Vermicompost preparation Vf.pptx for farmers

Organic fertilizer

1. Training Vermicompost Technology Preparation for Beneficiary Farmer and Experts: የቨርሚኮምፖስት ትይክኖሎጂ ዝግጅት ለተጠቃሚ አርሶ አደር እና አይክስፐርት ማሰልጠን October, 2023 መስከረም፣2016 Adazer kebele ኣዳዘር ቀበልይ Prepared by : Kassim Abashu በ ቃሲም ኣባሹ ተዘጋጅትዋል

2. Outline/ መዘርዘር Introduction/ መግቢያ Why organic production/ ኦርጋኒክ ምርት ለምን 2 . Vermicompost meaning/ የትል ኮምፖስት ትርጉም 3. Process of Vermicompost / የትል ኮምፖስት ሂደት 4. Mechanism of Vermicompost / የትል ኮምፖስት ኣሰራር 5. Methods of vermicompost / የትል ኮምፖስት ዘድይ 6. Steps/ ደርጃዎች 7.Feed selections/ የምግብ ምርጫዎች 8.Favorable conditions/ ምቹ ሁንይታዎች 9.Enemies of worms/ የትል ጠላቶች 10.Harvesting and use of vermicompost / የትል ኮምፖስት ምሰብሰብ እና ምጠቀም 11.Summary and Conclusion

3. Objectives of the training የስልጠናዉ ዓላማ To capacitate the trainees on how To prepare vermicompost using earthworms and other biodegradable wastes theoretically and practically ሰልጣኞችን በንድፈ ሃሳብ እና በተግባር የምድር ትሎችን እና የሚበሰብሱ ነገሮችን በመጠቀም ቨርሚኮምፖስት እንድይት ማዘጋጀት እንዳለባቸው ማስተማር

4. Introduction/ መግቢያ Agriculture is the most important source of livelihood in Ethiopia, the overall food production is far from self-sufficient . Soil fertility depends on the stat us of a soi l with respect to its ability to s uppl y nutrients essentia l for plant growth . Soil fertility focuses on adequate and balanced s upply ( በቂ እና ሚዛናማ ኣቅርቦት of nutrients to satisfy the needs of plants ( የእጽዋት ፍልጎት ) , avoid­ing toxic concentrations . Fertilizers, o rganic or inorganic, natural or synthetic, furnish plants with nutrients .

5. Introduction Why is agricultural productivity declining?/ የግብርና ምርታማነት ለምን እየቀነሰ ነዉ ? Soil fertility depletion/ መሙዋጠጥ and nutrient imbalances/ ኣለመመጣጠን (Lal 2015) 1. Severe soil erosion and degradation/ ከባድ የኣፈር መሸርሸር እና መበላሸት 2.Deterioration of soil structure due to low SOM / በዝቅተኛ SOM ምክንያት የአፈር መዋቅር መበላሸቱ 3. Unsuitable land-use and cropping system/ ተገቢ ያልሆነ የመርይት ኣጠቃቀም እና የሰብል ስርኣት 4.Low or absence of inputs/ ዝቅተኛ ውይም የግብኣት ኣለምኖር Climate change (Pender 2009; Parry et al. 2007)

6. Why is agricultural productivity declining ከባድ የኣፈር መሸርሸር እና መበላሸት ተገቢ ያልሆነ የመርይት ኣጠቃቀም

7. Nutrients in crop residues are higher than applied as fertilizers (IAEA 2002) Secondary harvesting

8. 85% of total crop residues as feed, energy source, thatching ( Amare et al . 2005)

9. Nutrient Classifications / የንጥረነግሮች ምደባ Primary/ የምጀመሪያ ደረጃ (80 %): Nitrogen (N) Potassium (K) Phosphorus (P) Micronutrients(1%): Molybdenum (Mo) Boron (B) Copper (Cu) Manganese ( Mn ) Zinc (Zn) Chlorine ( Cl ) Secondary/ ሁለተኛ ደረጃ (19%) Sulfur (S) Calcium (Ca) Iron (Fe) Magnesium (Mg) A total of only 16 elements are essential for the growth and full development of green plants according to the criteria set by Arnon and Stout (1939).

10. Functions of N … Healthy leaves shine with a rich dark green color when adequately fed

11. Healthy leaf and normal maize ear

12. N deficiency symptoms… Nitrogen is essential throughout the growing season. If plant runs out of nitrogen at critical time, ears are small and protein content is low. Kernels at tip do not fill Nitrogen hunger sign is yellowing that starts at the tip and moves along middle of leaf Green silks at maturity may be caused by excess N in relation to other elements

13. P deficiency symptoms… P shortage marks leaves with reddish-purple, particularly on young plants P shortage during early weeks causes a shallow root system with little spread P shortages interfere with pollination and kernel fill. Ears are small, often twisted and with undeveloped kernels.

14. Deficiency symptoms of K… K deficiency appears as a firing or drying along the tips and edges of lowest leaves Potash shortage shows up in ears with poorly filled tips and loose chaffy kernels

15. 15 Potassium deficiency

16. 16

17. Why organic production ?/ ኦርጋኒክ ምርት ለምን ? Why? Health of soil Health of people Health of animal Health of environment

18. Vermicompost preparation/ የትል ኮምፖስት ዝግጅት Terms/ ትርጉም Vermis ( L atin= worms )/ ትል Vermicomposting : making vermicompost from bio-waste using earthworms ./ የምድር ትሎችን በመጠቀም የትልኮምፖስት ከ ተፈጥሮ ተርፈምርት መስራት Vermiculture : scientific breeding and raising of earthworms ./ ሳይንሳዊ እርባታ እና የምድር ትሎች ማሳደግ Vermi -technology : combination of vermiculture and vermicomposting Vermicast : worms excrete

19. Wh ic h worms to use? የትኛዉን ትል እንጠቀም There is approximately 3000 species of earthworm worldwide. However Eisenia fetida are preferred for vermicompost Multiply fast Feed high Feed organic matter Produce more quality and quantity compost

20. About worms/ ስለ ትሉ Worms are hermaphrodites , mutual exchange of sperm Lay egg once in a week/ መጣል Hatch eggs in 3 weeks/ መፈልፈል From one egg 10-12 worms They have average lifespan of 3 years T hey lack eye, ear, nose and lung- respire in moist skin They are photophobic: light for >15 minute paralyzes them They can eat ½ of their weight (0.5g) or more Die if moisture drops from 50%. Do not eat living plants

21. Characters of redworms / የቀይ ትሎች ገጸባህሪያት

22. Composition and use / ጥንቅር እና አጠቃቀም of vermicompost Agricultural use of vermi -technology ? Soil biophysical improvement Soil fertility improvement S upply plant nutrient (Ca, Mg, Mn , Cu Fe along with NPK) Promote plant health Vermi -meal for animals Microbes, enzymes, mucus, vitamins and hormones are also parts of vermicompost

23. Vermiocomposting

24. Kind of food for earthworms ?/ ለምድር ትሎች የሚሆን ምግብ Manure ( cattle , sheep and goat and a small amount of poultry manure) / ፍግ If manure contains excess urines it has to be drained before use Crop residue (h/bean, wheat, barley, and other legumes )/ የሰብል ቅሪት Most fruits and vegetables wastes/ ፍራፍርይውህ እና ኣትክልት ቆሻሻ different tree leaves and grasses/ የዛፍ ቀኣጣሎች እና ሳሮች house wastes/ የብይት ቆሻሻ All tree leaves and fruit wastes except the which have toxicity NO-NO's Plastic Rubber bands Sponges Aluminum foil Glass

25. Process of Vermicomposting/ የትል ኮምፖስት ሂደት Vermicomposting should be in cool, moist and shady site. / ቀዝቃዛ፣እርጥብ እና ጥላ ያለበት ቦታ Cow dung and chopped dried leafy materials are mixed in the proportion of at least 3 :1 and are kept for partial decomposition for 15 – 20 days (in anaerobic decomposing)/ ላም ኩበት እና የተከተፈ የደረቀ ቅጠል ከፊል ማበስበስ A layer of 15-20cm should be kept as bedding material at the bottom of the bed./ የስር ጉዝጉዋዝ Bed of partially decomposed material of size 4x0.6x0.5 should be made The no of bed can be increased as per raw material availability and requirement

26. ----Process/ ሂደት Red earthworms (1500-2000) should be released on the upper layer of bed . Water should be sprinkled immediately after the release of worms. Beds should be turned once after 15 days for maintaining aeration and for proper decomposition. Compost gets ready in less than 30 days.

27. Mechanism of vermicomposting/ የትል ኮምፖስት ኣሰራር Microbes degrade the materials/ ከፊል ማበስበስ Worm consume and causes breakdown of materials in the gizzrd - 0.02mm particles/ መብላት This ground materials subjected to breakdown via various enzymes of earthworm and microbes/ ማድቀቅ Excreted as cast with mucus secretion for structural stability of vermicompost / ማዉጣት

28. Methods of vermicomposting/ የትል ኮምፖስት ዘድይ Bed/heap/ ኣልጋ / ክምር Composting is done on the sealed floor by making a bed with organic wastes /

29. Method/ ዘድይ … Pit / ጉድጉዋድ Composting is done in the cemented pits This method is not preferred due to poor aeration/water logging at bottom

30. Method/ ዘድይ … Tank

31. Bins/box from local materials Small scale- household requirement, 50 to 100qt/ yr Large scale- commercial-500 to 1000qt/ yr

32. Vermicompost making/ የትልኮምፖስት መስራት Pre-decomposing workflow

33. Steps- ቅደም ተከተል

34. Steps

35. Feed selection Avoid /minimize/pre-decompose the following Onion peel - offensive smell Eucalyptus, neem and pine leaves, citrus peel- acidity Cat and dog poo : breathing problem Meat, fish, diary product : suffocate and increase temp, attract rat and mice Synthetic materials: Plastic, rubber, ceramic, glass, stone Diseased plants

36. Care and maintenance of bed Water daily in winter and every 3 days in summer to k eep > 60%) Ensure temp. is not over your breathing Fresh cow dung and poultry manure are dangerous. Do not compact bed Do not cover with plastic sheet Turning- once in a month Sanitation: avoid organic debris around Fencing and housing: Attending enemies

37. Enemies of worms Ants - Avoid sweet feed, raised bed, ajax soap, ash, eucalyptus leaf, engine oil, avoiding sweet feed, garlic seed extract and sanitation Chicken : netting, raising bed, covering Rats : netting, raising bed Birds : netting Red mites : Mole :

38. Harvesting and sieving As the material changed to black and granular, stop watering and feeding for 3-5 days before harvest Harvesting Light - 15 minute light help 2/3 volume free Bait - Fresh feed addition attract worms in 2 days.

39. Sieving Sieve in 5mm sieve Store in polyethylene bag

40. Use of v ermicompost for vegetables Integration with sub-optimal fertilizer

41. Harvesting Harvest the compost if the following indicators seen dark brown to black color smells very earthy feels loose and crumbly Screen bits of material by 5mm sieve

42. Earthworms V varmiculture Varmi kompostii

43. With chemial fertilizer With Vermicompost

44. How to dry vermi compost 30

45. bushooftuu Ude Dhankaaka Ude

46. Ude Dhankaaka

47. Jimmaa q/bultoota

48. Q/bultoota Jimmaa

49. With chemical fertilizer With Vermicompost

50. Aanaa Iluu Galani

51. Itti fayyadama Kompoostii Raammoo

52. Sochii Qophii Kompoostii Raammoo Godina HGW

53. Qophii kompoostii Raammoo Aanaa Mi’eessoo

54. Sochii qophii Kompoostii raammoo Godina Baha Wallaggaa

55. Qophii kompoostii Raammoo Godina I/A/Boor

56. Aanaa Giraawwaa

57. Aanaa Jaarsoo Godina Jimmaa

58. Aanaa H/Buluq

59. Shawa Bahaa-Aana Lumee

60. Godina Sh/Lixaa, Aanaa M/Qanyii

61. Omisha Kompoostii Raammoo Godina Jimmaa, Aanaa Gumaay

62. Baqeelaa Kompoostii Raammoon faca’e Aanaa M/Qanyii

63. ….itti

64. Warshaa Nooraa Gudar keessatti iddoo raammoo kompoostii baayifamu

65. Raabsaa Raammoo…

66. Summary Organic fertilizers ( Vermicompost ) is best component of organic vegetable production.

67. Conclusion Decision and commitment are required to work on organic veg. production Organic fertilizer production requires more practice than scientific knowledge Integration of organic fertilizers with sub-optimal fertilizer will be good. Applying vermicompost pre-planting is important.

68. THE FUTURE IS IN YOUR HAND