Veterinary entomoloy

Veterinary entomoloy/ Parasitology/ Para-301

1. VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY

2. Definition Study of insects that cause disease or that are vectors of organisms that cause disease in animals.

3. What is Acarology? Study of arachnids that cause disease or act as vector of disease

4. WHAT IS ARTHROPODA IT IS GROUP OF INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS WHICH HAVE JOINTED LEGS

5. JOINTED LEGS

6. WHAT IS ENTOMOLOGY ? IT IS STUDY OF INSECTS

7. Why to study this subject ? Insects produce multiple damages to livestock animals They reduce egg, milk, and meat production They damage hides They transmit dangerous diseases from animal to animal and from animal to humans

8. BRANCHES OF ENTOMOLOGY

9. WHAT ARE INSECTS Invertebrate animals with 6 legs are called insects

10. Characters Insects have following main characters Head Thorax abdomen

11. Head It bears A pair of antennae Pair of eyes Mouth parts

12. Antennae They are sensory organs

13. Eyes 2 types Simple Compound

14. An other term for Simple Eye What is Ocelli

15. Simple eyes Eyes with single lens

16. Compound eyes Cluster of many simple eyes

17. Compound Eye

18. Do all insects have eyes No, some insects are blind E.g. Lice

19. Do All insects have compound eyes? Yes

20. Mouth parts

21. Chewing Examples of chewing insects include dragonflies, grasshoppers and beetles

22. Piercing

23. Thorax It is second par after head

24. What is in thorax 3 Segments Proto-thorax Meso -thorax Meta -thorax

25. Why Study the Insect Thorax? • Structure determines how an insect moves through its habitat. • Wings determine flight capability • Legs determine how it moves and digs on land

26. Legs Insects and their relatives are hexapods, having six legs, connected to the thorax, each with five components .

27. Types

28. Wings

29. Halters

30. Abdomen

31. Thanks

32. Insect Anatomy

33. Insect Digestive System

34. Insect Nervous System

35. Insect Reproductive System

36. Insect Respiratory System

37. Insect Reproductive System

38. Insect Life cycle

39. Complete VS Incomplete Metamorphosis

40. Insect Parthenogenesis (Virgin Birth)

41. Molting

42. Ecdysis

43. Instar

44. MUSCA DOMESTICA DR. A.G. ARIJO

45. COMMON NAME HOUSE FLY DR. A.G. ARIJO

46. Classification Scientific name :  Musca domestica Lifespan :  Male: 28 days (In High Temperature, Low activity, Adult) Order :  Fly Rank :  Species Phylum :  Arthropoda Higher classification :  Musca

47. Feeding Suck the fluids from wound DR. A.G. ARIJO

48. ADULT FLY 2 wings 4 black stripes on the thorax The adult is 1/4" long. DR. A.G. ARIJO

49. What is their life cycle? 7-10 days under ideal conditions . DR. A.G. ARIJO

50. Eggs 2,700 eggs in 30 days 350-900 in 5 or 6 batches. Eggs appear in clusters Hatch in 6 to 24 hours. DR. A.G. ARIJO

51. Larva is out in 24 hours The pupal stage lasts 3-6 days. The adult female is ready to lay eggs 2 2 days after emergence and continues to lay eggs for about one month. DR. A.G. ARIJO

52. LIFE SPAN Adult flies live from 30-60 days during warmer months. DR. A.G. ARIJO

53. LIFE CYCLE EGGS The eggs are white, elongate and about 1/20" long DR. A.G. ARIJO

54. LARVA Also called maggot. It is creamy white color. Maggots have no legs Carrot shaped. Two breathing holes at the hind end They're about 2/5" long DR. A.G. ARIJO

55. PUPA The pupa are reddish-brown in color. They are barrel-shaped and about 3/8" long. Pupal cases are sometimes mistaken for cockroach egg capsules. DR. A.G. ARIJO

56. Where are they found and how do they develop? Homes Restaurants Animal houses Dead animals DR. A.G. ARIJO

57. Animal and human manure Garbage or decaying meat. They can readily breed in fresh and wet garbage. DR. A.G. ARIJO

58. They may also breed in wet flour and soybean meal around industrial plants. As many as 868 pupa can develop from 1 ounce of manure. DR. A.G. ARIJO

59. DISTRIBUTION WORLDWIDE DR. A.G. ARIJO

60. Do they bite? Adult house flies do not bite. They have sponging mouthparts for feeding. DR. A.G. ARIJO

61. Do they carry disease? Houseflies are a danger to the health of man and animals principally because it carries and spreads disease organisms. They move from garbage and sewage to our dinner plates. It carries bacteria on the outside of its body, it regurgitates saliva and deposits wastes on human food. DR. A.G. ARIJO

62. KEY FACTS The average house fly lives on average 21 days. A flies wings beat 200 times per second. Flies don't grow. They are born full size. Flies have 4000 lenses in each eye. Flies jump up and backwards when taking off. Average speed of a fly in flight is 4.5 m.p.h.. Flies smell with their antennae DR. A.G. ARIJO

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64. COMPLETE METAMORHOSIS DR. A.G. ARIJO

65. CARRIER OF FUNGAL DISEASE DR. A.G. ARIJO

66. ROLE AS VECTOR DR. A.G. ARIJO

67. Mastitis Mastitis DR. A.G. ARIJO

68. Conjunctivitis or Pink eyes DR. A.G. ARIJO

69. Anthrax DR. A.G. ARIJO

70. Raillietina DR. A.G. ARIJO

71. Skin lesions DR. A.G. ARIJO

72. Eye worm DR. A.G. ARIJO

73. DR. A.G. ARIJO Control

74. Chemical control DR. A.G. ARIJO

75. Biological control DR. A.G. ARIJO

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77. DR. A.G. ARIJO

78. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY OVERVIEW Definition History Intro to Arthropods and Insects Intro to Vector-Borne Disease Concepts

79. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY - the study of diseases caused by arthropods public health entomology - arthropods and human health veterinary entomology - arthropods and pets, livestock and wildlife These fields of study are linked by the ecology of most arthropod transmitted pathogens and parasites.

80. Arthropods affect the health and well-being of humans and animals in several ways: Direct Causes of Disease or Distress Vectors or Hosts of Pathogenic Organisms Natural Enemies of other medically harmful insects

81. Direct Causes of Disease or Distress : Ectoparasites - ticks, fleas, mites Endoparasites - chigoe flea, myiasis Envenomization - wasps, bees, spiders Allergic Reactions - dust mites Annoyance - mosquitoes, black flies Delusory parasitosis (DP) - psychosis

82. Vectors or Hosts of Pathogenic Organisms: Arthropod serves as intermediate host and vector of pathogenic microorganisms Vectors and hosts - bloodfeeding Hosts only - no bloodfeeding

83. Natural Enemies of other medically harmful insects: Mites parasitic on mosquitoes Fire ants consume tick eggs

84. History of Medical Entomology : References to associations between humans and arthropods – historical (Homer and Aristotle, among others, wrote about the nuisance caused by flies, mosquitoes, lice and/or bedbugs.) Important discoveries: Microscope - Leeuwenhoek 1700’s Infectious Disease - Koch et al. 1800’s

85. History of Medical Entomology - 2 : Mosquitoes ( Culex pipiens ) and filarial worms ( Wuchereria bancrofti ) - Manson, 1877 Tick ( Boophilus annulatus ) and Texas cattle fever (piroplasmosis) transmission - Smith & Kilborne, 1891 Mosquito ( Aedes aegypti ) and yellow fever virus - Finlay, Reed, Carroll, Agramonte and Lazear, 1900 Trypanosomes in cattle blood - Bruce, 1895 Tsetse fly ( Glossina sp. ) transmission of trypanosomes - Bruce, 1896 Tsetse fly transmission of trypanosomes to humans (African Sleeping Sickness) - Bruce, 1903

86. History of Medical Entomology - 3 : Malaria parasites in human blood - Laveran, 1894 Anopheles mosquitoes with malaria parasites - Ross, 1897 Transmission of bird malaria by Culex mosquitoes - Ross, 1898 Complete development of human malaria parasite in mosquitoes - Grassi, 1898 Transmission of human malarial parasite by mosquitoes - Sambon and Low, 1899 Only Anopheles mosquitoes transmit human malarial parasites - Watson and Christophers , 1899

87. History of Medical Entomology - 4 : Mosquito transmission of dengue virus - Graham, 1902 Fleas and plague - Liston, Verjbitski et al., 1895 - 1910 Triatomine bugs and trypanosomes (Chagas disease) - Chagas, 1908 Black flies and onchocerciasis (river blindness) - Blalock, 1926 Mosquitoes and viral encephalitides - Hammon and Reeves, early 1940’s Ticks and Lyme disease - Spielman, early 1960’s

88. Arthropods and Insects Characteristics

89. Phylum Arthropoda : The phylum is probably monophyletic, but with 4 distinct groups. It includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, centipedes, millipedes, daddy longlegs, insects, ticks, and mites, and spiders. There are over 1 million species of arthropods, making up the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Taxonomy and Systematics

90. Phylum Arthropoda - 2 : Metameric - (body exhibits true segmentation - replication of muscles and nerves) Tagmatosis - (segments of the body are modified and grouped together to form mouthparts and body regions such as the thorax) Chitinous exoskeleton – nitrogenous polysaccharide

91. Phylum Arthropoda - 3 : Bilaterally symmetrical Jointed legs Dorsal heart – open circulatory system CNS (organized central nervous system) Striated muscle

92. Hypothetical Insect Evolution “Worm-like” ancestor Metamerism (true segmentation) Tagmatosis (segments modified and grouped together to form larger body parts)

93. Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea - lobsters, crabs, etc. Class Chelicerata - spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, etc. Class Diplopoda - millipedes Class Chilopoda - centipedes Class Insecta - beetles, flies, moths, etc.

94. Insect Characteristics THREE distinct body regions: Head (feeding, sensory, CNS) Thorax (locomotion, respiration) Abdomen (feeding, reproduction)

95. Typical Insect Integument

96. General Insect Structure

97. General Insect Head

98. Cricket Mouthparts Dissected Grasshopper Mouthparts

99. Insect Thorax

100. Insect Abdomen

101. Insect Antennae

102. Piercing Sucking Mouthparts

103. Insect nervous system

104. Insect Endocrine Regulated Process

105. Insect Alimentary Canal

106. Insect Circulatory System

107. Insect thorax showing tracheal branches

108. female male Insect Reproductive System

109. Cross Section of Unfed Mosquito Head Thorax Abdomen

110. Bloodfed Mosquito Thorax Abdomen

111. Gravid Mosquito Head Thorax Abdomen

112. Types of Insect Development “A” – (lacking) “Hemi” -(incomplete) “Holo” -(complete)

113. Other Medically Important Arthropods (non-insects)

114. Mite external anatomy

115. Tick internal anatomy

116. Mouthparts Why are these important?!!!

117. Apis (honeybee) mouthparts

118. Housefly mouthparts

119. Anopheles (mosquito) mouthparts

120. Concepts in Vector-Borne Disease

121. Transmission efficiency: Geographic or host distribution of the parasite Incidence of any given parasite and associated host Parasite enhancement of transmission Transmission frequency: Shorter life cycle of parasite = more frequent and more efficient transfer to be successful Both transmission efficiency and frequency related to bloodfeeding frequency and efficiency of the vector. These are important factors in vector capacity .

122. Host: reservoir host disseminating host dead-end (aberrant) host

123. Vector: primary vector secondary vector maintenance vector

124. Vector Biting Activity: nocturnal diurnal crepuscular

125. Host specificity (blood meal source): anthropophilic anthropophagous ornithophilic ornithophagous zoophilic Feeding location: exophilic endophilic

126. Incubation periods: extrinsic incubation period (in arthropod vector) intrinsic incubation period (in vertebrate host )

127. Autogeny vs. Anautogeny Number of blood meals: ovarian scar/blood meal parity status Determines: age of vector blood feeding aggressiveness vector importance

128. Types of pathogen transmission: mechanical biological

129. Biological: propagative cyclopropagative cyclodevelopmental

130. Pathways of biological pathogen transmission: Vertical transmission: transovarial transmission Horizontal transmission: venereal transmission transstadial transmission

131. Intrinsic barriers to transmission in the vector - (genetically and environmentally controlled) midgut infection, midgut escape salivary gland infection, salivary gland escape insect immune response, parasite encapsulation

132. Vector competence vs. vector capacity Capacity can be measured in the field using components of number of vectors per human, number of human bloodmeals per day per vector, daily survival rate, and the extrinsic incubation rate of pathogen; vector efficiency is expressed in terms of low - high capacity Competence can be expressed in the laboratory, but a competent lab vector is not necessarily important in disease transmission in the field.

133. SUMMARY Overview of Medical Entomology Definition History Intro to Arthropods and Insects Intro to Vector-Borne Disease Concepts