Verbal Phrases participial, gerund and infinitive.pptx

Verbal Phrases participial, gerund and infinitive.pptx

1. Verbal Phrases

2. Notice the differences ! The baby is crying loudly. The crying baby kept his parents up all night. Crying was the shortest way to exonerate herself from every accusation. The girl was too tough to cry .

3. What are verbal Phrases? Sometimes , verbs are used as nouns , adjectives or adverb s. It is called a Verbal. A verbal does not function as a verb and can be modified in different ways and even have one or more complements. A verbal with modifiers or complements are called verbal phrases.

4. Participle Phrases A participle is a form of verb that can act as an adjective ! Present Participle : usually ends in – ing (playing-travelling). Past Participle : usually ends in – ed for regular form (played-travelled), Other verbs have irregular form such as slept-written .

5. Examples Present participle The dancing girl is graceful . The rushing driver is reckless. Past participle Written in Spanish, the boy couldn’t read the newspaper. Delivered at high speed, the meal was hot and delicious.

6. Like other adjectives, participles answers the questions what kind? Or which one? about the noun or pronoun they modify. Examples: Joe’s tearing eyes betrayed the pain of his injury. (What kind of eyes? Answer: tearing eyes) The splintered floorboard needs to be replaced. (which floorboard? Answer: splintered floorboard) Participles may also have a present perfect form. Examples: Having slept all day, Maria couldn’t sleep at night. Having studied hard, the student excelled in the exam.

7. Remember! A verb shows an action, a condition or the fact that something exists. A participle acts as an adjective modifying a non or a pronoun. Acting as verbs Acting as adjectives The baby is crying at the loud noise. ( what is baby doing?) The doctor delighted the new parents. (what did the doctor do?) The crying baby sat in her crib. ( which baby) Delighted, the new parents thanked the doctor. (What kind of parents?)

8. If a participle is modified by an adverb or adverbial phrase or accompanied by a complement, the entire phrase function as an adjective . With an adverb : Travelling quickly , we made it in time for the delivery. With an adverb phrase: Travelling at top speed , we made it in time for the delivery. With a complement: Avoiding stops , we made it in time for the delivery.

9. When the participle phrase is non essential , we set it off by commas or other punctuation. If the phrase is essential , we do not set it off by punctation. Non Essential phrases Essential phrases There is Tim, waiting in the car. Built in 1900, the building was innovative. The man waiting in the car is Tim. The building built in 1900 was innovative.

10. Participle phrases can often be used to combine information from two sentences into one . Two sentences: We were exhausted from the flight to Greece. We rested at the airport. Combined: Exhausted from the flight to Greece , we rested at the airport. Two sentences: We ate brunch. We shared storied from the past. Combined: Eating brunch , we shared stories from the past.

11. Participial Phrases Exercise Underline the participial phrase in each of the following sentences. Watch for past and present participles. Circle the word modified by the participial phrase. 1. Working hard all day, the boys finished the job by dinner time. 2. Driven from their homelands, many people each year seek refuge in the United States. 3. Jumping up and down, the cheerleaders urged the team on. 4. The basketball team, encouraged by its performance in the semifinals, went on to the finals. 5. Having recorded the results of the experiment, Kate closed her notebook. 6. We saw an old woman walking up the path. 7. Having been told of her job offer, Kathy smiled happily. 8. Having spent each afternoon at the beach, Alice soon had a nice tan.

12. Gerunds A Gerund is a form of verb that ends in ing and acts as a noun. Functions of Gerund Subject Painting is my favorite pastime. Direct Object I enjoy travelling . Indirect Object Mrs. Kim’s recipes give home cooking a good name. Predicate Nominative My brother’s favorite activity is swimming . Object of a preposition The pilot’s smooth flight showed signs of his extensive training . Appositive Tim’s hobby, climbing , strenuous.

13. Verb, Participle or Gerund? Verbs end in ing that act as nouns are called Gerunds. Unlike verbs ending in ing, Gerunds do not have helping verbs. Unlike participles ending in ing, they do not act as adjective. Verb: The class was yawning , and that distracted the teacher. Participle: Yawning , the class distracted the teacher. Gerund: The class’s yawning distracted the teacher.

14. To Simplify! Difference between Gerund and Participial Phrases. Gerund Phrases are used as nouns wherein the participial phrases are used as adjectives . For Example: 1- Sitting all day can harm your back. (Gerund phrase) 2- The man, sitting by the corner , is my cousin. (Participial Phrase)

15. Gerunds Phrases Gerunds Phrases With adjectives Her consistent, happy smiling , made everyone around her joyful. With an adverb Writing quickly does not always help. With a prepositional phrase Many Hotels in the city prohibit pets sleeping in the beds. With a direct object Owen was incapable of remembering the list. With an indirect and direct object The history teacher tried g iving her students praise.

16. Gerunds and possessive pronouns Always use possessive pronouns in front of a Gerund . Incorrect: We never listen to him bragging. Correct: We never listen to his bragging Incorrect: Them refusing to drive slowly is dangerous. Correct: Their refusing to drive slowly is dangerous

17. Gerund Phrase Exercises Underline the gerund phrases in the sentences below. 1. Mr. Olson never tires of talking about his grandchildren. 2. Bird watching with binoculars is a popular pastime. 3. Arguing with me takes much of my little brother's time. 4. Constant complaining helps no one. 5. Listening to the concerto is sheer pleasure for Joan. 6. After standing behind the counter all day, Jim likes to relax at night.

18. An infinitive phrase can play the role of a  noun , an  adjective , or an  adverb . Example: The police officer asked them not to speed . Infinitives used as nouns Subject To converse requires careful listening. Direct Object The villagers decided to rebel . Predicate Nominative The couple’s only option was to wait. Object of a preposition I have no goal in life except to sing. Appositive There is only one choice, to leave!

19. Unlike gerunds, infinitives can also function as adjectives and adverbs. Infinitives used as modifiers Adjective: We have time to walk . Adverb: The soldier was too tired to fight .

20. Prepositional phrase or Infinitive? A prepositional phrase always ends with a noun or pronoun that acts as the object of preposition. An infinitive always ends with a verb . Prepositional phrase Infinitive The pilot listened to the command . We were glad to go to the back of the house. The president’s purpose is to command . Please make sure to back up the supply list.

21. With some verbs, the to is generally omitted, however it may be understood. For example: He won’t dare (to) go without a map. Please help me (to) find the destination. Spencer helped Alan (to) climb the hill. Verbs that precede infinitives without to Dare Help Make See Hear Let Please Watch

22. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and its modifiers, complement, or subject, all act together as a single part of speech. Infinitive Phrases With an adverb Kate’s family likes to run early. With an adverb phrase To walk in high heels is not easy. With a direct object Quinn hated to leave Houston. With an indirect and a direct object He promised to show us the slides from his hiking trip . IO DO With a subject and a complement I want him to finish his speech . S C

23. Infinitive Phrase Exercises Underline the infinitive phrase in each of the following sentences. Mention whether the phrase functions as noun, adjective or an adverb. 1. The only solution was to lower the standards . 2. He helped to build the roof. 3. He opened the box to reveal a huge bullfrog. 4. The officer returned to help the inspectors. 5. Let him show you the best way to paint the door. 6. To have a big dream requires the same effort as having a small dream .