Vectors mosquites of Human Parasite.pptx

Vectors

1. Vectors of Human Parasites

2. Vector-borne Diseases What are vectors? Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans, or from animals to humans. 03/07/2024 Prepared by Dr. Sana Abnawf MD community medicine 2

3. Vector-borne Diseases-(Introduction) Vectors can transmit diseases among different living beings (mice, rats, monkeys, birds, dogs, etc.) and humans. Treatment of vector-borne diseases is difficult , and the prevention essentially necessitates the elimination of the vector .  03/07/2024 Prepared by Dr. Sana Abnawf MD community medicine 3

4. Vector-borne Diseases-(Introduction) Vector-borne diseases are considered the most serious diseases. The seriousness of vectors because of their ability to transmit the disease at a large scale in shorter time, than other infectious diseases that necessitate human-to-human contact.   03/07/2024 Prepared by Dr. Sana Abnawf MD community medicine 4

5. Vector-Borne Biseases Vector-borne diseases:- Are the diseases caused by disease-vectors . Often found in tropical regions, where insects prevail , and access to drinking water and sanitation is not safe . 03/07/2024 Prepared by Dr. Sana Abnawf MD community medicine 5

6. Mosquitoes: introduction There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies 6

7. Mosquitoes: Classification There are 442 species of mosquitoes in Malaysia, compared to 553 species (Indonesia), 416 species (Thailand) and 310 species (Philippines) 7

8. Mosquito larvae feed on yeasts, bacteria, protozoa and numerous other plants, microorganisms found in the water. Some of them are surface-feeders (e.g. Anopheles ), while many others browse over the bottom. Larval development ranged from 5-7 days to 7-14 days (in tropical areas) 8

9. Female mosquitoes usually lay about 30-300 eggs at one oviposition . Larvae will emerge after 2-3 days in the tropics, and 7-14 days in cooler temperature weather There are four active larval stages. All larvae require water to develop 9

10. Mosquitoes: behaviour Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors. 10

11. Mosquito-borne diseases Mosquito-borne diseases are divided into three groups (according to the pathogens): - Protozoa diseases (e.g. Malaria). - Viral diseases (e.g. dengue, Japanese encephalitis). - Nematode diseases (e.g. filariasis ). 11

12. Mosquito-borne diseases and their vectors (protozoa and nematode disease) Disease Pathogen Vector species Malaria Plasmodium vivax Anopheles sp. P. falciparum P.malariae P. ovale Filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti Culex quinquefasciatus Anopheles sp. Brugia malayi Mansonia sp. Aedes togoi Anopheles sinensis 12

13. Prevention of vector borne diseases Precautions for Protection against Disease-vectors:  Using nets at doors and windows to prevent the entrance of insects. Using mosquito nets when sleeping outdoors. Paying attention to the cleanliness of animals and animal pens. Maintaining personal hygiene . 03/07/2024 Prepared by Dr. Sana Abnawf MD community medicine 13

14. Fleas as Vectors of Parasites : Fleas are blood-sucking insects that can act as vectors, transmitting parasites to humans and animals, posing health risks . Fleas can serve as vehicles for parasitic tapeworms, potentially infecting humans with tapeworm parasites . Tapeworms - Fleas can carry and transmit certain types of tapeworm parasites . Pets can ingest infected fleas and become infected with tapeworms.

15. Potential health risks to humans from exposure to common flea species Parasitic Infestations: Tapeworms: Fleas, such as the cat flea, dog flea ( Ctenocephalides canis ), and human flea ( Pulex irritans ), can act as intermediate hosts for Dipylidium caninum , a tapeworm that can infect humans. Hymenolepis Infection: The rat flea and human flea can transmit the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta , to humans.

16. For Humans: Fleas can also carry and transmit various other parasites to humans. Tungiasis - Caused by the burrowing flea Tunga penetrans , leading to painful skin infections . Dipylidiasis - Humans can become infected with the dog tapeworm Dipylidium caninum by ingesting infected fleas . Hymenolepiasis - Humans can contract the rodent tapeworm Hymenolepis nana through the accidental ingestion of infected fleas . Leishmaniasis - In some regions, fleas may play a role in the transmission of Leishmania parasites to dogs.

17. For Animals: Dipylidiasis - Pets like dogs and cats can become infected with the dog tapeworm through ingesting infected fleas . Flea Anemia - Heavy flea infestations can lead to blood loss and anemia in animals

18. Common flea species that are associated with parasitic infestations include: Cat Flea ( Ctenocephalides felis ): The cat flea is a known vector for several parasitic infections, including: Dipylidium caninum (dog and cat tapeworm) Bartonella henselae (causative agent of cat scratch disease )

19. Dog Flea ( Ctenocephalides canis ): Similar to the cat flea, the dog flea can also transmit parasitic infections, such as: Dipylidium caninum (dog and cat tapeworm) Acanthocheilonema reconditum (a filarial worm ) Rat Flea ( Xenopsylla cheopis ): The rat flea is a significant vector for several parasitic diseases, including: Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm) Dipylidium caninum (dog and cat tapeworm)

20. Human Flea ( Pulex irritans ): The human flea can serve as a vector for the following parasitic infestations: Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm) Dipylidium caninum (dog and cat tapeworm)

21. Prevent and control flea infestations Treat pets regularly: Use veterinarian-recommended flea prevention products, such as topical treatments, oral medications, or collars, to kill adult fleas on pets. Vacuum carpets, upholstered furniture, and other areas where pets spend time to remove flea eggs, larvae, and adults . Dispose of the vacuum bag or contents immediately to prevent the fleas from escaping . Wash bedding and pet's sleeping areas:

22. Use a flea-specific insecticide spray in areas where pets frequent, such as carpets, furniture, and cracks/crevices . Follow the product instructions carefully and repeat the treatment as recommended. Maintain yard and outdoor areas: Keep the lawn mowed and remove any debris or tall grass where fleas can thrive. Consider treating the yard with a pet-safe insecticide if there is a severe flea problem . Wash pet bedding, cushions, and other fabrics in hot, soapy water to kill any flea life stages.