vertical circulation in architecture / circulation system
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Mar 05, 2020
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About This Presentation
a lecture about design consideration of circulation and conveying elements in buildings like stairs, elevators, escalators etc....
Slide Content
Circulation and conveying system
Circulation: movement through space.
Based on Direction
Horizontal circulation might include hallways,
atria, paths, entries and exits. It is also affected
by the furniture layout, or other objects in the
space such as columns, trees, or topographic
changes. This is why architects usually furniture
as part of a concept design, because it is
critically linked to the flow, function and feeling
of the space.
Vertical circulation is how people move up and
down within the building, so includes things like
stairs, lifts, ramps, ladders and escalators which
allow us to move from one level to another.
Circulation: movement through space.
Based on Direction
Horizontal circulation might include hallways,
atria, paths, entries and exits. It is also affected
by the furniture layout, or other objects in the
space such as columns, trees, or topographic
changes. This is why architects usually furniture
as part of a concept design, because it is
critically linked to the flow, function and feeling
of the space.
Vertical circulation is how people move up and
down within the building, so includes things like
stairs, lifts, ramps, ladders and escalators which
allow us to move from one level to another.
Vertical circulation systems may be divided into
two classes. Class I systems are intended for
movement of both people and goods and include
ramps, stairs, escalators, and elevators. Class II
systems, including dumbwaiters and vertical
conveyors, in contrast, may not be used for
movement of people.
two classes. Class I systems are intended for
movement of both people and goods and include
ramps, stairs, escalators, and elevators. Class II
systems, including dumbwaiters and vertical
conveyors, in contrast, may not be used for
movement of people.
Stairs
What is stairs ?
+ “A Stair is a system of steps by which people
and objects may pass from one level of a building
to another.”
+ A stair is to be designed to span large vertical
distance by dividing it into smaller vertical
distances, called steps.
Location of Stairs
+ It should be so located as to provide easy
. access to the occupants of the building.
+ It should be so located that it is well lighted
and ventilated directly from the exterior.
+ It should be so located as to have approaches
| convenient and spacious.
— = + It public building it should be located near main
: entrance and in residential building it should be
placed centrally.
What is stairs ?
+ “A Stair is a system of steps by which people
and objects may pass from one level of a building
to another.”
+ A stair is to be designed to span large vertical
distance by dividing it into smaller vertical
distances, called steps.
Location of Stairs
+ It should be so located as to provide easy
. access to the occupants of the building.
+ It should be so located that it is well lighted
and ventilated directly from the exterior.
+ It should be so located as to have approaches
| convenient and spacious.
— = + It public building it should be located near main
: entrance and in residential building it should be
placed centrally.
Blockings
Riser-
Caniage-
Cut String.
Newel
aluster
Baserail
Close String
Nosing
Components of stair/Technical Terms
Tread:-the upper horizontal portion of step over
which foot is placed during ascending and
descending a stairway.
Riser:-the vertical member of step. It is used to
support and connect successive treads.
Headroom:-the vertical height between the
tread of one flight and ceiling of overhead
construction. It should be sufficient so as not to
cause any difficulty to person using the stairs.
Stringers:-these are the sloping members of the
stair, used to support the end of steps
Winders:-these are the steps used for changing
the direction of stairs .These are usually
triangular in plan.
Riser-
Caniage-
Cut String.
Newel
aluster
Baserail
Close String
Nosing
Components of stair/Technical Terms
Tread:-the upper horizontal portion of step over
which foot is placed during ascending and
descending a stairway.
Riser:-the vertical member of step. It is used to
support and connect successive treads.
Headroom:-the vertical height between the
tread of one flight and ceiling of overhead
construction. It should be sufficient so as not to
cause any difficulty to person using the stairs.
Stringers:-these are the sloping members of the
stair, used to support the end of steps
Winders:-these are the steps used for changing
the direction of stairs .These are usually
triangular in plan.
Kite Winder
Wall String
Riser
Tread Nosing
Quarter
Skirting
Split Landing Wall Sting
Flight:-this consist of series of steps provided
between landings
Run or going:-total length of stairs in horizontal
plain including length of landings
Landing:-this is the horizontal platform provided
at the head of series of steps It is used asa
resting place during use of stairs .It facilitates
change of direction of flight
Hand rail:-it is an inclined rail provided at
convenient height over steps .It serves as guard
rail and provide assistance to user of stairs.
Balusters:-it is individual vertical member made
of timber, metal or masonry fixed between
string and hand rail to give support to hand rail.
Wall String
Riser
Tread Nosing
Quarter
Skirting
Split Landing Wall Sting
Flight:-this consist of series of steps provided
between landings
Run or going:-total length of stairs in horizontal
plain including length of landings
Landing:-this is the horizontal platform provided
at the head of series of steps It is used asa
resting place during use of stairs .It facilitates
change of direction of flight
Hand rail:-it is an inclined rail provided at
convenient height over steps .It serves as guard
rail and provide assistance to user of stairs.
Balusters:-it is individual vertical member made
of timber, metal or masonry fixed between
string and hand rail to give support to hand rail.
Newer,
Post
Balustrade
Hand Rai,
Boluster—,
“Soffit
Nosing:-it is the projecting part of tread beyond
the face of riser. It is usually rounded to give
pleasing effect to tread and make staircase
convenient and easy to use.
Line of nosing:-this is the straight line touching
the nosing of various steps and parallel to slope
of line.
Pitch or slope:-vertical angle made by line of
nosing with horizontal
Soffit :It is the underside of a stair.
Waist :The thickness of structural slab in case
of an R.C.C. stair is known as a waist.
Scotia : It is a moulding provided under the
nosing to improve the elevation of the step.
Post
Balustrade
Hand Rai,
Boluster—,
“Soffit
Nosing:-it is the projecting part of tread beyond
the face of riser. It is usually rounded to give
pleasing effect to tread and make staircase
convenient and easy to use.
Line of nosing:-this is the straight line touching
the nosing of various steps and parallel to slope
of line.
Pitch or slope:-vertical angle made by line of
nosing with horizontal
Soffit :It is the underside of a stair.
Waist :The thickness of structural slab in case
of an R.C.C. stair is known as a waist.
Scotia : It is a moulding provided under the
nosing to improve the elevation of the step.
Classification of stairs
Straight Stairs
All steps lead in one direction.
Simplest form of stair arrangement.
It may consist of one or more flights.
They are used when space available for
staircase is long but narrow in width.
+ The width and the length of the landings
should be equal.
Straight Stairs
All steps lead in one direction.
Simplest form of stair arrangement.
It may consist of one or more flights.
They are used when space available for
staircase is long but narrow in width.
+ The width and the length of the landings
should be equal.
Quarter Landing Staircase Turning Stairs
1. Quarter Turn Stairs
<a 2. Half-Turn Stairs
3. Three Quarter Turn Stairs
In case of turning stairs flights take turn.
The types of turning stairs are:
1. Quarter turn stairs:
+ A stair turning through one right angle is known
as Quarter turn stairs. (L-shaped stair)
+ If a quarter turn stair is branched into two
flights at a landing is known as a Bifurcated stair.
+ This types of stair is commonly used in the
public buildings near the entrance hall .
+ The stair has a wider flight at bottom which
bifurcates into two narrower flights at the
landing. -one turn into left and the other to the
right. -This staircase has either equal or unequal
flights. eMC MT by inst eyo Alene 1
1. Quarter Turn Stairs
<a 2. Half-Turn Stairs
3. Three Quarter Turn Stairs
In case of turning stairs flights take turn.
The types of turning stairs are:
1. Quarter turn stairs:
+ A stair turning through one right angle is known
as Quarter turn stairs. (L-shaped stair)
+ If a quarter turn stair is branched into two
flights at a landing is known as a Bifurcated stair.
+ This types of stair is commonly used in the
public buildings near the entrance hall .
+ The stair has a wider flight at bottom which
bifurcates into two narrower flights at the
landing. -one turn into left and the other to the
right. -This staircase has either equal or unequal
flights. eMC MT by inst eyo Alene 1
2. Half Turn Stairs:
+A stair turning through right angle is known as
Half Turn Stairs.
+A half turn star may be of dog-legged type or
open newel type .
Dog-legged Stair
-Two short flights with a half space landing
between them.
+ In case of dog-legged stair, the flights run in
opposite directions and there is no space
between them in plan.
+ Its name is derived from its appearance in
the sectional elevation.
«This stairs are useful where total width of
space available for the staircase is equal to
twice the width of steps.
+A stair turning through right angle is known as
Half Turn Stairs.
+A half turn star may be of dog-legged type or
open newel type .
Dog-legged Stair
-Two short flights with a half space landing
between them.
+ In case of dog-legged stair, the flights run in
opposite directions and there is no space
between them in plan.
+ Its name is derived from its appearance in
the sectional elevation.
«This stairs are useful where total width of
space available for the staircase is equal to
twice the width of steps.
Landing
<P
Fig. 8.36. Dog legged stair Fig. 8.37. Open well (newel) stair
CLASSIFICATION OF STAIRS|
HALF TURN STAIRS
4. Open—newel Stair 5. Dog-legged Stair
>
Open Newel Stair
«Space between the upper and lower flights
causes half space landing to be longer.
«In case of open newel stair, there is a well or
hole or opening between flights in plan.
«This well may be rectangular or of any
geometrical shape and it can be used for fixing
lift.
«These staircase are useful where available space
for staircase has a width greater than twice the
width of steps.
<P
Fig. 8.36. Dog legged stair Fig. 8.37. Open well (newel) stair
CLASSIFICATION OF STAIRS|
HALF TURN STAIRS
4. Open—newel Stair 5. Dog-legged Stair
>
Open Newel Stair
«Space between the upper and lower flights
causes half space landing to be longer.
«In case of open newel stair, there is a well or
hole or opening between flights in plan.
«This well may be rectangular or of any
geometrical shape and it can be used for fixing
lift.
«These staircase are useful where available space
for staircase has a width greater than twice the
width of steps.
= 3. Three quarter turn Stair
«A stair turning through three right angles is
known as a three quarter stair.
= «In this case ‚an open well is formed. This types
S of stair is used when the length of the staircase
is limited and when the vertical distance between
the two floor is quite large.
Dimensions Guide | Stairs
hree-Quarter-Turn Stairs
«A stair turning through three right angles is
known as a three quarter stair.
= «In this case ‚an open well is formed. This types
S of stair is used when the length of the staircase
is limited and when the vertical distance between
the two floor is quite large.
Dimensions Guide | Stairs
hree-Quarter-Turn Stairs
Circular or helical or spiral stairs
+ The steps radiate from the center and they do not
have either any landing or any intermediate newel
post
- Some of the important facts to be noted in
connection with the circular stairs are:
1 flights consist of winders only and may be
continued through any number of turns.
2. may be constructed of a cast iron or mild steel or
concrete. Usually its structural design and
construction of are complicated in nature.
3. For concrete spiral stairs, the steel reinforcement
is heavy and formwork is complicated. These make the
concrete spiral stairs expensive.
4. The core of spiral stair may be solid or hollow and
the stair may be provided with cut or closed strings.
5. The spiral stairs are useful where the space
available is limited and where the traffic is less. Eg.,
shops
+ The steps radiate from the center and they do not
have either any landing or any intermediate newel
post
- Some of the important facts to be noted in
connection with the circular stairs are:
1 flights consist of winders only and may be
continued through any number of turns.
2. may be constructed of a cast iron or mild steel or
concrete. Usually its structural design and
construction of are complicated in nature.
3. For concrete spiral stairs, the steel reinforcement
is heavy and formwork is complicated. These make the
concrete spiral stairs expensive.
4. The core of spiral stair may be solid or hollow and
the stair may be provided with cut or closed strings.
5. The spiral stairs are useful where the space
available is limited and where the traffic is less. Eg.,
shops
Stair type 9 In
Geometric stair IS
(90) turn
+ 4.3.1 (6) 45 000 RxG
«48.000
+ 431 (€) Tread width Ir
must not be less than
‘the going and there
must be an overhang
of at least 10mm
is 3 (90 ayo Bo Tens San a Spey 9 4)
Geometrical Stairs
“continuous stairs that turn or wind about a
central well hole which has rounded corners or is
circular or elliptical and that have the strings and
rails arranged upon geometric principles and
running continuously from top to bottom.”
+ have any geometrical shape and requires no
newel posts.
+ The handrail continues without interruption and
without any angular turns.
+ Its construction requires considerable skill and
it is weaker than corresponding open newel stair.
Geometric stair IS
(90) turn
+ 4.3.1 (6) 45 000 RxG
«48.000
+ 431 (€) Tread width Ir
must not be less than
‘the going and there
must be an overhang
of at least 10mm
is 3 (90 ayo Bo Tens San a Spey 9 4)
Geometrical Stairs
“continuous stairs that turn or wind about a
central well hole which has rounded corners or is
circular or elliptical and that have the strings and
rails arranged upon geometric principles and
running continuously from top to bottom.”
+ have any geometrical shape and requires no
newel posts.
+ The handrail continues without interruption and
without any angular turns.
+ Its construction requires considerable skill and
it is weaker than corresponding open newel stair.
Points of consideration
+ Landing
the width of the landing should not be less than
the width of stairs
+ Width of stairs
Residential:-0.8 to 1 m public :- 1.8 to 2 m
+ Tread
Residential:-220-250 mm public:- 250-300mm
not less than 200mm in any case
+ Riser
Residential:-150-180 mm public:- 120-150mm not
more than 200mm in any case
+ Pitch
Should not be more than 38°
+ Head room clearance
should not be less than 2.1m
+ Length of flight
no of steps should be minimum 3 and maximum 12
+ Landing
the width of the landing should not be less than
the width of stairs
+ Width of stairs
Residential:-0.8 to 1 m public :- 1.8 to 2 m
+ Tread
Residential:-220-250 mm public:- 250-300mm
not less than 200mm in any case
+ Riser
Residential:-150-180 mm public:- 120-150mm not
more than 200mm in any case
+ Pitch
Should not be more than 38°
+ Head room clearance
should not be less than 2.1m
+ Length of flight
no of steps should be minimum 3 and maximum 12
Stairs Of Different Materials
Brick Stairs
+ not frequently used.
+ may be built of solid masonry construction or
arches may be provided in a lower portion.
+ When arches are provided, the total masonry
work is reduced and cupboards may be provided
in this hollow space.
+ Treads are generally made equal to length 1.50
bricks and risers with the layers of 2 brick
respectively.
+ The treads and risers are finished with suitable
flooring material.
Brick Stairs
+ not frequently used.
+ may be built of solid masonry construction or
arches may be provided in a lower portion.
+ When arches are provided, the total masonry
work is reduced and cupboards may be provided
in this hollow space.
+ Treads are generally made equal to length 1.50
bricks and risers with the layers of 2 brick
respectively.
+ The treads and risers are finished with suitable
flooring material.
Metal Stairs
The external fire-escape stairs are
generally made of metal.
+ The common metals used are cast iron,
bronze and mild steel.
used only as emergency stairs....not
common in residential and public building.
mostly used in factories, godowns,
workshops etc.
The external fire-escape stairs are
generally made of metal.
+ The common metals used are cast iron,
bronze and mild steel.
used only as emergency stairs....not
common in residential and public building.
mostly used in factories, godowns,
workshops etc.
The important features of metal stairs:
1. stringers are usually of channel section.
2. tread and riser of a step may be of one unit
as shown in figure.
3. The tread and riser of a step may be of
separate units as shown in fig.
4. The treads and risers are supported on the
angles which are connected to the stringers.
5. The risers may be totally omitted in some
cases.
6. The spiral stairs of cast-iron consist of a
cast-iron newel fixed in the center around
which the cast-iron steps are fixed.
7. For metal stairs the metal balusters with
handrail of pipe are used.
1. stringers are usually of channel section.
2. tread and riser of a step may be of one unit
as shown in figure.
3. The tread and riser of a step may be of
separate units as shown in fig.
4. The treads and risers are supported on the
angles which are connected to the stringers.
5. The risers may be totally omitted in some
cases.
6. The spiral stairs of cast-iron consist of a
cast-iron newel fixed in the center around
which the cast-iron steps are fixed.
7. For metal stairs the metal balusters with
handrail of pipe are used.
R.C.C. STAIRS
+ commonly used in all type of constructions for
residential, public, and industrial buildings ‚in
case of framed structures, R.C.C. stairs is
perhaps only choice.
+ are very good fire resistance.
+ can be easily molded to the desired shape.
+ steps can be provided with suitable finishing
material such as marble, tile, etc.
+ can be easily maintained clean and they are
strong, durable and pleasing in appearance.
+ can also be easily rendered non-slippery and can
be designed for greater width and longer shapes.
+ commonly used in all type of constructions for
residential, public, and industrial buildings ‚in
case of framed structures, R.C.C. stairs is
perhaps only choice.
+ are very good fire resistance.
+ can be easily molded to the desired shape.
+ steps can be provided with suitable finishing
material such as marble, tile, etc.
+ can be easily maintained clean and they are
strong, durable and pleasing in appearance.
+ can also be easily rendered non-slippery and can
be designed for greater width and longer shapes.
Precast R.C.C. Stairs
+ The detail and placing of reinforcement will
naturally depend on the design of R.C.C.
Stair.
+ The steps may be cast-in-situ or pre-cast.
In the later case, it is also possible to pre-
cast a flight and then place it in position with
the help of suitable equipment.
+ The detail and placing of reinforcement will
naturally depend on the design of R.C.C.
Stair.
+ The steps may be cast-in-situ or pre-cast.
In the later case, it is also possible to pre-
cast a flight and then place it in position with
the help of suitable equipment.
+ Above mentioned materials( marble, tiles,
etc.) Can be used in combination with each
other so as to formed what are known as
“composite stairs”.
+ The various components of stairs are made of
different materials and in addition, the
lightweight materials such as aluminum, plastic
etc. May be employed to construct composite
stairs.
+ The stairs of public entertainment places
such as theatres requires special treatment
for finish.
etc.) Can be used in combination with each
other so as to formed what are known as
“composite stairs”.
+ The various components of stairs are made of
different materials and in addition, the
lightweight materials such as aluminum, plastic
etc. May be employed to construct composite
stairs.
+ The stairs of public entertainment places
such as theatres requires special treatment
for finish.
Wooden or timber stairs
+ Cheap, light in weight, easy to construct &
maintenance... That's why mostly used for
residential buildings.
«Problem occurs during fire because occupants
of upper floors cannot escape......but if stair is
constructed from good quality timber like oak,
teak, mahogany, etc. using min. thickness of
5cm, to serve the requirements of a fire-
resisting stair to a great extent.
The important factors to be considered in case
of a wooden stair are as follows :
1. The joints connecting risers & treads are
nailed or screwed.
2. Stringers may be a cut/open string or close
string.
3. Scotia blocks gives an additional finish to a
wooden step if provided.
+ Cheap, light in weight, easy to construct &
maintenance... That's why mostly used for
residential buildings.
«Problem occurs during fire because occupants
of upper floors cannot escape......but if stair is
constructed from good quality timber like oak,
teak, mahogany, etc. using min. thickness of
5cm, to serve the requirements of a fire-
resisting stair to a great extent.
The important factors to be considered in case
of a wooden stair are as follows :
1. The joints connecting risers & treads are
nailed or screwed.
2. Stringers may be a cut/open string or close
string.
3. Scotia blocks gives an additional finish to a
wooden step if provided.
4. A metal strip may be provided on the nosing of
a wooden step to increase its resistance against
wear & tear.
5. Small triangular wooden blocks, known as glue
blocks, may be provided at the inner angle
formed b/w a tread & riser gives an additional
touch, placed at about 80mm distance.
6. In some cases, the risers may be totally
omitted. The treads are housed in the strings &
the soffit is covered with wooden battens or
metal sheets.
Timber used -----
- free from fungal decay, insect attack & other
defects.
- edges should be finished smooth.
- pieces of timber having abnormal light weight
should not be used.
a wooden step to increase its resistance against
wear & tear.
5. Small triangular wooden blocks, known as glue
blocks, may be provided at the inner angle
formed b/w a tread & riser gives an additional
touch, placed at about 80mm distance.
6. In some cases, the risers may be totally
omitted. The treads are housed in the strings &
the soffit is covered with wooden battens or
metal sheets.
Timber used -----
- free from fungal decay, insect attack & other
defects.
- edges should be finished smooth.
- pieces of timber having abnormal light weight
should not be used.
STONE STAIRS
«Stones should be hard 4 non-absorbent.
«Possess enough resistance to the action of fire.
«Mostly used for warehouses, workshops 4 other
public buildings.
«Widely used where ashlar stones are easily
available,
«Restricted in residential buildings to outside
stairs. Being heavy in weight, stone stairs require
stable support to avoid the danger of damage due
to settlement of supporting walls.
«Stones should be hard 4 non-absorbent.
«Possess enough resistance to the action of fire.
«Mostly used for warehouses, workshops 4 other
public buildings.
«Widely used where ashlar stones are easily
available,
«Restricted in residential buildings to outside
stairs. Being heavy in weight, stone stairs require
stable support to avoid the danger of damage due
to settlement of supporting walls.
(i) Construction: A stone step may be
constructed in any one of the following ways:
a) Rectangular step with rebated joint:
+ cut from solid stone into square or rectangular
blocks of uniform size.
+ Arranged in a manner that the front edge of
one step is resting on the upper back edge of the
steps below.
+ the overlap is abt 25mm-40mm.
+ Results in considerable saving in labor of cutting
and dressing stones.
b) Spandril step: - Steps form triangular shape
in cross-section. + Cut in such a way to obtain a
plain soffit. + Used where the headroom is
desired. + Soffits afford a nice appearance & the
weight of steps is also reduced. + The ends built
into the wall should be square so as to provide a
horizontal seating. + Soffit can also be made
broken or moulded.
constructed in any one of the following ways:
a) Rectangular step with rebated joint:
+ cut from solid stone into square or rectangular
blocks of uniform size.
+ Arranged in a manner that the front edge of
one step is resting on the upper back edge of the
steps below.
+ the overlap is abt 25mm-40mm.
+ Results in considerable saving in labor of cutting
and dressing stones.
b) Spandril step: - Steps form triangular shape
in cross-section. + Cut in such a way to obtain a
plain soffit. + Used where the headroom is
desired. + Soffits afford a nice appearance & the
weight of steps is also reduced. + The ends built
into the wall should be square so as to provide a
horizontal seating. + Soffit can also be made
broken or moulded.
c) Tread & Riser step: - The treads & risers are
provided as in case of timber steps. - The stone
slab treads & risers are connected by dowels.
d) Cantilever Tread Slab step: + Steps are
formed of treads only, thick slabs are used
without any riser. + Steps may be rectangular or
triangular in shape.
e) Built-up step: - In the form of treads 4
risers of thin sawn stone slabs. + Placed over
brick or concrete steps. + Thickness of the slab
may vary from 20mm to 50mm. + It is generally
adopted for marble steps to give an ornamental
covering to the step.
provided as in case of timber steps. - The stone
slab treads & risers are connected by dowels.
d) Cantilever Tread Slab step: + Steps are
formed of treads only, thick slabs are used
without any riser. + Steps may be rectangular or
triangular in shape.
e) Built-up step: - In the form of treads 4
risers of thin sawn stone slabs. + Placed over
brick or concrete steps. + Thickness of the slab
may vary from 20mm to 50mm. + It is generally
adopted for marble steps to give an ornamental
covering to the step.
(ii) Support & Fixing: A stone step may be
supported & fixed in any one of the following 4
ways:
a) Step may be supported & fixed at both the
ends in a wall. The bearing in wall should be at
least 100mm for stairs upto 1.2m width &
200mm for width >1.2m .
b) Steps may be supported at one end only & the
other end may be left unsupported. Such a
cantilevered step shouldn't have length of more
than 1.2m .
c) Steps may be supported at one end in a wall &
at the other end, it may be supported by a
steelwork.
d) Steps may be supported at both the ends ona
steelwork.
supported & fixed in any one of the following 4
ways:
a) Step may be supported & fixed at both the
ends in a wall. The bearing in wall should be at
least 100mm for stairs upto 1.2m width &
200mm for width >1.2m .
b) Steps may be supported at one end only & the
other end may be left unsupported. Such a
cantilevered step shouldn't have length of more
than 1.2m .
c) Steps may be supported at one end in a wall &
at the other end, it may be supported by a
steelwork.
d) Steps may be supported at both the ends ona
steelwork.
RAMPS.
When space permits, a sloping surface, or ramp,
can be used to connect different levels or floors.
Ramps are especially useful when large numbers
of people or vehicles have to be moved from floor
to floor. So they are frequently adopted for
public buildings, such as railroad stations,
stadiums, and exhibition halls. And they are
either legally required or highly desirable for all
buildings, especially to accommodate persons in
wheelchairs. In all cases, ramps should be
constructed with a nonslip surface.
When space permits, a sloping surface, or ramp,
can be used to connect different levels or floors.
Ramps are especially useful when large numbers
of people or vehicles have to be moved from floor
to floor. So they are frequently adopted for
public buildings, such as railroad stations,
stadiums, and exhibition halls. And they are
either legally required or highly desirable for all
buildings, especially to accommodate persons in
wheelchairs. In all cases, ramps should be
constructed with a nonslip surface.
Ramps have been built with slopes up to 15%
(15 ft in 100 ft), but 8% is a preferred
maximum. Some idea of the space required
for a ramp may be obtained from the
following: With the 8% maximum slope and a
story height of, say, 8 ft, a ramp connecting
two floors is 100 ft long. The ramp need not
be straight for the whole distance, however.
It can be curved, zigzagged, or spiraled. Level
landings, with a length of at least 44 in in the
direction of travel, should be provided at door
openings and where ramps change slope or
direction abruptly.
(15 ft in 100 ft), but 8% is a preferred
maximum. Some idea of the space required
for a ramp may be obtained from the
following: With the 8% maximum slope and a
story height of, say, 8 ft, a ramp connecting
two floors is 100 ft long. The ramp need not
be straight for the whole distance, however.
It can be curved, zigzagged, or spiraled. Level
landings, with a length of at least 44 in in the
direction of travel, should be provided at door
openings and where ramps change slope or
direction abruptly.
How does a ramp work?
er + Is a simple machine with a slanted surface.
+ It helps you to move things to a higher place.
‘ + It takes a lot of force to lift a load.
+ It takes less force to push a load up a ramp.
+ Aramp can be short and steep.
+ Or long and less steep.
+ It takes more force to push something up
a steep ramp than to push it up one that
is longer and less steep.
SE." |
Inclined plane
er + Is a simple machine with a slanted surface.
+ It helps you to move things to a higher place.
‘ + It takes a lot of force to lift a load.
+ It takes less force to push a load up a ramp.
+ Aramp can be short and steep.
+ Or long and less steep.
+ It takes more force to push something up
a steep ramp than to push it up one that
is longer and less steep.
SE." |
Inclined plane
How do we use ramps?
+ Ramps help people move objects from one
place to another.
* Many buildings have ramps as well as stairs.
+ Some ramps are for cars and trucks.
+ It makes moving of heavy machines to high
places easy
+ Ramps help people move objects from one
place to another.
* Many buildings have ramps as well as stairs.
+ Some ramps are for cars and trucks.
+ It makes moving of heavy machines to high
places easy
* Highway ramp
+ Wheelchair ramp
+ Loading ramp
+ Wheelchair ramp
+ Loading ramp
Elevator
An elevator is a hoisting and lowering mechanism
equipped with a car or platform that moves along
guides in a shaft, or hoist way, in a substantially
vertical direction and that transports passengers
or goods, or both, between two or more floors of
a building.
Elevators are generally powered by electric
motors that either drive traction cables or
counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump
hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a
jack.
An elevator is a hoisting and lowering mechanism
equipped with a car or platform that moves along
guides in a shaft, or hoist way, in a substantially
vertical direction and that transports passengers
or goods, or both, between two or more floors of
a building.
Elevators are generally powered by electric
motors that either drive traction cables or
counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump
hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a
jack.
Types of lifts:
According to hoist mechanism
According to building height
According to building types
According to elevator location
According to special uses
According to hoist mechanism
According to building height
According to building types
According to elevator location
According to special uses
According to hoist mechanism:
Elevators will be classified according to hoist
mechanism to 4 main types as follows:
1.Hydraulic elevator
2.Traction elevator
3.Climbing elevator
4.Pneumatic elevator
Elevators will be classified according to hoist
mechanism to 4 main types as follows:
1.Hydraulic elevator
2.Traction elevator
3.Climbing elevator
4.Pneumatic elevator
GUIDE
RAILS
CONTROLLER
UNDERGROUND
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
1. Hydraulic elevator:
+ Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston
at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the
elevator up. They are used for low-rise
applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a
maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The
machine room for hydraulic elevators is
located at the lowest level adjacent to the
elevator shaft.
+ Hydraulic elevators have many main types as
follow
Hydraulic Lift
RAILS
CONTROLLER
UNDERGROUND
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
1. Hydraulic elevator:
+ Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston
at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the
elevator up. They are used for low-rise
applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a
maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The
machine room for hydraulic elevators is
located at the lowest level adjacent to the
elevator shaft.
+ Hydraulic elevators have many main types as
follow
Hydraulic Lift
Hole-less Hydraulic Elevator with Above Ground Jacks
A. Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic Elevators:
+ They have a sheave that extends below the floor of
the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting
piston as the elevator descends.
+ Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet.
B. Hole-less hydraulic elevator: it is further
classified into three partsa.Telescoping hydraulic
| => elevator In this configuration, the telescoping pistons
aia are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require
a sheave or hole below the pit and has 2 or 3 pieces of
telescoping pistons. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50
| uso feet of travel distance.
és mae b. Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic
Elevators: it has one piston and only allows about 20
feet of travel distance.
Lera
Guide Shoes
Croshead
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— c. Roped Hydraulic Elevators They use a combination of
precio ropes and a piston to move the elevator. Maximum
te travel distance is about 60 feet.
A. Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic Elevators:
+ They have a sheave that extends below the floor of
the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting
piston as the elevator descends.
+ Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet.
B. Hole-less hydraulic elevator: it is further
classified into three partsa.Telescoping hydraulic
| => elevator In this configuration, the telescoping pistons
aia are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require
a sheave or hole below the pit and has 2 or 3 pieces of
telescoping pistons. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50
| uso feet of travel distance.
és mae b. Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic
Elevators: it has one piston and only allows about 20
feet of travel distance.
Lera
Guide Shoes
Croshead
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— c. Roped Hydraulic Elevators They use a combination of
precio ropes and a piston to move the elevator. Maximum
te travel distance is about 60 feet.
2. Traction elevator (pull elevator) :
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass
over a wheel attached to an electric motor above
the elevator shaft.
* They are used for mid and high-rise applications
and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic
elevators.
Traction elevators have main types as follows:
x Geared Traction Elevators: They have a gearbox
that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel
that moves the ropes. These are capable of travel
speeds up to 500 feet per minute.
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass
over a wheel attached to an electric motor above
the elevator shaft.
* They are used for mid and high-rise applications
and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic
elevators.
Traction elevators have main types as follows:
x Geared Traction Elevators: They have a gearbox
that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel
that moves the ropes. These are capable of travel
speeds up to 500 feet per minute.
B- Gear-less Traction Elevators: They have the
wheel attached directly to the motor. These are
capable of speeds up to 2000 feet per minute.
C- Machine-Room-Less Elevators: They are
typically traction elevators that do not have a
dedicated machine room above the elevator
shaft. The machine sits in the override space and
the controls sit above the ceiling adjacent to the
elevator shaft.
wheel attached directly to the motor. These are
capable of speeds up to 2000 feet per minute.
C- Machine-Room-Less Elevators: They are
typically traction elevators that do not have a
dedicated machine room above the elevator
shaft. The machine sits in the override space and
the controls sit above the ceiling adjacent to the
elevator shaft.
. Climbing elevator:
They hold their own power device on them,
mostly electric or combustion engine.
Climbing elevators are often used in work and
construction areas.
They hold their own power device on them,
mostly electric or combustion engine.
Climbing elevators are often used in work and
construction areas.
4. Pneumatic elevator :
* pneumatic elevators are raised and powered by
controlling air pressure in a chamber in which
the elevator sits.
+ By simple principles of physics: the difference
in air pressure above and beneath the vacuum
elevator cab literally transports cab by air. It
is the vacuum pumps or turbines that pull cab
up to the next Floor and the slow release of
air pressure that floats cab down.
+ They are especially ideal for existing homes
due to their compact design because
excavating a pit and hoist way are not required.
3-Lowprsare 0e AS
* pneumatic elevators are raised and powered by
controlling air pressure in a chamber in which
the elevator sits.
+ By simple principles of physics: the difference
in air pressure above and beneath the vacuum
elevator cab literally transports cab by air. It
is the vacuum pumps or turbines that pull cab
up to the next Floor and the slow release of
air pressure that floats cab down.
+ They are especially ideal for existing homes
due to their compact design because
excavating a pit and hoist way are not required.
3-Lowprsare 0e AS
2. According To Building Height:
A- Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories):Buildings
up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use hydraulic
elevators because of their lower initial cost
B- Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories):Buildings
up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use Geared
Traction Elevators
C- High-Rise buildings (12 + stories):Buildings
up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-Less
Traction Elevators
A- Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories):Buildings
up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use hydraulic
elevators because of their lower initial cost
B- Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories):Buildings
up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use Geared
Traction Elevators
C- High-Rise buildings (12 + stories):Buildings
up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-Less
Traction Elevators
3. According To Building Types:
Elevators will be classified according to building
type to 5 main types as follows:
1.Hospital Elevators.
2. Residential /Domestic Elevators.
3.Industrial Elevators.
4.Commercial Elevators.
5.Parking Buildings Elevators.
Elevators will be classified according to building
type to 5 main types as follows:
1.Hospital Elevators.
2. Residential /Domestic Elevators.
3.Industrial Elevators.
4.Commercial Elevators.
5.Parking Buildings Elevators.
1.Hospital Lifts:
+ Used in hospital & treatment center. Designed for
transporting large carts or furniture.
+ Speed of elevator 100 - 350 Ft / min. - Two sides of
front and back doors for loading and unloading facilities.
- Door width between 900 - 1100mm.
+ Hospital bed elevators generally transport patients who
are not well enough to sit up even in a wheelchair.
+ One of the features of bed elevators should be its
ability to transport the patient has smoothly as possible
with minimal amount of bumping and jostling.
+ Many contemporary bed elevators are manufactured to
consume extremely low amounts of power and to be
durable with a number of safety features built-in.
+ Hospital bed elevators generally draw very little power
so that should there be a power outage they are still
operational off the hospital's backup power supply.
+ Most often there will be a rear and a front entry to the
elevator cabin.
+ Used in hospital & treatment center. Designed for
transporting large carts or furniture.
+ Speed of elevator 100 - 350 Ft / min. - Two sides of
front and back doors for loading and unloading facilities.
- Door width between 900 - 1100mm.
+ Hospital bed elevators generally transport patients who
are not well enough to sit up even in a wheelchair.
+ One of the features of bed elevators should be its
ability to transport the patient has smoothly as possible
with minimal amount of bumping and jostling.
+ Many contemporary bed elevators are manufactured to
consume extremely low amounts of power and to be
durable with a number of safety features built-in.
+ Hospital bed elevators generally draw very little power
so that should there be a power outage they are still
operational off the hospital's backup power supply.
+ Most often there will be a rear and a front entry to the
elevator cabin.
S Residential Lifts:
Domestic elevators which are intended to
move passengers up and down stairs in a
multilevel residence are quite similar to those
used in large public buildings.
+ They can be built either inside the home or
outside the home.
« Most often domestic elevators designed for
carrying passengers in a residential setting
only carry perhaps two to four people safely
and comfortably.
Domestic elevators which are intended to
move passengers up and down stairs in a
multilevel residence are quite similar to those
used in large public buildings.
+ They can be built either inside the home or
outside the home.
« Most often domestic elevators designed for
carrying passengers in a residential setting
only carry perhaps two to four people safely
and comfortably.
3. Industrial Elevator This type of elevators is
used in construction, warehouses, and shipyards.
These are two types: hoist elevators and incline
elevators.
A. Hoist elevator:
+ Hoist elevators are operated by a pulley and
they can be a simple platform or a cage in
which humans or heavy materials are moved up
and down during industrial applications.
+ Generally, a pulley operates a rope or chain
that wraps around a drum causing the elevator
to rise or descend. 0 Hoist elevators carrying
materials and equipment to upper levels as
needed while the building is being constructed.
used in construction, warehouses, and shipyards.
These are two types: hoist elevators and incline
elevators.
A. Hoist elevator:
+ Hoist elevators are operated by a pulley and
they can be a simple platform or a cage in
which humans or heavy materials are moved up
and down during industrial applications.
+ Generally, a pulley operates a rope or chain
that wraps around a drum causing the elevator
to rise or descend. 0 Hoist elevators carrying
materials and equipment to upper levels as
needed while the building is being constructed.
B. Incline elevator:
+ The equipment and supplies are placed on a
form of conveyor belt that continues turning
bringing the cargo up to its destination where
it is quickly unloaded as the belt continues
turning around.
+ This is a much quicker method of loading and
unloading cargo than with a hoist elevator
because there is no stopping to unload.
Everything happens in one fluid motion. Incline
elevators when used for industrial purposes
are usually temporary and mobile. Many are on
wheels and can be easily moved from one dock
or location to the next.
+ The equipment and supplies are placed on a
form of conveyor belt that continues turning
bringing the cargo up to its destination where
it is quickly unloaded as the belt continues
turning around.
+ This is a much quicker method of loading and
unloading cargo than with a hoist elevator
because there is no stopping to unload.
Everything happens in one fluid motion. Incline
elevators when used for industrial purposes
are usually temporary and mobile. Many are on
wheels and can be easily moved from one dock
or location to the next.
4. Commercial Elevator
A- Commercial passenger elevators A passenger
elevator is designed to move people between a
building's floors. Passenger elevators capacity is
related to the available floor space.
B- Freight elevators A freight elevator, or
goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods,
rather than passengers. Freight elevators are
typically larger and capable of carrying heavier
loads than a passenger elevator, generally from
2,300 to 4,500 kg.
A- Commercial passenger elevators A passenger
elevator is designed to move people between a
building's floors. Passenger elevators capacity is
related to the available floor space.
B- Freight elevators A freight elevator, or
goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods,
rather than passengers. Freight elevators are
typically larger and capable of carrying heavier
loads than a passenger elevator, generally from
2,300 to 4,500 kg.
5.Parking Lift:
It is of two types
1.Conventional car parking
2.Auto car parking elevator
1.Conventional car parking:
The conventional parking elevators are built to
move vehicles to upper or lower levels of the
building because of their space saving feature ith
ramps on and off parking levels consume alot of
space which could be better utilized as parking
spaces for vehicles. With the addition of parking
elevators, vehicles can be transported up and
down as many levels as necessary by taking up
only the space required for that vehicle. But
maintain the need for attendants to sit in the
car, in the elevator and park it on the floor on
which there is space.
It is of two types
1.Conventional car parking
2.Auto car parking elevator
1.Conventional car parking:
The conventional parking elevators are built to
move vehicles to upper or lower levels of the
building because of their space saving feature ith
ramps on and off parking levels consume alot of
space which could be better utilized as parking
spaces for vehicles. With the addition of parking
elevators, vehicles can be transported up and
down as many levels as necessary by taking up
only the space required for that vehicle. But
maintain the need for attendants to sit in the
car, in the elevator and park it on the floor on
which there is space.
2. Auto car lift parking:
+ As against cars being driven (on ramps) or
carried (in car lifts) to different levels in
conventional multi-level parking, cars are
driven at only one level for parking or
retrieval, Cars are parked in steel pallets and
a target pallet comes up or down to the
driveway level at the press of a button, for
parking or retrieval.
+ Such car parking systems or auto parking
systems are also referred to by various other
names in different parts of the world, such as
“auto parking", "stack-parking", "mechanized
parking", "mechanical parking", "parkomat
“modular parking” etc.
+ As against cars being driven (on ramps) or
carried (in car lifts) to different levels in
conventional multi-level parking, cars are
driven at only one level for parking or
retrieval, Cars are parked in steel pallets and
a target pallet comes up or down to the
driveway level at the press of a button, for
parking or retrieval.
+ Such car parking systems or auto parking
systems are also referred to by various other
names in different parts of the world, such as
“auto parking", "stack-parking", "mechanized
parking", "mechanical parking", "parkomat
“modular parking” etc.
According To Elevator Location
A- Outdoor Elevator Common types of outdoor
elevators are platform elevators and incline
elevators.
1 Inclined Elevator
+ Outdoor elevators built on an incline can all be
used to transport passengers or goods.
+ Incline elevators are most often recognized as
passenger elevators called ski lifts. However,
outdoor elevators that move cargo on an incline
are generally constructed with a conveyor belt
and most often seen when loading cargo on ships
and some types of aircraft.
A- Outdoor Elevator Common types of outdoor
elevators are platform elevators and incline
elevators.
1 Inclined Elevator
+ Outdoor elevators built on an incline can all be
used to transport passengers or goods.
+ Incline elevators are most often recognized as
passenger elevators called ski lifts. However,
outdoor elevators that move cargo on an incline
are generally constructed with a conveyor belt
and most often seen when loading cargo on ships
and some types of aircraft.
e Platform Elevator
While it is possible to use platform elevators
indoors they are generally classified as
outdoor elevators because that is where they
are most often used. Platform elevators
usually are not enclosed by having a have a
fence or gate running around the perimeter to
keep cargo from slipping off during transport.
Platform elevators usually use a system of
pulleys as the working mechanism. Outdoor
elevators consisting of a platform are most
often used at new construction sites but they
can also be used for such things as elevating
workmen renovating the façade of a building
or washing windows on a high-rise.
While it is possible to use platform elevators
indoors they are generally classified as
outdoor elevators because that is where they
are most often used. Platform elevators
usually are not enclosed by having a have a
fence or gate running around the perimeter to
keep cargo from slipping off during transport.
Platform elevators usually use a system of
pulleys as the working mechanism. Outdoor
elevators consisting of a platform are most
often used at new construction sites but they
can also be used for such things as elevating
workmen renovating the façade of a building
or washing windows on a high-rise.
According To Special Uses
It is of two ty
+ Handicapped Elevator
+ Grain Elevator
1.Handicapped Elevator
In reality, any type of elevator that can assist a
handicapped person in going up and down various
levels of the building could be considered a
handicap elevator. However, specific types of
elevators are manufactured with handicapped
persons in mind. A good example of this would be
a wheelchair lift that gets a handicapped person
in and out of vans. The lift comes out the sliding
doors and descends in order to allow the
wheelchair on the platform. Then the lift is
raised up and backs into the vehicle. Most city
buses have this type of handicap elevators
installed on them.
[BMG by Inst. Eyob Alene |
It is of two ty
+ Handicapped Elevator
+ Grain Elevator
1.Handicapped Elevator
In reality, any type of elevator that can assist a
handicapped person in going up and down various
levels of the building could be considered a
handicap elevator. However, specific types of
elevators are manufactured with handicapped
persons in mind. A good example of this would be
a wheelchair lift that gets a handicapped person
in and out of vans. The lift comes out the sliding
doors and descends in order to allow the
wheelchair on the platform. Then the lift is
raised up and backs into the vehicle. Most city
buses have this type of handicap elevators
installed on them.
[BMG by Inst. Eyob Alene |
2.Grain Elevator:
+ A grain elevator is a tower containing a bucket
elevator, which scoops up, elevates, and then
uses gravity to deposit grain in a silo or other
storage facility. They can be classified as
either “country” or “terminal” elevators, with
terminal elevators further categorized as
inland or export types. Operations other than
storage, such as cleaning, drying, and blending,
often are performed at elevators. The
principal grains and oil seeds handled include
wheat, corn, oats, rice soybeans, and sorghum.
+ A grain elevator is a tower containing a bucket
elevator, which scoops up, elevates, and then
uses gravity to deposit grain in a silo or other
storage facility. They can be classified as
either “country” or “terminal” elevators, with
terminal elevators further categorized as
inland or export types. Operations other than
storage, such as cleaning, drying, and blending,
often are performed at elevators. The
principal grains and oil seeds handled include
wheat, corn, oats, rice soybeans, and sorghum.
Ovarpend Gomes
Basic terminologies Of lift
Elevator car : That part of an elevator that
includes the platform, enclosure, car frame, and
door.
+ Machine beam : A steel beam, positioned
directly over the elevator in the machine room
and is used to support elevator equipment.
+ Machine room : This usually located at the top
of the shaft and accommodates the winding
machine, etc.
+ Pit : That part of an elevator shaft that
extends from the threshold level of the lowest
landing door down to the floor at the very bottom
of the shaft.
+ Shaft : A hoist way through which one or more
elevator cars may travel.
Basic terminologies Of lift
Elevator car : That part of an elevator that
includes the platform, enclosure, car frame, and
door.
+ Machine beam : A steel beam, positioned
directly over the elevator in the machine room
and is used to support elevator equipment.
+ Machine room : This usually located at the top
of the shaft and accommodates the winding
machine, etc.
+ Pit : That part of an elevator shaft that
extends from the threshold level of the lowest
landing door down to the floor at the very bottom
of the shaft.
+ Shaft : A hoist way through which one or more
elevator cars may travel.
+ Traction drive : Lift whose lifting ropes are
driven. by friction in the grooves of the driving
sheave of the machine.
* Trailing cable : Flexible cable providing
electrical connection between the lift car and
a fixed point or points.
+ Bottom clearance : The distance, including
buffer compression, the platforms could travel
below the bottom landing until the full weight
of the car, when loaded, rests on the buffer.
+ Top clearance. :The vertical distance between
the top car attachment and the bottom of the
diverting pulley or any steelwork supporting
equipment; there must be an adequate margin
between this and the car will not contact the
diverting pulley or steelwork.
+ Guide rails : These, fixed truly vertical in the
2 shaft, are of steel and serve to guide the
PP movement of both car and counterweight.
LL BMCIT by Inst. Eyob Alene |
driven. by friction in the grooves of the driving
sheave of the machine.
* Trailing cable : Flexible cable providing
electrical connection between the lift car and
a fixed point or points.
+ Bottom clearance : The distance, including
buffer compression, the platforms could travel
below the bottom landing until the full weight
of the car, when loaded, rests on the buffer.
+ Top clearance. :The vertical distance between
the top car attachment and the bottom of the
diverting pulley or any steelwork supporting
equipment; there must be an adequate margin
between this and the car will not contact the
diverting pulley or steelwork.
+ Guide rails : These, fixed truly vertical in the
2 shaft, are of steel and serve to guide the
PP movement of both car and counterweight.
LL BMCIT by Inst. Eyob Alene |
Lift Shaft:
« It is determined by the number of user.
* Constructed with reinforced concrete.
* To accommodate the loading and fire
resistance.
Lift sub system:
* Control Motion - includes motor, gear,
engines, brakes and power supply.
+ Control System - to get control the
movements of the lift.
+ Door Control - contained motor connecting lift
car doors, platforms gates and door safety
devices.
* Safety Control - contain the safety gear,
speed controller for the first balance, heat
and lack of power.
« It is determined by the number of user.
* Constructed with reinforced concrete.
* To accommodate the loading and fire
resistance.
Lift sub system:
* Control Motion - includes motor, gear,
engines, brakes and power supply.
+ Control System - to get control the
movements of the lift.
+ Door Control - contained motor connecting lift
car doors, platforms gates and door safety
devices.
* Safety Control - contain the safety gear,
speed controller for the first balance, heat
and lack of power.
Escalators and moving walks
Escalators, or powered stairs, are used when
it is necessary to move large numbers of
people from floor to floor. They provide
continuous movement of persons and can thus
remedy traffic conditions that are not
readily addressed by elevators. Escalators
should be viewed as preferred transportation
systems whenever heavy traffic volumes are
expected between relatively few floors.
Escalators are used to connect airport
terminals, parking.
Escalators, or powered stairs, are used when
it is necessary to move large numbers of
people from floor to floor. They provide
continuous movement of persons and can thus
remedy traffic conditions that are not
readily addressed by elevators. Escalators
should be viewed as preferred transportation
systems whenever heavy traffic volumes are
expected between relatively few floors.
Escalators are used to connect airport
terminals, parking.
Historical
+ Jesse Reno, a graduate of Lehigh University,
produced the first working escalator (he actually
called it the “inclined elevator") and installed it
alongside the Old Iron Pier at Coney Island, New
York in 1896.
+ Piat installed its "stepless" escalator in Harrods
Knightsbridge store on Wednesday, November
16, 1898 Customers were given Brandy to recover
from the experience!
Escalator = Scala Elevator
The escalator as we know it was later
redesigned by Charles Seeberger in 1897, who
created the name ‘escalator’ from the word
‘scala’, which is Latin for steps and the word
‘elevator’, which had already been invented
+ Jesse Reno, a graduate of Lehigh University,
produced the first working escalator (he actually
called it the “inclined elevator") and installed it
alongside the Old Iron Pier at Coney Island, New
York in 1896.
+ Piat installed its "stepless" escalator in Harrods
Knightsbridge store on Wednesday, November
16, 1898 Customers were given Brandy to recover
from the experience!
Escalator = Scala Elevator
The escalator as we know it was later
redesigned by Charles Seeberger in 1897, who
created the name ‘escalator’ from the word
‘scala’, which is Latin for steps and the word
‘elevator’, which had already been invented
NE
+ No invention has had more of an influence on
shopping than the escalator. Over the past 100
years the escalator has opened up a whole new
world as a simple means of connecting different
floors
+ Escalators and moving walks still play a key role
in transporting large numbers of people. Planning
escalators and moving walks correctly in shopping
centers, trade fair centers, stores, movie
theaters and public transportation facilities is
essential for the successful course of business
and the smooth flow of people.
+ No invention has had more of an influence on
shopping than the escalator. Over the past 100
years the escalator has opened up a whole new
world as a simple means of connecting different
floors
+ Escalators and moving walks still play a key role
in transporting large numbers of people. Planning
escalators and moving walks correctly in shopping
centers, trade fair centers, stores, movie
theaters and public transportation facilities is
essential for the successful course of business
and the smooth flow of people.
Factors affect escalator design
+ physical requirements.
+ Location
+ traffic patterns
+ safety considerations
+ aesthetic preferences.
+ Foremost, physical factors like the vertical
and horizontal distance to be spanned must be
ig considered.
+ physical requirements.
+ Location
+ traffic patterns
+ safety considerations
+ aesthetic preferences.
+ Foremost, physical factors like the vertical
and horizontal distance to be spanned must be
ig considered.
Classifications
+ According to shape
SPIRAL TYPE ESCALATORS: These are
used to enhance the architectural beauty
and to save the space.
Up” Linear Escalator Next To Staircase :
Tt is preferred that staircases be located
adjacent to the escalator if the escalator is
the primary means of transport between
floors.
+ According to shape
SPIRAL TYPE ESCALATORS: These are
used to enhance the architectural beauty
and to save the space.
Up” Linear Escalator Next To Staircase :
Tt is preferred that staircases be located
adjacent to the escalator if the escalator is
the primary means of transport between
floors.
According to arrangement type
Arrangement of escalators + Interrupted arrangement (one-way
traffic)While relatively inconvenient for the
user, for the owner of the department store it
provides the advantage that due to the spatial
= separation of the upward and downward
ni directions, customers have to walk past
z specially placed merchandise displays.
| i = a - Parallel, interrupted arrangement (two-way
semen A 2 traffic)This arrangement is used mainly in
E ne ess M department stores and public transportation
buildings with heavy traffic volumes. When
there are three or more escalators or moving
walks, it should be possible to reverse the
direction of travel depending on the traffic
flow.
4.
Arrangement of escalators + Interrupted arrangement (one-way
traffic)While relatively inconvenient for the
user, for the owner of the department store it
provides the advantage that due to the spatial
= separation of the upward and downward
ni directions, customers have to walk past
z specially placed merchandise displays.
| i = a - Parallel, interrupted arrangement (two-way
semen A 2 traffic)This arrangement is used mainly in
E ne ess M department stores and public transportation
buildings with heavy traffic volumes. When
there are three or more escalators or moving
walks, it should be possible to reverse the
direction of travel depending on the traffic
flow.
4.
+ Criss cross, continuous arrangement (two-way
traffic)This type of installation is the one used
most frequently as it allows customers to travel
quickly to the upper floors without any waiting
time. Depending on how the escalators are
positioned, the store fitter can open up the view
onto the shop floor to stimulate customer
interest in the goods on display.
traffic)This type of installation is the one used
most frequently as it allows customers to travel
quickly to the upper floors without any waiting
time. Depending on how the escalators are
positioned, the store fitter can open up the view
onto the shop floor to stimulate customer
interest in the goods on display.
US. Patent
FIG, 1
PRIOR ART
5782333
Escalators Proper inclination
+ 30° inclination This inclination provides the
highest traveling comfort and maximum safety
for the user. + 35° inclination The 35° escalator
is the most efficient solution as it requires less
space and can be implemented more cost-
effectively. However, this inclination is perceived
as too steep if rises exceed 5 m - particularly in
downward travel.
FIG, 1
PRIOR ART
5782333
Escalators Proper inclination
+ 30° inclination This inclination provides the
highest traveling comfort and maximum safety
for the user. + 35° inclination The 35° escalator
is the most efficient solution as it requires less
space and can be implemented more cost-
effectively. However, this inclination is perceived
as too steep if rises exceed 5 m - particularly in
downward travel.
Table 8.4.6 Operating Speeds of Moving Walk (Based on 1000 mm Nominal Tread Width)"
Moving walk-A power driven, horizontal or
inclined, continuously moving conveyor
«used for carrying passengers, horizontally
«an incline up to a maximum of 15 degree.
Incline of Ramp on Slope | Man
jth Level — Maximum Speed with Sloping
x Entrance and Exit
{ms}
[23 os os
Over 310 5° os os
Over 510 8 os o7
Over 10 12° o7 065
* Hehe trend with may De alowsble on herons ro
Moving walk-A power driven, horizontal or
inclined, continuously moving conveyor
«used for carrying passengers, horizontally
«an incline up to a maximum of 15 degree.
Incline of Ramp on Slope | Man
jth Level — Maximum Speed with Sloping
x Entrance and Exit
{ms}
[23 os os
Over 310 5° os os
Over 510 8 os o7
Over 10 12° o7 065
* Hehe trend with may De alowsble on herons ro
+ Inclinations of 10°, 11° and 12° are the common
international standard for inclined moving walks.
+ Users find that a 10° inclination provides the
most comfortable ride. A 12° inclination is used
whenever the space available is limited.
+ Horizontal moving walks can generally be
provided for inclinations between 0° and 6°.
international standard for inclined moving walks.
+ Users find that a 10° inclination provides the
most comfortable ride. A 12° inclination is used
whenever the space available is limited.
+ Horizontal moving walks can generally be
provided for inclinations between 0° and 6°.
Promcton er ering toh
Components of escalator
+ Landing Platforms: These two platforms
house the curved sections of the tracks, as well
as the gears and motors that drive the stairs.
The top platform contains the motor assembly
and the main drive gear, while the bottom holds
the step return idler sprockets.
+ Floor plate: It provides a place for the
passengers to stand before they step onto the
moving stairs.
Components of escalator
+ Landing Platforms: These two platforms
house the curved sections of the tracks, as well
as the gears and motors that drive the stairs.
The top platform contains the motor assembly
and the main drive gear, while the bottom holds
the step return idler sprockets.
+ Floor plate: It provides a place for the
passengers to stand before they step onto the
moving stairs.
+ Truss: The truss is a hollow metal structure
that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is
composed of two side sections joined together
with cross braces across the bottom and just
below the top .The ends of the truss are
attached to the top and bottom landing platforms
via steel or concrete supports.
- steps: The steps are solid, one piece, die-cast
aluminum or steel. Yellow demarcation lines may
be added to clearly indicate their edges.
that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is
composed of two side sections joined together
with cross braces across the bottom and just
below the top .The ends of the truss are
attached to the top and bottom landing platforms
via steel or concrete supports.
- steps: The steps are solid, one piece, die-cast
aluminum or steel. Yellow demarcation lines may
be added to clearly indicate their edges.
UPPER NEEL
+ Handrail: The handrail provides a
convenient handhold for passengers while
they are riding the escalator the handrail
is pulled along its track by a chain that is
connected to the main drive gear by a
series of pulleys
+ Balustrade: consists of the handrail and
the exterior supporting structure of the
escalator. It is the escalator exterior
components extending above the steps and
it supports the handrail. It is either
designed as Interior Low-deck or Interior
High-deck.
+ Handrail: The handrail provides a
convenient handhold for passengers while
they are riding the escalator the handrail
is pulled along its track by a chain that is
connected to the main drive gear by a
series of pulleys
+ Balustrade: consists of the handrail and
the exterior supporting structure of the
escalator. It is the escalator exterior
components extending above the steps and
it supports the handrail. It is either
designed as Interior Low-deck or Interior
High-deck.
[cae am
DRNE GEAR
In NER /OASTER TRACK
RECIO
ROTOR,
+ Tracks: The track system is built into the
truss to guide the step chain, which
continuously pulls the steps from the bottom
platform and back to the top in an endless
loop. There are actually two tracks: one for
the front wheels of the steps (called the
step-wheel track) and one for the back wheels
of the steps (called the trailer-wheel track).
The relative positions of these tracks cause
the steps to form a staircase as they move
out from under the comb plate. This right
angle bends the steps into a shape resembling
a staircase.
DRNE GEAR
In NER /OASTER TRACK
RECIO
ROTOR,
+ Tracks: The track system is built into the
truss to guide the step chain, which
continuously pulls the steps from the bottom
platform and back to the top in an endless
loop. There are actually two tracks: one for
the front wheels of the steps (called the
step-wheel track) and one for the back wheels
of the steps (called the trailer-wheel track).
The relative positions of these tracks cause
the steps to form a staircase as they move
out from under the comb plate. This right
angle bends the steps into a shape resembling
a staircase.
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