucous, serous, and synovial.
The skin, termed the cutaneous membrane, is an external
body surface membrane.
81
Tissue Membranes 1
A tissue membrane is a thin sheet or layer of tissue that
covers a structure or lines a cavity.
Most membranes consist of epithelium and the connective
tissue on which the epithelium rests.
There are four tissue membranes in the body: cutaneous,
mucous, serous, and synovial.
The skin, termed the cutaneous membrane, is an external
body surface membrane.
81
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Tissue Membranes 2
The mucous membranes line cavities that open to the
outside of the body, such as the digestive, respiratory, and
reproductive tracts.
Mucous membranes consist of epithelial cells, their
basement membrane, and a thick layer of loose connective
tissue.
Many, but not all, mucous membranes secrete mucus.
The functions of mucous membranes include protection,
absorption, and secretion.
82
Tissue Membranes 2
The mucous membranes line cavities that open to the
outside of the body, such as the digestive, respiratory, and
reproductive tracts.
Mucous membranes consist of epithelial cells, their
basement membrane, and a thick layer of loose connective
tissue.
Many, but not all, mucous membranes secrete mucus.
The functions of mucous membranes include protection,
absorption, and secretion.
82
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Tissue Membranes 3
Serous membranes line cavities that do not open to the
exterior of the body, such as the pericardial, pleural, and
peritoneal cavities.
Serous membranes consist of three components: a layer of
simple squamous epithelium, its basement membrane, and
a delicate layer of loose connective tissue.
Serous membranes do not contain glands, but they secrete
a small amount of fluid called serous fluid, which lubricates
the surface of the membranes.
83
Tissue Membranes 3
Serous membranes line cavities that do not open to the
exterior of the body, such as the pericardial, pleural, and
peritoneal cavities.
Serous membranes consist of three components: a layer of
simple squamous epithelium, its basement membrane, and
a delicate layer of loose connective tissue.
Serous membranes do not contain glands, but they secrete
a small amount of fluid called serous fluid, which lubricates
the surface of the membranes.
83
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Tissue Membranes 4
Synovial membranes line the cavities of freely movable
joints.
They are made up of only connective tissue and consist of
modified connective tissue cells.
Synovial membranes produce synovial fluid, which makes
the joint very slippery, thereby reducing friction and allowing
smooth movement within the joint.
84
Tissue Membranes 4
Synovial membranes line the cavities of freely movable
joints.
They are made up of only connective tissue and consist of
modified connective tissue cells.
Synovial membranes produce synovial fluid, which makes
the joint very slippery, thereby reducing friction and allowing
smooth movement within the joint.
84
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Internal Membranes
Figure 4.6
Access the text alternative for slide images.
85
Internal Membranes
Figure 4.6
Access the text alternative for slide images.
85
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Tissue Damage and Inflammation 1
Inflammation occurs when tissues are damaged.
Inflammation produces five major symptoms: redness, heat,
swelling, pain, and disturbance of function.
86
Tissue Damage and Inflammation 1
Inflammation occurs when tissues are damaged.
Inflammation produces five major symptoms: redness, heat,
swelling, pain, and disturbance of function.
86
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Inflammation
Figure 4.7
Access the text alternative for slide images.
87
Inflammation
Figure 4.7
Access the text alternative for slide images.
87
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Tissue Repair 1
Tissue repair involves substitution of dead cells for viable
cells.
Tissue repair can occur by regeneration or replacement.
In regeneration, the new cells are the same type as those
that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored.
In replacement, a new type of tissue develops, which
eventually produces a scar and causes loss of some tissue
function.
88
Tissue Repair 1
Tissue repair involves substitution of dead cells for viable
cells.
Tissue repair can occur by regeneration or replacement.
In regeneration, the new cells are the same type as those
that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored.
In replacement, a new type of tissue develops, which
eventually produces a scar and causes loss of some tissue
function.
88
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Tissue Repair 3
Figure 4.8
Access the text alternative for slide images.
89
Tissue Repair 3
Figure 4.8
Access the text alternative for slide images.
89
Because learning changes everything.®
www.mheducation.com
End of Main Content
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
www.mheducation.com
End of Main Content
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives for Images
Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives for Images
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Characteristics of Epithelium - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration shows an enlarged view of the lung and pleura that has free
surface of epithelial cells with little extracellular matrix followed by
basement membrane, connective tissue with capillary inside. The
micrograph shows surface view that has free surface and nucleus of
epithelial cells with little extracellular matrix. Another micrograph shows
cross-sectional view that has epithelia cell with nucleus followed by
basement membrane, connective tissue, and capillary.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
92
Characteristics of Epithelium - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration shows an enlarged view of the lung and pleura that has free
surface of epithelial cells with little extracellular matrix followed by
basement membrane, connective tissue with capillary inside. The
micrograph shows surface view that has free surface and nucleus of
epithelial cells with little extracellular matrix. Another micrograph shows
cross-sectional view that has epithelia cell with nucleus followed by
basement membrane, connective tissue, and capillary.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
92
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Simple Squamous Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show simple squamous epithelium of
kidney that has free surface of simple squamous epithelial cells with
nucleus at the top followed by basement membrane.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
93
Simple Squamous Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show simple squamous epithelium of
kidney that has free surface of simple squamous epithelial cells with
nucleus at the top followed by basement membrane.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
93
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show simple cuboidal epithelium of
kidney that has free surface of simple cuboidal epithelial cells with nucleus
at the top followed by basement membrane.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
94
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show simple cuboidal epithelium of
kidney that has free surface of simple cuboidal epithelial cells with nucleus
at the top followed by basement membrane.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
94
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Simple Columnar Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show simple columnar epithelium of lining
of stomach and intestine that has free surface of simple columnar epithelial
cells with nucleus at the top along with goblet cell containing mucous
followed by basement membrane.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
95
Simple Columnar Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show simple columnar epithelium of lining
of stomach and intestine that has free surface of simple columnar epithelial
cells with nucleus at the top along with goblet cell containing mucous
followed by basement membrane.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
95
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show pseudostratified columnar
epithelium of lining of trachea and bronchus that has free surface of
pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells with cilia and nucleus at the top
along with goblet cell containing mucous followed by basement membrane.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
96
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show pseudostratified columnar
epithelium of lining of trachea and bronchus that has free surface of
pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells with cilia and nucleus at the top
along with goblet cell containing mucous followed by basement membrane.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
96
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show stratified squamous epithelium of
lining of skin, cornea, mouth, and esophagus that has free surface of
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells nucleus at the top
followed by basement membrane.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
97
Stratified Squamous Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show stratified squamous epithelium of
lining of skin, cornea, mouth, and esophagus that has free surface of
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells nucleus at the top
followed by basement membrane.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
97
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Transitional Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show transitional epithelium of lining of
urinary system that has free surface of transitional epithelial cells with
nucleus at the top followed by basement membrane. When the tissue is
stretched, cells appear squamous and appears cuboidal when not
stretched.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
98
Transitional Epithelium 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and a micrograph show transitional epithelium of lining of
urinary system that has free surface of transitional epithelial cells with
nucleus at the top followed by basement membrane. When the tissue is
stretched, cells appear squamous and appears cuboidal when not
stretched.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
98
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cell Connections 5 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration shows cells are anchored to the basement membrane
through hemidesmosome with intermediate filaments. Desmosome with
intermediate filaments, adhesion belt with actin filaments, and tight junction
are located between the cells above basement membrane. The gap
junction between two cells has channels.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
99
Cell Connections 5 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration shows cells are anchored to the basement membrane
through hemidesmosome with intermediate filaments. Desmosome with
intermediate filaments, adhesion belt with actin filaments, and tight junction
are located between the cells above basement membrane. The gap
junction between two cells has channels.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
99
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Structure of Exocrine Glands 1 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration A shows unicellular glands such as single gland cell in epithelium of
unicellular (goblet cells in large and small intestine and respiratory airways). The
illustration B shows simple glands (single and nonbranched ducts) such as simple
tubular (glands in stomach and colon), simple branched tubular (glands in lower
portion of stomach), simple acinar (sebaceous glands of skin), and simple
branched acinar (sebaceous glands of skin).
Return to parent-slide containing images.
100
Structure of Exocrine Glands 1 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration A shows unicellular glands such as single gland cell in epithelium of
unicellular (goblet cells in large and small intestine and respiratory airways). The
illustration B shows simple glands (single and nonbranched ducts) such as simple
tubular (glands in stomach and colon), simple branched tubular (glands in lower
portion of stomach), simple acinar (sebaceous glands of skin), and simple
branched acinar (sebaceous glands of skin).
Return to parent-slide containing images.
100
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Structure of Exocrine Glands 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration C shows compound glands (multiple and branched ducts)
such as compound tubular (mucous glands of duodenum) with secretory
portions in the ducts, compound acinar (mammary glands), and compound
tubuloacinar (pancreas). The illustration D shows mode of secretion.
Merocrine gland: Cells of the gland produce secretions by active transport
or produce vesicles that contain secretory products, and the vesicles empty
their contents into the duct through exocytosis. Apocrine gland: Secretory
products are stored in the cell near the lumen of the duct. A portion of the
cell near the lumen containing secretory products is pinched o the cell and
joins secretions produced by a merocrine process. Holocrine gland:
Secretory products are stored in the cells of the gland. Entire cells are shed
by the gland and become part of the secretion. The lost cells are replaced
by other cells deeper in the gland.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
101
Structure of Exocrine Glands 2 - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration C shows compound glands (multiple and branched ducts)
such as compound tubular (mucous glands of duodenum) with secretory
portions in the ducts, compound acinar (mammary glands), and compound
tubuloacinar (pancreas). The illustration D shows mode of secretion.
Merocrine gland: Cells of the gland produce secretions by active transport
or produce vesicles that contain secretory products, and the vesicles empty
their contents into the duct through exocytosis. Apocrine gland: Secretory
products are stored in the cell near the lumen of the duct. A portion of the
cell near the lumen containing secretory products is pinched o the cell and
joins secretions produced by a merocrine process. Holocrine gland:
Secretory products are stored in the cells of the gland. Entire cells are shed
by the gland and become part of the secretion. The lost cells are replaced
by other cells deeper in the gland.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
101
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Areolar Connective Tissue - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrograph shows areolar connective tissue with nucleus, elastic fiber,
and collagen fiber. The illustration shows skin at the top with epidermis and
dermis followed by loose connective tissue with fat, and muscle.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
102
Areolar Connective Tissue - Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrograph shows areolar connective tissue with nucleus, elastic fiber,
and collagen fiber. The illustration shows skin at the top with epidermis and
dermis followed by loose connective tissue with fat, and muscle.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
102
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue - Text
Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The images show nucleus of fibroblast and collagen fibers. The image at
the left is “L M, 165 times” and the image at the right is “L M 1000 times.”
The diagram at the right of the images shows tendon attaching muscle to
bone and ligament.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
103
Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue - Text
Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The images show nucleus of fibroblast and collagen fibers. The image at
the left is “L M, 165 times” and the image at the right is “L M 1000 times.”
The diagram at the right of the images shows tendon attaching muscle to
bone and ligament.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
103
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue –
Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrographs shows dense regular elastic connective tissue with elastic
fibers and nucleus of fibroblast. The illustration shows vocal folds (true
vocal cords) below the base of tongue on either side of which lies the
vestibular fold (false vocal cord).
Return to parent-slide containing images.
104
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue –
Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrographs shows dense regular elastic connective tissue with elastic
fibers and nucleus of fibroblast. The illustration shows vocal folds (true
vocal cords) below the base of tongue on either side of which lies the
vestibular fold (false vocal cord).
Return to parent-slide containing images.
104
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Hyaline Cartilage – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrograph shows hyaline cartilage that has matrix, chondrocyte in a
lacuna, and nucleus. The illustration shows bone and hyaline cartilage.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
105
Hyaline Cartilage – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrograph shows hyaline cartilage that has matrix, chondrocyte in a
lacuna, and nucleus. The illustration shows bone and hyaline cartilage.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
105
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Fibrocartilage – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrograph shows fibrocartilage that has chondrocyte in lacuna,
nucleus, and collagen fibers in matrix. The illustration shows intervertebral
disk.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
106
Fibrocartilage – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrograph shows fibrocartilage that has chondrocyte in lacuna,
nucleus, and collagen fibers in matrix. The illustration shows intervertebral
disk.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
106
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Elastic Cartilage – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrograph shows elastic fibers that has matrix, chondrocytes in
lacunae, and nucleus of elastic cartilage. The illustration shows an ear.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
107
Elastic Cartilage – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrograph shows elastic fibers that has matrix, chondrocytes in
lacunae, and nucleus of elastic cartilage. The illustration shows an ear.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
107
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Bone 3 – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrograph shows a section of the bone that has central canal
surrounded by compact bone, lacuna, and matrix organized into lamellae.
The illustration shows spongy bone and compact bone.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
108
Bone 3 – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The micrograph shows a section of the bone that has central canal
surrounded by compact bone, lacuna, and matrix organized into lamellae.
The illustration shows spongy bone and compact bone.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
108
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Skeletal Muscle – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and the micrograph shows skeletal muscle fiber that has
striations and nucleus near periphery of cell. Another illustration shows a
muscle of the arm.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
109
Skeletal Muscle – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and the micrograph shows skeletal muscle fiber that has
striations and nucleus near periphery of cell. Another illustration shows a
muscle of the arm.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
109
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cardiac Muscle – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and the micrograph shows cardiac muscle fiber that has
striations, intercalated disks (special junctions between cells) and nucleus.
Another illustration shows the heart.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
110
Cardiac Muscle – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and the micrograph shows cardiac muscle fiber that has
striations, intercalated disks (special junctions between cells) and nucleus.
Another illustration shows the heart.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
110
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Smooth Muscle – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and the micrograph shows smooth muscle fibers with
nucleus. Another illustration shows the wall of stomach, wall of large
intestine, and wall of small intestine.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
111
Smooth Muscle – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and the micrograph shows smooth muscle fibers with
nucleus. Another illustration shows the wall of stomach, wall of large
intestine, and wall of small intestine.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
111
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Nervous Tissue 2 – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and micrograph shows cell body of neuron with dendrite,
nucleus of neuron, nuclei of gila, gila, and axon. The illustration shows
brain, spinal cord, and spinal nerves.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
112
Nervous Tissue 2 – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration and micrograph shows cell body of neuron with dendrite,
nucleus of neuron, nuclei of gila, gila, and axon. The illustration shows
brain, spinal cord, and spinal nerves.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
112
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Internal Membranes – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration A shows mucous membranes of the respiratory and
digestive system organs. The illustration B shows serous membranes of
the respiratory (pleural) and digestive (peritoneal) system organs. The
illustration C shows synovial membrane around the knee.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
113
Internal Membranes – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration A shows mucous membranes of the respiratory and
digestive system organs. The illustration B shows serous membranes of
the respiratory (pleural) and digestive (peritoneal) system organs. The
illustration C shows synovial membrane around the knee.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
113
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Inflammation – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration shows a splinter on the epidermis through which bacteria
introduced due to which chemical mediators are released which leads to
tissue swelling. The bacteria proliferating inside the epidermis leads to
attraction of immune cells. Neutrophil phagocytizes bacteria and migrates
through blood vessel wall.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
114
Inflammation – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration shows a splinter on the epidermis through which bacteria
introduced due to which chemical mediators are released which leads to
tissue swelling. The bacteria proliferating inside the epidermis leads to
attraction of immune cells. Neutrophil phagocytizes bacteria and migrates
through blood vessel wall.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
114
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Tissue Repair 3 – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration shows a cross-section of the skin. The epidermis (outer
layer), blood vessels, inner dermis layer, and the subcutaneous adipose
tissues in the bottom layer are labeled. Stage 1 shows the formation of a
blood clot that extends from the epidermis to the adipose tissues. Stage 2:
Epithelial cells grow into the wound. A scab formation is shown. The
macrophages and fibroblasts migrate to the wound site. The new epidermis
grows into the wound. Stage 3: Formation of granulation tissue: The
proliferating fibroblasts make up a granulation tissue. New epidermis forms
in the region of the scab. Stage 4: Formation of connective tissue and scar:
The granulation tissue is replaced with new connective tissue. The freshly
healed epidermis is shown.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
115
Tissue Repair 3 – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
The illustration shows a cross-section of the skin. The epidermis (outer
layer), blood vessels, inner dermis layer, and the subcutaneous adipose
tissues in the bottom layer are labeled. Stage 1 shows the formation of a
blood clot that extends from the epidermis to the adipose tissues. Stage 2:
Epithelial cells grow into the wound. A scab formation is shown. The
macrophages and fibroblasts migrate to the wound site. The new epidermis
grows into the wound. Stage 3: Formation of granulation tissue: The
proliferating fibroblasts make up a granulation tissue. New epidermis forms
in the region of the scab. Stage 4: Formation of connective tissue and scar:
The granulation tissue is replaced with new connective tissue. The freshly
healed epidermis is shown.
Return to parent-slide containing images.
115
Tags
Categories
GeneralDownload
Download Slideshow Get the original presentation fileQuick Actions
Statistics
- Views 14
- Slides 115
- Age 272 days
Related Slideshows
22
Pray For The Peace Of Jerusalem and You Will Prosper
RodolfoMoralesMarcuc
33 views
26
Don_t_Waste_Your_Life_God.....powerpoint
chalobrido8
36 views
31
VILLASUR_FACTORS_TO_CONSIDER_IN_PLATING_SALAD_10-13.pdf
JaiJai148317
33 views
14
Fertility awareness methods for women in the society
Isaiah47
30 views
35
Chapter 5 Arithmetic Functions Computer Organisation and Architecture
RitikSharma297999
29 views
5
syakira bhasa inggris (1) (1).pptx.......
ourcommunity56
30 views