Vector born diseases

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Vector born diseasesVector born diseases
DR RAHIM IQBALDR RAHIM IQBAL
MBBS(Pb).MPH(H.S.A) MBBS(Pb).MPH(H.S.A)
Senior DemonstratorSenior Demonstrator
Rawalpindi Medical college Rawalpindi Medical college
RawalpindiRawalpindi

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Vector born diseasesVector born diseases
VectorVector
It is defined as an arthropod or any living It is defined as an arthropod or any living
carrier (e.g. snail) that transport an carrier (e.g. snail) that transport an
infectious agent to a susceptible infectious agent to a susceptible
individuals. The transmission by a vector individuals. The transmission by a vector
may mechanical or biologicalmay mechanical or biological

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Arthropods-borne diseasesArthropods-borne diseases
ArthropodsArthropodsDiseases transmittedDiseases transmitted
MosquitoMosquito Malaria, Filariasis, Dengue, Yellow FeverMalaria, Filariasis, Dengue, Yellow Fever
HouseflyHousefly Typhoid, Diarrhea, Gastro-enteritis Typhoid, Diarrhea, Gastro-enteritis
Amoebiasis, Poliomyelitis, TrachomaAmoebiasis, Poliomyelitis, Trachoma
Sand flySand fly Kalaazar, Sand fly fever, Oraya Fever Kalaazar, Sand fly fever, Oraya Fever
Tsetse flyTsetse flySleeping Sickness Sleeping Sickness
LouseLouse Epidemic Typhus, Relapsing fever Epidemic Typhus, Relapsing fever
Rat FleaRat Flea Plague, endemic typhusPlague, endemic typhus
Black FlyBlack Fly Onchocerciasis Onchocerciasis

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Arthropods-borne diseasesArthropods-borne diseases
Hard tickHard tick Viral Hemorrhagic fever, Tick Paralysis , Viral Viral Hemorrhagic fever, Tick Paralysis , Viral
Encephalitis Encephalitis
Soft Tick Soft Tick Q fever, Relapsing Fever Q fever, Relapsing Fever
Itch MiteItch Mite Scabies Scabies
Cyclops Cyclops Guinea-worm disease, Fish tape wormGuinea-worm disease, Fish tape worm
Cockroach Cockroach Enteric pathogensEnteric pathogens

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LYMPHATIC LYMPHATIC
FILARISISFILARISIS

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LYMPHATIC FILARIASISLYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
The term The term “LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS” “LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS” covers covers
infection with three closely related nematode infection with three closely related nematode
worms – worms – W. bancrofti, B. malayi and B. timori.W. bancrofti, B. malayi and B. timori. All All
three infections are transmitted to man by the three infections are transmitted to man by the
bites of infective mosquitoes. All three parasites bites of infective mosquitoes. All three parasites
have basically similar life cycles in man.have basically similar life cycles in man.

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HUMAN FILARIAL HUMAN FILARIAL
INFECTIONSINFECTIONS
ORGANISMORGANISM VECTORSVECTORS DISEASE DISEASE
PRODUCEDPRODUCED
Wuchereia bancroftiWuchereia bancroftiCulex MosquitoesCulex MosquitoesLymphatic filariasisLymphatic filariasis
Brugia malayaBrugia malaya Mansonia -”-Mansonia -”- -”- -”--”- -”-
Brugia timoriBrugia timori Anopheles -”-Anopheles -”-
Mansonia -”-Mansonia -”-
-”- -”--”- -”-
Onchocera volvulusOnchocera volvulus Simultum fliesSimultum flies Subcutaneous nodules; Subcutaneous nodules;
River blindnessRiver blindness
Loa loaLoa loa Chrysops fliesChrysops flies Recurrent, transient Recurrent, transient
subcutaneous swellingssubcutaneous swellings
T. PerstansT. Perstans CulicoidesCulicoides Probably rarely any clinical Probably rarely any clinical
illnessillness
T. StreptocercaT. Streptocerca -”--”- -”- -”--”- -”-
Mansonella ozzardiMansonella ozzardi -”--”- -”- -”--”- -”-

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a)a)PeriodicityPeriodicity
b)b)Life CycleLife Cycle
c)c)Reservoir of infectionReservoir of infection
AGENT FACTORSAGENT FACTORS

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HOST FACTORSHOST FACTORS
a)a)AgeAge
b)b)SexSex
c)c)MigrationMigration
d)d)ImmunityImmunity
e)e)Social FactorsSocial Factors

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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
a)a)ClimateClimate
b)b)DrainageDrainage
c)c)Town PlanningTown Planning

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VECTORS OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASISVECTORS OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS

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MODE OF TRANSMISSIONMODE OF TRANSMISSION
Filariasis is transmitted by the bite of infected Filariasis is transmitted by the bite of infected
vector mosquitoes. The parasite is deposited vector mosquitoes. The parasite is deposited
near the site of puncture. It passes through the near the site of puncture. It passes through the
punctured skin or may penetrate the skin on its punctured skin or may penetrate the skin on its
own and finally reach the lymphatic system. The own and finally reach the lymphatic system. The
dynamics of transmission depends upon the dynamics of transmission depends upon the
man mosquito contact (e.g. infective biting rate).man mosquito contact (e.g. infective biting rate).

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1). Incubation period1). Incubation period
8 to 16 months8 to 16 months
2). Clinical manifestations 2). Clinical manifestations
a) lymphatic filariasis a) lymphatic filariasis
b)occult filariasis b)occult filariasis

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1.1.LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS:LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS:
a). Asymptomatic microfilaraemiaa). Asymptomatic microfilaraemia
b). Asymptomatic microfilaraemiab). Asymptomatic microfilaraemia
c). Stage of acute manifestationsc). Stage of acute manifestations
d). Stage of chronic obstructive lesionsd). Stage of chronic obstructive lesions
2.2.OCCULT FILARIASIS:OCCULT FILARIASIS:
The tem occult or cryptic filariasis refers to The tem occult or cryptic filariasis refers to
filarial infections in which the classical clinical filarial infections in which the classical clinical
manifestations are not present and Mf are not manifestations are not present and Mf are not
found in the blood. found in the blood.

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FILARIA SURVEYFILARIA SURVEY
The size of the sample to be examined I a The size of the sample to be examined I a
filaria survey varies with the type of survey, filaria survey varies with the type of survey,
whether it is a routine survey or survey for whether it is a routine survey or survey for
evaluation.evaluation.
1.1.Mass Blood SurveyMass Blood Survey
* The thick film* The thick film
* Membrane filter concentration method* Membrane filter concentration method
* DEC provocation test* DEC provocation test
2.2.Clinical SurveyClinical Survey
3.3.XenodiagnosisXenodiagnosis
4.4.Entomological SurveyEntomological Survey

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ASSESSMENT OF FILARIA ASSESSMENT OF FILARIA
CONTROL PROGRAMMESCONTROL PROGRAMMES

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1.1.Clinical ParametersClinical Parameters
2.2.Parasitological -”-Parasitological -”-
a). Microfilaria Ratea). Microfilaria Rate
b). Filarial Endemicity Rateb). Filarial Endemicity Rate
c). Microfilarial Density c). Microfilarial Density
d). Average Infestation Rated). Average Infestation Rate
3.3.Entomological ParametersEntomological Parameters

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Control measuresControl measures
•CHEMOTHERAPY:CHEMOTHERAPY:
a). Diethylcarbamazinea). Diethylcarbamazine
b). Filaria control in the communityb). Filaria control in the community
(i). Mass Therapy(i). Mass Therapy
(ii). Selective treatment(ii). Selective treatment
(iii). DEC medicated salt(iii). DEC medicated salt
(iv). Ivermectin(iv). Ivermectin

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1.1.VECTOR CONTROL:VECTOR CONTROL:
a). Antilarval measuresa). Antilarval measures
(i). Chemical control(i). Chemical control
(ii). Removal of Pistia Plant(ii). Removal of Pistia Plant
(iii). Minor environmental measures(iii). Minor environmental measures
b). Anti-adult measuresb). Anti-adult measures
c). Personal Prophylaxisc). Personal Prophylaxis

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LEISHMANIASISLEISHMANIASIS

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LEISHMANIASISLEISHMANIASIS
““Leishmaniasis are a group of protozoal diseases caused by parasites of the Leishmaniasis are a group of protozoal diseases caused by parasites of the
genus genus Leishmnania,Leishmnania, and transmitted to man by the bite of and transmitted to man by the bite of female female
phlebotomine sandfly.” phlebotomine sandfly.” they are responsible for various syndromes in they are responsible for various syndromes in
human beingshuman beings
1. kalaazar or visceral leishmaniasis (VL)1. kalaazar or visceral leishmaniasis (VL)
2. cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)2. cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)
3. mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL)3. mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL)
4. anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL)4. anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL)
5. zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL)5. zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL)
6. POST KALA AZAR DERMAL LEISHMANIASIS (PKDL) 6. POST KALA AZAR DERMAL LEISHMANIASIS (PKDL)

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AGENT FACTORS:AGENT FACTORS:
a). Agentsa). Agents
b). Reservoirs of infectionb). Reservoirs of infection
HOST FACTORS:HOST FACTORS:
a). Agea). Age
b). Sexb). Sex
c). Population Movementc). Population Movement
d). Socio-economic statusd). Socio-economic status
e). Occupatione). Occupation
f). Immunityf). Immunity

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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:
a). Altitudea). Altitude
b). Seasonb). Season
c). Rural Areasc). Rural Areas
d). Vectorsd). Vectors
e). Development projectse). Development projects
MODE OF TRANSMISSION:MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
From man to man by the bite of female phlebotomineFrom man to man by the bite of female phlebotomine
sandfly or P. argentipessandfly or P. argentipes

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INCUBATION PERIODINCUBATION PERIOD
1to 4 months range is 10 days to 2 years1to 4 months range is 10 days to 2 years
Clinical Features:Clinical Features:
1). Kala Azar (VL)1). Kala Azar (VL)
2). Cutaneous Leishmaniasis2). Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
3). Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis3). Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Laboratory diagnosis:Laboratory diagnosis:
1). Parasitological diagnosis1). Parasitological diagnosis
2). Aldehyde test2). Aldehyde test
3). Serological tests3). Serological tests
4). Leishmanin (Montenegro) test4). Leishmanin (Montenegro) test
5). Haematological findings5). Haematological findings

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CONTROL MEASURESCONTROL MEASURES
1 1 Control of reservoir: Control of reservoir:
* Treatment* Treatment
* Animal reservoirs* Animal reservoirs
2.2.Sandfly controlSandfly control
3.3.Personal prophylaxisPersonal prophylaxis

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SCABIESSCABIES

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SCABIESSCABIES
•Discovered – 1687Discovered – 1687
•Sarcoptes Scabiei / Acarus Scabiei – very small Sarcoptes Scabiei / Acarus Scabiei – very small
•The female parasite burrows into the epidermis The female parasite burrows into the epidermis
where it breeds and causes the condition known where it breeds and causes the condition known
as scabies / itch.as scabies / itch.
•Species of germs – infest animals like dogs, cattle Species of germs – infest animals like dogs, cattle
& horse.& horse.

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DIAGNOSIS OF SCABIESDIAGNOSIS OF SCABIES
The main diagnostic features of scabies are:The main diagnostic features of scabies are:
a). a). The patient complains of itching which is worse The patient complains of itching which is worse
at night.at night.
b). Examination reveals follicular lesions at the b). Examination reveals follicular lesions at the
affected siteaffected site
c). Secondary infection leads to crusted papules c). Secondary infection leads to crusted papules
and pustulesand pustules
d). The diagnosis is probable if the other members d). The diagnosis is probable if the other members
of the household are affectedof the household are affected
e). Confirmation of the diagnosis may be made by e). Confirmation of the diagnosis may be made by
searching for the parasite in the skin debris under searching for the parasite in the skin debris under
microscope.microscope.

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Treatment of scabiesTreatment of scabies
1.1.Benzyl BenzoateBenzyl Benzoate
2.2.HCHHCH
3.3.TetmosolTetmosol

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GENERAL VIEWGENERAL VIEW
NamNam
e of e of
DiseDise
asease
Causative Causative
AgentAgent
HoHo
stst
ReservoReservo
irir
Mode of Mode of
TransmissionTransmission
ScabiScabi
eses
Sarcoptes Sarcoptes
Scabiei or Scabiei or
Acarus Scabiei Acarus Scabiei
(Itch Mite)(Itch Mite)
ManMan•ManMan
•SometimeSometime
s Domestic s Domestic
AnimalsAnimals
1.1.Direct TransmissionDirect Transmission
Direct close free Direct close free
contact with infected contact with infected
person. Viaperson. Via
a). Hand shakinga). Hand shaking
b). Embracingb). Embracing
c). Sleeping together c). Sleeping together
etc.etc.
1.1.Indirect Indirect
TransmissionTransmission
It is via using non It is via using non
living thingsliving things
a). Clothesa). Clothes
b). Towel etc. also b). Towel etc. also
called Fomite Bornecalled Fomite Borne

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