Vector control measures

Vector control measures

1. Vector Control Measures Dr Anila Varghese Junior Resident Department of Community Medicine and Public Health King George’s Medical University, UP Lucknow

2. What is a VECTOR in Disease Epidemiology? An insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual or its wastes to a susceptible individual, its food or its surroundings.* * Oxford Dictionary of Epidemiology, sixth edition

3. Types of Vectors

4. Diptera –Mosquitoes Diseases transmitted: -Malaria -Filaria Viral Encephalitis Dengue West-Nile fever Yellow fever Invertebrate Vectors- seven orders

5. Diptera –Flies Diseases transmitted by Houseflies : Typhoid, paratyphoid fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, polio, trachoma, anthrax, yaws Sandfly : Kala-azar, oriental sore, sandfly fever, Oraya fever Tsetse fly : Sleeping sickness Black fly : Onchocerciasis Invertebrate Vectors

6. Orthoptera- cockroaches Transmits enteric pathogens Invertebrate Vectors

7. Siphonaptera- fleas Diseases transmitted: Rat flea: Bubonic plague, endemic typhus, chiggerosis , hymenolepsis diminuta Invertebrate Vectors

8. Anoplura - Lice Diseases transmitted: Epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, trench fever, pediculosis Invertebrate Vectors

9. Hemiptera- bugs Reduviid Bug: Chagas disease Invertebrate Vectors

10. Invertebrate Vectors Acarina - ticks and mites Hard tick : Tick typhus, viral encephalitis, KFD, Tularemia , tick paralysis, human babesiosis Soft tick : Q fever, relapsing fever Trombiculid mite : Scrub typhus, Rickettsial -pox Itch-mite : Scabies

11. Invertebrate Vectors Copepoda - cyclops Guinea worm disease, fish tapeworm

12. Vertebrate Vectors Mice, rodents, bats Leptospirosis Salmonelloisis Nipah virus disease

13. Transmission by vectors

14. Integrated vector management × 100 × 100 × 100 × 100 15 Anti-larval measures a. Environmental control b. Chemical control c. Biological control 2. Anti-adult measures a. Residual sprays b. Space sprays c. Genetic control 3. Protection against bites a. Mosquito net b. Screening c. Repellents

15. Anti-larval measures Environmental Control - Source reduction - Engineering measures 2. Chemical control - Larvicides Mineral oils - Diesel oil, kerosene, special oils (Mosquito larvicidal oil) - once a week Synthetic Insecticides- Fenthion, Chlorpyrifos, Abate ( Temephos ) Paris green- stomach poison

16. 3. Biological Control Fish Gambusia affinis Lebister reticulatus Single fully grown fish eats about 100-300 mosquito larvae per day

17. Anti-adult Measures Residual Sprays Application of insecticides to surfaces so that particles remain on the surface in the form, size and quantity suitable for insects to pick up on contact and sufficient to exert lethal effect over a long period. - DDT, Lindane, Malathion or OMS-33

18. 2. Space Sprays - Insecticide solution is sprayed into atmosphere in form of mist or fog to kill insects. - mc: Pyrethrum extract 2%- nerve poison - Ultra-low volume space spraying- Malathion and Fenitrothion

19. 3 . Genetic Control Genetically modified Aedes Mosquito OX513A by Oxitec Modified males- self-limiting genes- offspring wont survive to adult hood Infecting male aedes with Wolbachia bacteria

20. Protection against mosquito bites: Mosquito nets : Size of openings should not exceed 0.0475 inch in any diameter. Number of holes in one square inch is usually 150. 2. Screens : Copper or bronze mesh screens with openings should not exceed 0.0475 inch. 3 . Repellents : Dietyltoluamide (DEET)

21. 22 Legislative measures

22. House fly Control Measures Environmental Control Control of Adult Flies: Residual spray: Pyrethrum 0.1% is useful for destruction of adult flies. Light traps (electrocutors) 3. Fly proofing: With mesh

23. Sand fly Control Measures Source control : Seals cracks, crevices, holes -Remove animal dung from stables and cattle sheds. -Maintain proper sanitation. 2. Anti-adult measures : Residual spraying with DDT - Lindane spraying once in three months 3. Personal Protection

24. Flea Control Measures Insecticide Control: - 10% dust of DDT- on rodents - Indoor residual spray: At the lower one metre of walls with malathion - Dusting of pets 2. Repellents: DEET, benzyl benzoate 3. Rodent control measures

25. Lice Control Measures Good personal hygiene Dusting: 10% DDT powder or 0.5% permethrin dust and 1% propoxur dust can be used for dusting garments. Anti-lice shampoo: Permethrin (1%), Fenitrothion (0.2-0.4%)

26. Tick Control Measures Insecticidal control: DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, lindane, malathion Environmental control Personal protection measures: Clothes impregnated with insect repellent

27. Rodent Control Measures Trapping Rodenticides: Zinc phosphide, Barium carbonate, Bromadiolone

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