VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS LECTURE

Controll of internal and external parasites

1. MODULE NAME: VETERINARY
PARASITOLOGY
MODULE CODE: AHT0613
CREDIT HOURS: 8
DAHP: KALTC
2022/2023
MODULE TUTOR: Dr. Raymond PIUS Slaa
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2. The aim of module
Students to be able to apply
knowledge and skills obtained from this
module to carry out prevention and
control of both ectoparasites and
endoparasites of veterinary important in
maximizing animal production and
promote sustainable development of
the farmers.

3. Module Objectives
To identify parasites of veterinary importance
To know characteristics of parasites of veterinary importance
To understand the economic importance/impact of parasites
to domestic animals
Describe life cycle of different parasites
Carry out collection of different samples from farm animals
(blood, lymph, faecal, saliva, nasal discharges, skin scrapings)
samples.
Carry out control measures of parasites of veterinary
importance
Carry out preservation of parasitological specimen

4. MODE OF LEARNING
Lecturete
Group discussions
Individual assignments
Brainstorming
Questions and answers
Case study
Think, Ink, pair & share (Tips)
Demonstrations
Farm/field visits
Practical
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5. ASSESSMENT MODE
Surprise quizzes
Assignments more than three
Continuous assessment text(CAT1,2,3)
Semester examination
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6. Brainstorming
oWhat’s veterinary parasitology?????
oWhy do you learn parasitology????
oHow do parasites of veterinary importance
survive in their habitats???
oWhat can farmers do to mitigate/eradicate
parasites in their domestic animals.

7. 1: INTRODUCTION
Basic concepts and terminologies
Parasitology
Is the study of parasites, hosts, and their
relationship.
Veterinary parasitology
Is the study of relationships between parasites
and animal hosts.
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8. Terminologies cont….
Parasite:
Is an organism whose nourishment
depends completely on another living
organism.
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9. Terminologies cont…
Host:
Is a living organism that provides shelter,
nourishment and support to another
organism(parasite).
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10. Terminologies cont…
Types of host:
i. Definitive(final) host.
An organism in which the parasite
develops to its sexually mature adult
stage.
Obligatory to life cycle
Examples: Cattle, pig, sheep, dog, etc.
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11. Terminologies cont…
ii.Intermediate host:
Is an organism which harbors the
sexually immature parasite.
Obligatory to life cycle
Examples: Snail, Pigs, bovine
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12. Terminologies cont..
iii. Paratenic (transport) host
Is an organism which serves to transfer or
move infective stage from one host to another.
Non-obligatory to life cycle
Larvae do not mature or reproduce in these
hosts
Examples: EgEarthworm for Heterakis, Ascaris
suum
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13. Terminologies cont…
iv. Reservoir host
Is the animal from which the infection may be
passed to other species but themselves are not
affected.
Example: Wildlife can act as reservoir hosts for
domestic animals eg. Wildebeest-MCF
Wild rabbit are reservoir host Fasciolahepatica
while
giraffe, buffaloes, wildebeest, and eland are
reservoir hosts for Fasciolagigantica.
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14. Terminologies cont….
v. Dead-end/accidental hosts
Is an organism that does not allow parasite
development and transmission to the
definitive host.
Example: Fasciolosisin human being
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15. Terminologies cont…
vi. Infective stage
Is the larval stage of a parasite which can establish
itself in the definitive host and develop to sexually
mature adult stage.
Eg. Metacercaria-for fasciolaspp, Cercaria-
Schistosoma spp, Cysticercus cellulosae-Taenia
solium, Cysticercus bovis-Taeneasaginata,
Cysticercoid-, Hydatid cyst-Echnococcus spp,
Infective larva 3 –for most of nematodes
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16. Term cont…
Prepatent period
Is the time taken from infection until the
commencing of eggs or larvae production
by the adult worm.
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17. Term cont..
Predilection site:
Is the preferred site/location/organ/tissue by
the parasite within the host.
Monoecious-both male and female
reproductive structures are present in one
parasite egTaenia solium, Fasciola
Dioecious-male and female reproductive
structures are in separate individual
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18. Terminologies cont….
PARASITE PREDILECTION SITE
Rhipicephalusappendiculatus Ear
Thelazia spp Eyes
Dictyocaulus viviparous Lungs
Haemonchus spp Abomasum
Paramphistomum spp Rumen and Reticulum
Fasciola spp Liver
Cheilospirura Gizzard
Taenia spp Muscles
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19. Term cont…
Direct lifecycle
Is the developmental cycle which requires
only one host (definitive host).
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20. Term cont..
Indirect lifecycle:
Is the developmental life cycle which
requires more than one host (definitive
host and intermediate host).
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21. Intro cont…
CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITES OF
VETERINARY IMPORTANCE
Parasites can be classified according to
Location on/within the body of their host
Life cycle
Relationship of the parasite to the tissue it
inhabit(symbiosis)
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22. Classf cont…
i.According to location
Ectoparasites:are organisms which lives
on the surface of the
hosts.Example:lice,mites,ticks,fleas
Endoparasites:are organisms which lives
within the host.Example:Helminthes and
blood parasites(hemoparasite).
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23. Class cont…
Endoparasites (hemoparasites)
a) Intracellular blood parasites:
These are parasites found inside the red
blood cells.
Example: Anaplasma
species,Theileria,Babesia.
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24. Class cont..
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25. Class cont…
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26. Class cont…
b) Extracellular hemoparasites:
These are parasites found outside the red
blood cells.
Example: Trypanosomes, Dilofilarial
worms
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27. Class cont…
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28. Class cont…
ii.According to their life cycle
Obligate parasite :are parasites which
requires a host in order to complete its life
cycle.
Facultative parasite: are parasites which
can complete its life cycle without a host.
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29. Class cont…
iii. According to host –parasite
relationship(symbiosis)
Commensalism: Is a relationship between
two organisms where one benefits from the
other and the other is neither helped nor
harmed.
Example: cattle, horses and birds(egrets)
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30. Commensalism cont…
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31. Class cont…
Mutualism: Is a relationship between
organisms from two different species in
which both of them benefits from the
relationship.
Example: Bacteria and ciliates in
ruminants, fungi-algae in fermentation
i.e. breads and alcohol
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32. Class cont..
Parasitism: Is the relationship between
two organisms in which one
benefits(parasite) and the other is
harmed (host).
Example Helminthes and Ruminants, man
and lice.
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33. Intro cont…
WAYS FOR TRANSMISSION OF PARASITES
Refers to ways in which parasites moves
between animals.
i.Vector (biological)
Are individuals/organisms in which the parasite
develop to infective stage then transmitted to
the host through bite.
Example; Flies, Ticks, mosquitoes, glosinaspp.
etc
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34. Trans cont..
ii. Direct transmission
This occurs when eggs/larvae of
nematodes are ingested in pasture or
concentrate feedstuff which have been
contaminated.
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35. Trans cont…
iii) By Contact
This occurs after contact between affected
and non-affected individual. e,gmites, fleas,
dermatophytes, dermatophillusetc.
iv) Through intermediate host
This occur after consumption of food from
infected animal (intermediate host). Example
eating pork and beef
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36. Trans cont..
v) Transplacental/ intrauterine
The infection is received from their parents
(mother) during pregnancy.
vi) Coitus.
Infection(parasite transmission) occurs during
mating
Example: Trichomoniasis transmission
and dourine
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37. Trans cont…
vii) Skin penetration
This occurs when some helminthes penetrates
through the skin of hosts. Example: Toxocara
canisand Schistosoma species.
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38. Intro cont…
EFFECTS OF PARASITES TO THEIR
HOSTS
Competition with host for feed or food.
Reducing host appetite, causing changes
in gut epithelium leading to decreased
absorption and diarrhoea
Stunted/poor growth rate
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39. Intro cont…
Removal and destruction of host tissues,
organs and fluids.
Anaemia
Edema
Emaciation
Death in severe conditions
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40. BRANCHES OF PARASITOLOGY
1.HELMINTHOLOGY
2.ENTOMOLOGY
3.PROTOZOOLOGY
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41. Branches cont…
BRANCH CLASSES(PARASITES)
Helminthology -Nematoda
-Trematoda
-Cestoda
Entomology -Insecta
-Arachnida
Protozoology -Theileria
-Babesia
-Trypanosoma
-Eimeria
-Amoeba
-Balantidium
*Anaplasma*---it’sthe bacteria
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42. HELMINTHOLOGY :
Is the study of parasitic
worms or helminthes.
CLASSES:-
1. Trematoda (trematodes).
2. Cestoda (cestodes).
3. Nematoda (nematodes)
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43. Class Trematoda (trematodes/flukes)
GENUS: FASCIOLA
Common name: Liver fluke
Two common species
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica.
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44. Trematodes cont…
General characteristics
They are leaf shaped
Both are dorso-
ventrally flattened.
They have anterior and
posterior end.
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45. Fasciola species
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola
gingatica
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46. Trematodes cont…
-Fasciola hepatica are broad anterior than
posterior and have cone shaped at the
anterior end with broad shoulders
-Fasciola gigantica
Anterior end is smaller, cone and
shoulder are not prominent as of
Fasciola hepatica.
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47. Trematodes cont…
The genital pore is between the two suckers
They are monoecious(have both male and
female organs).
Color of Fasciola hepatica is grayish brown
but change to grey when preserved whereas
Fasciola giganticaare transparent.
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48. Fresh liver fluke and preserved
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49. Trematodes cont….
Their eggs are golden-yellow,
thin shell, oval shaped,
operculatedand they resemble
the eggs of paramphistoms
except that paramphistom eggs
are larger and colorless.
They both have oral suckers for
feeding and ventral suckers for
attachment
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50. Trematodes cont….
Definitive host are cattle, sheep, goat, horse
and man.
Intermediate hosts are snails; Lymnaea
trucantula (mudsnail) for Fasciola hepatica
and Lymnaea natalensis (aquatic snail)for
Fasciola gigantica.
Predilection site: liver bile duct in ruminants,
lungs and under the skin in man and horse.
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51. Snail species
Lymnaeaspecies Bulinusspecies
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52. Fasciola cont…
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53. Fasciola eggs
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F. hepatica the egg size is 130-150 micrometer long 63 -90
micrometer wide.
F. giganticathe egg size is 156-197 long & 90-104 micrometer
wide

54. Lifecycle of Fasciola species
i.The adult Fasciola are found in
the bile duct where they lay eggs
which are carried by bile to the
gallbladder then to the duodenum.
ii.The eggsare carried out through
faeces and undergo embryonation
to a larva stage miracidium.
(takes 10-12 days).
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55. Life cycle cont….
iii.The miracidium gets out of the egg and
swim looking for snail(intermediate
host).
iv.When the miracidium meets the snail, it
penetrates through foot.
v.Miracidium will multiply to another larva
stage called Rediae
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56. Life cycle cont…
vi. Rediaegerm cells will multiply into
cercaria.
vii.Cercaria will emerge from the snail and
swim looking for aquatic plant and attach to
a plant blade then produce a cyst and
become metacercaria( infective stage).
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57. Life cycle cont…
viii. Definitive host get infected by
consuming grass with metacercaria.
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58. Immature stages
Miracidium Rediae
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59. Fasciola cont…
Cercariae
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60. Life cycle….
ix. Inside the definitive host immature fluke
emerge from the cyst (metacercaria) and
penetrate the wall of small intestine and
reach the liver.
x. Immature fluke penetrate the liver
parenchyma and feed on the liver
tissues.
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61. Life cycle…..
xi. In the liver, they will grow then migrate
to the bile duct where they will mature to
adult fasciola and start the life cycle.
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62. Life cycle cont..
Prepatent period
F. hepatica ;2.5-3 months
F. gigantica; 3-4 months.
Disease:
The disease caused by fasciola is known
as fasciolosis
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63. 14 December
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64. Fasciola cont…
Fasciolosis clinical signs
Blockage, calcification and enlargement
of bile duct.
Hemorrhage and consequent anemia
(pale mucous membrane).
Dullness
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65. Clinical signs cont….
Emaciation.
Weakness
Edema of the throat (bottle neck).
Death.
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66. Fasciola cont….
Diagnostic approaches
History
Clinical signs
Demonstration of fasciola eggs in faeces
through sedimentationtechnique,
modified Mc master slide
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67. Fasciola cont…..
Control:
By using antihelmintics
.e.g.benzimidazole( Triclabendazole,
Albendazole etc).
Snail control through application of
molluscicides (niclosamide).
Use of biological control of snail?????
Draining swampy areas and water bodies.
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68. Fasciolotic liver
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69. 14 December
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70. GENUS :PARAMPHISTOMUM
Common name: Rumen and reticulum flukes
Two species; P . cervi andP. microbothrium
Morphological features:
Have both oral and ventral suckers but
the ventral sucker is more developed and
found on posterior side.
They have blind digestive system
They have cone shaped body
They are reddish in color when fresh.
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71. Paramphistom cont..
They are monoecious(hermaphrodites)
They measure 5-13 mm long by 2-5 mm
wide.
Egg shell membrane is colorless.
Eggs are large compared to fasciola
eggs
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72. Paramphistom cont…
Predilection site: Rumen and
Reticulum.
Definitive hosts: Ruminants
Intermediate hosts: Fresh water
snail (Bulinus spp, Lymnaea
and Planorbis spp).
They cause disease called
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73. Paramphistom cont…
Lifecycle
i.Adult lay eggs which pass out with faeces.
ii.Egg embryonates to miracidium
iii.Miracidium search for snail and penetrate
into the snail through feet
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74. Paramphistom cont…
v.Cercaria develops from rediae.
vi.Then cercaria attaches to aquatic plant
and become metacercaria.
Then the grass with metacercaria will be
consumed by definitive host and develop
to adult in the rumen.
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75. Paramphistom cont…
Prepatent period is 3-3.5 months
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76. 14 December
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77. Paramphistom cont…
Adult paramphistom
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78. Paramphistom cont…
Fresh paramphistom
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79. Paramphistom cont….
The disease caused by paramphistomes is
known as
paramphistomiasis/paramphistomosis.
Control:
By using antihelminticsi.e. Triclabendazole.
Snail control by using molluscicides and
draining swampy areas
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80. Paramphistom cont..
They are
monoecious(hermaphrodites)
They measure 5-13 mm long by 2-5
mm wide.
Egg shell membrane is colorless.
Eggs are large compared to
fasciolaeggs
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81. Paramphistom cont…
Predilection site: Rumen and
Reticulum.
Definitive hosts: Ruminants
Intermediate hosts: Fresh water
snail (Bulinus spp, Lymnaea and
Planorbis spp).
They cause disease called
paramphistomiasis
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82. Paramphistom cont…
Lifecycle
i.Adult lay eggs which pass out with faeces.
ii.Egg embryonates to miracidium
iii.Miracidium search for snail and penetrate
into the snail through feet
iv.Miracidium multiply into rediae
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83. Paramphistom cont…
v.Cercaria develops from rediae.
vi.Then cercaria attaches to aquatic plant
and become metacercaria.
Then the grass with metacercaria will be
consumed by definitive host and develop
to adult in the rumen.
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84. Paramphistom cont…
Prepatent period is 3-3.5 months
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86. Paramphistom cont…
Adult paramphistom
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87. Paramphistom cont…
Fresh paramphistom
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88. Paramphistom cont….
The disease caused by
paramphistomes is known as
paramphistomiasis/paramphistomo
sis.
Control:
By using antihelminticsi.e.
Triclabendazole.
Snail control by using molluscicides
and draining swampy areas
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89. Trematodes cont…
GENUS: SCHISTOSOMA
Common name: bloodflukes
Predilection site: mesenteric
veins and urinary bladder
veins.
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90. Schistosoma cont…
Species affecting domestic
ruminants
Schistosoma bovis
Schistosoma mattheei
Schistosoma leiperi
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91. Schistosoma cont….
Species affecting man and other
primates
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma hematobium
Schistosoma japonicum,
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92. Schistosoma cont…
Definitive hosts: domestic
ruminants and man
Intermediate hosts are the fresh
water snails. EgBiomphalaria
and other fresh water snail.
The disease is known as
schistosomiasis.
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93. Schistosoma cont…
Morphological features
Diecious (their sex are separate)
Are elongated worms
Females are slender than males.
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94. Schistosoma cont….
Males are thicker with longitudinal
groove known as gynaecophoric
canal where the female is
attached during mating
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95. Schistosoma cont…
They have oral and ventral
suckers which are more developed
in males than in females.
Their eggs do not have operculum
and are spindle shaped with
terminal spinefor S. bovis and
lateral spine for S. mansoni.
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96. Male and female S. bovis
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97. S. mansoni egg.
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98. S.Hematobium egg
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99. Schistosoma cont…
Life cycle
i.Adult are found in the mesenteric veins,
S.mattheeiand S. haematobium are
found in urinary bladder.
ii.They lay eggs which pass out through
faeces or urine from the blood vessels
after penetration using spines.
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100. Schistosoma cont..
iii.Eggs will hatch to miracidium
which will penetrate the snail and
develop to sporocyst.
iv.The sporocyst will develop to
cercaria known as furcocecous
cercaria.
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101. Schistosoma cont…
v. Cercaria will swim in water and
penetrate skin of final host (man or
ruminants).
vi. During penetration cercaria
develops into schistosomula.
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102. Schistosoma cont….
vi.Schistosomula is then
transported via blood and lymph
to the predilection site.
Prepatent period is 6-8 weeks.
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103. Schistosoma cont…
Control;
Snail control through the use of
molluscicides e.g. niclosamide.
By draining water bodies
Provision of tape water in case of
human.
The drug of choice for both man
and animals is praziquantel.
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104. CLASS: CESTODES.
They are elongated, flat body
without a body cavity or alimentary
canal.
They are hermaphrodite.
They may have few millimeters to
several meters in length.
The body consist head/scolex
followed by a short unsegmented
portion called neck.
The bodies are segmented.
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105. Tapeworms
Taenia saginata
Taenia solium
Taenia pisiformis
Taenia taeniaeformis
Dipyllidiumcaninum
Echinococcusspp(E. granulosus and E. multilocularis)
Diphyllobothriumlatum
Monieziaspp
Anoplocephalassp
Davaineaspp and
Raillietinaspp

106. Genus: Taenia
Taeniasaginata(beef tapeworm)
Infective Larval stage –Cysticercus
bovis
Definitive host –Man
Intermediate host –Cattle (bovine)
Location of adult –Small intestine
Location of larva –Skeletal muscles and
cardiac muscles
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107. MORPHOLOGY:
Head is pear shaped (scolex) with four
suckers without hooks
Long flat body with segments
(Proglottids). Adult Taeneasaginata
usually have 1000-2000 segments, in
which 6 proglottids per day detaches
One gravid proglottidsproduce
approximately 100,000 eggs
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108. Taenia Sagnatascolex
(Picture of the head)
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108
suckers

109. Infected human beings pass gravid
proglottids through the anus. (Gravid
means matured with eggs).
●Eggs contaminate pastures when
gravid proglottid disintegrate. (break out).
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109

110. ●Cattle are then infected when grazing
contaminated pastures or concentrates.
●Calves may be infected through milk
contaminated with eggs from infected
animal attendants.
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111. ●In the small intestine the
embryophoreis digested by enzymes to
release the oncospherewhich then
penetrates the wall of the intestine into
the blood circulation. Oncospheres
lodge in the predilection sites and
develop into cysticercus bovis cysts.
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113. Life cont….
Definitive host(human being) become
infected when ingested raw meat or
undercooked meat having cysticercusbovis
Cysticercusbovisis degraded by chemicals
in intestine and release protoscolexwhich
attaches on intestinal mucosal
Protoscolexdevelops into a mature Taenia
saginatatapeworm and release mature
proglotidsin faecesto the surrounding
environments.
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114. ●The cysts are infective for about 9 months
after which they calcify and degenerate.
Man is infected through eating raw or
undercooked infected meat. The prepatent
period in man is 100 days.
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114

115. Diagnosis:
In man:
i) By taking perianal swabs for demonstration
of Taenia eggs.
ii) Recovery of motile gravid proglottidsfrom
faecalsample and (from clinical signs of
abdominal pains increase or decrease
appetite, diarrhea, constipation)
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115

116. In cattle:
Through meat inspection,
Cysticercus bovis will be found in
the Masseter, Tongue, Heart,
Diaphragm and shoulder muscles.
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117. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
117

118. Treatment
Direct treatment of infected
animal by using praziquantelor
mebendazole.
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118

119. Control of Taenia saginatain human.
a) Treatment of infected humans
after diagnosis.
b) Proper disposal of human faeces.
c) Proper cooking of beef.
d) Inspection of meat of slaughtered
animals.
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119

120. Taenia solium
(pork tapeworm )
Larval stage –Cysticercus cellulosae
Definitive host –Man
Intermediate host –Porcine (Pig)
Location of adult –Small intestine
Location of larvae –Skeletal muscles and
cardiac muscles.
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121. MORPHOLOGY:
Globular scolexwith four suckers.
Neck with a long flat body.
Their segmented body have 1000 proglotids
One gravid proglottidscontain 50000 eggs
Circular row of hooks (rostellum) “Solar
appearance”.
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122. Globular scolexcont…
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123. Scolexcont…
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124. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
124

125. Life cycle:
●Adult Taenia solium is found in small
intestine of man.
●Gravid proglottids detached from the strobile
(body) of tapeworm and pass out with faeces,
gravid proglottids ruptures to released eggs
●Eggs contaminate pastures, feed
concentrates, water etc. thus pigs ingest
eggs when feeding or drinking water
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126. ●In the intestines of a pig the
embryosphereis digested into
oncosphere which enters blood
vessels and is carried to various
tissues where it develops into
cysticercuscellulosaecysts taking
about 10 wks to become infective.
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127. If an infected pigs is slaughtered and the
pork is eaten raw or under cooked by
human being then Cysticercus cellulosae cysts
in small intestine has cyst wall digested and
protoscolexevaginate and anchors in
mucosa
Protoscolexdevelops into a mature Taenia
soliumtapeworm
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128. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
128

129. Diagnosis:
In pigs the diagnosis is made through
demonstration of Cysticercus
cellulosaein tissues during meat
inspection.
Treatment:
On affected human, see medical
doctors.
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129

130. Cysticercosis
Presence of cysticercus
cellulosaein body tissue.
Neurocysticercorsis-
Cysticercuscellulosaein brain
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131. 12/14/2022
Dr. Raymond Slaa
131 Taenia soliumcysts in the brain of
man
Cysts of
the
tapeworm
seen in
the
human
brain

132. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
132Cysts of the
tapeworm
seen in the
human
tongue
Taenia soliumcysts in the tongue of man

133. Cysticercosiscont…
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134. Pig shoulder with Cyst
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135. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
135

136. Control:
i) Proper meat inspection by following the meat
inspection regulations.
For example:
●Carcasses found to have even one
Cysticercuscellulosaecyst should be
condemned as unfit for human consumption.
And the carcass is disposed off by incinerating/burning.
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137. ii) Public health education on the use of
latrines/toilets is a useful control
measure.
iii) People should avoid eating raw or
under cooked pork.
iv) Treatment of infected humans.
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7

138. Genus-Dipylidium
Dipylidium caninum
The commonest tapeworm of dogs
and cats which sometimes infect
man.
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139. Dipylidium caninum morphology
Adult has:
Length of 15-80 cm
Scolex with a rostellum armed with
4-5 rows of small hooks
Proglottids which are elongated
and resemble rice grains
Each proglottid has two sets of
genital organs with a pore opening
on each margin
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140. Adult Dipylidiumsppworm,
scolexand gravid proglotids
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141. D. caninum cont..
Life cycle
Adult worm lives in small intestine of
definitive host
Gravid proglottids detach and crawl
through anus or are passed in stool
Each proglottid contains eggs in
packets enveloped by an outer
embryonic membrane
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142. Eggs
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143. Stages of the worm
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143

144. D. caninum cont…
Gravid proglottidundergoes
disintegration to release eggs
Intermediate host ingests eggs
In the flea or louse the oncosphere
develops into a cysticercoid
Infective stage is cysticercoid
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145. D. caninum cont…
Definitive host dog or man infected
by ingestion of an infected flea
Scolex evertsand attaches to wall
of small intestine
Develops to adult producing
proglottids in about one month
Reaches its maximum length 15-
80 cm in 20-30 days
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146. Life cycle of Dipylidium caninum
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146

147. Dipylidium caninum
Man (especially young children) acquire
infection how?
Through accidental ingestion of
-Fleas Ctenocephalidescanis, C. felis,
Pulexirritans.
-LiceTrichodectescaniscontaining the
larval stage of the tapeworm
-ingestion of faecal materials on the
playing ground for children's
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148. D.caninumcont…
Diagnosis
History of the presence of the infection in the area
The infection is usually asymptomatic but there may be diarrhoea,
abdominal pain and restlessness
Motile(gravid proglottids) may be seen moving in the perianal
region
Clinical signs of pruritisin dogs.
Diagnosis is through history or observation of cucumber seed-
shaped proglottids or characteristic eggs in packets (or singly)
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149. D. caninum cont…
Treatment
Drug of choice in children is Niclosamide
-As single dose of 2g chewed for adults and 1g
for children < 4 years and 1.5 g for those >4
years old.
In dogs or cats infected :
-Arecolinehydrobromide, acetarsol,
dichlorphen, niclosamideor praziquantel.
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150. D.caninumcont….
Control
Indirectly the infection can be controlled by
observing cleanliness of kennels and
catteries e.gregular cleaning of floor of the
kennels/catteries.
provide clean bedding.
Application of insecticides to eliminate
ectoparasites(fleas &lice) from the animals,
bedding and kennels/catteries.
Prevention in man
Through preventing dogs from leaking
children
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151. GENUS: MONIEZIA
Monieziaexpansa
Definitive hosts :Sheep,Goats
Monieziabenedeni
Definitive hosts :Cattle
Preferred site: Small intestine
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152. Monieziacont…
Identification
-The creamy white adult may be
400cm long.
-The suckers are prominent,
and segments are broader
than long.
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153. Moniezia
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154. Eggs of Trichuris-A and D, M.
expansa-B, and M. benedini-C
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154

155. Life cycle of Moniezia
Ruminants are infected when they graze
pasture that have infected forage mites.
The cysticercoid then develop to adult
monieziatapeworms in the small intestine of
the domestic ruminants.
Eggs of monieziaare passed out in the faeces
of the ruminants onto pastures where the
forage mites break the egg wall and ingest
the hexacanthembryo which subsequently
develops into a cysticercoid in the body of
the mite.
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156. Life cycle of moniezia
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157. Monieziacont…
Diasese-Monieziasis
Diagnosis
-Observation of segments in the feces. The segments resemble cooked rice grains.
-demonstration of eggs in faeces
Control
-Avoid grazing on pastures permanently-apply rotational grazing
-Cultivation of paddocks and reseeding with new pastures
-Treat infected by antihelmintics, fenbendazole, albendazole
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157

158. ANOPLOCEPHALA
Tapeworms in the family Anoplocephalidae have their
scolices with neither rostellum nor hooks. They have suckers,
8-25 cm long. The proglottids are wider than long and the
mature proglottids may have one or two sets of reproductive
organs. Eggs have a pyriform apparatus and have round to D
shape, dark albuminous, thick shell. The larval stage is a
cysticercoid which develops in forage mites.
Definitive host: Horses
Intermidiate host: forage mites(Oribatidmites)
Infective stage: cysticercoid
Predilection site: small intestine
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159. Eggs-Anoplocephala, moniezia,trichuris
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160. Adult worm and forage mites
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160

161. Life cycle of anoplocephala
spp.
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161

162. Anoplocephalaperfoliatalife cycle
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162

163. Anoplocephalaperforliataand
Anoplocephalamagna
Effects Heavy worm burden may cause ill
health-, ileocaecalimpaction, diarrhoe,
abdominal pain-colic, enteritis,
haemorrhagesand necrosis of intestines
mucosa, unthriftinessand death.
Tx, praziquanteland pyranteltartrate.
Dx, demonstration of eggs and clinical
signs, history.
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163

164. Adult worms in intestine
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164

165. DAVAINEA PROGLOTTINA
The adult tapeworm is found in the small intestine
of poultry, turkey, and guine-fowl. The worm is
very small measuring 0.5 mm to 5mm long with 6
to 9 proglottids. The intermediate hosts are land
snails and slugs in which the cysticercoids
develop.
The scolexusually has a double row of hooks and
the suckers may be armed with hooks.
The intermediate hosts used in the life cycle are
invertebrates-snail and slugs
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166. Geographical distribution:Its world wide in
fowls managed under range or semi-intensive
management.
Mophology; The adult worm are microscopic . The
scolexhas a rostellumwith hooks arranged in a
double row. The surkershave minute hooks
arranged in 4 to 5 rows. The strobilaconsists of
about 6 proglottids. In the mature segments, the
common genital pore regularly alternates on the
lateral sides and opens inn an anterior position.
Gravid segment are motile.
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167. Life cycle
Eggs are released from the gravid segment through the
common genital pore and are eaten by land snails and slugs.
In the snail, the oncospheresof the eggs develop into
cystcercoidsin the tissues taking about 3-4 weeks fro the time
of ingestion of the eggs . Cysticercoids accumulate in the
snail tissues as more eggs are ingested ( up to several
thousand cysticercoids in one snail).
Fowl are infected through eating infected land snails or slugs.
The cysticercoids then develop to adult Davaineaproglottina
in the small intestine. The prepatentperiod is about 2 weeks.
NB:Heavy rows burden may cause severe hemorrhagic
enteritis.
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167

168. RAILLETINA
There are three species of interest in birds:-Raillietina
echinobothrida, R. tetragonaand R. cesticillus.
The adult tapeworms occurs in the intestine of
chicken, guine-fowl, pigeons and turkey.
Cysticercoids of R. echiinobothridaand R. tertagona
develop in ants while those of R. ceesticillusdevelop
in beetles. Muscadomestcais also used by R.
tetragonaas intermediate host.
Geographical distribution
Is world wide in birds reared under semi-intensive or
range type of management.
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168

169. Morphology
Railletinatetragonais about 25 cm long.Thescolexhas the
rostellumarmed with 1 to 2 rows of hooks.Thefour suckers have
each 8 to 12 rows of hooklets, suckers are oval in shape. Eggs are
in egg-capsules in the gravid segments.Eachegg capsule has 6 to
12 rows hooklets, suckers are oval in shape.
Eggs are in egg capsules in the gravid segments.Eachegg capsule
has 6-12 eggs.
Raillietinaechinobothrida: Adult worm is about 25cm long.The
scolexhas a rostellumwhich is more heavily armed with hooks
unlike in R.tetragonaand also the suckers,here,arecircular with 8-
15 rows hooklets.
Raillietinacesticillus:Theadult worm is up to 12cm long.The
scolexhas a wide rostellumarmed with hooks.Thefour suckers are
not conspicuous and are without hooklets.
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170. Life cycle
In R.echinobothridaegg capsules or gravid segments are passed out in faecesof
the infected birds.
Eggs are eaten by ants (Tetramoriumand Pheidole) and the oncospheresdevelop
into cysticercoids in the ants.
Birds are infected when they eat infected ants.
The cysticercoids then develop to adult worms.
The prepatentperiod is about 20 days.
In R.tetragona:-Muscadomesticaand ants (pheidole&tetramorium) serve as
intermediate hosts in which the cysticercoids develop.Birdsare infected flies or
ants are ingested.
the prepatentperiod is between 13 and 21 days.
In R.cesticillus:-beetles serve as intermediate hosts for the development of the
cysticercoids.Theprepatentperiod in birds is about 20 days.
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171. Diagnosis
Both Davaineaand Raillietinaspecies may
be recovered at postmortem.
mucosal scrapings of the intestine is
required when recovering Davainea
proglottinaand should be examined under a
microscope, while Raillietinaspecies can be
seen grossly.
R.echinobothridacaused nodular lesions
seen from the serosa of the intestine.
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172. control
Direct control by treating the fowls with
niclosamide(yomesan).
Indirect control is through improvement
of hygiene in poultry management.
Use insecticides against ants,
metaldehydebait may be used against
slugs and molluscidesagainst snails.
Alternation of range where beetles are
involved in the life cycle
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173. NEMATODES (ROUNDWORMS)
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174. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
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175. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
175

176. NEMATODES OF RUMINANTS
a) Haemonchusspecies-Abomasum
b) Trichostrongylusspecies-Abomasum and instestine
c) Ostertagiaspecies-Abomasum
d) Nematodirusspecies-Intestines
e) Bunostomunspecies-intestines
f) Oesophagostomumspecies-intestines
g) Cooperiaspecies-Intestines
h) Thelaziaspecies-conjunctival sac
i)Trichurisspp-large intestines
ii)Dactyocaulusviviparous-lungs
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177. Nematodes of pigs
Ascarissuum
Ascarislumbricoides
Trichinella spp
Trichuristrichiura
Oesophagostomum dentatum
Hyostrongylusspp
Necatorspp
Dactyocaulusviviparous
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178. Nematodes of dogs
Toxocara canis
Toxascarisleonine
Ancylostomum caninum
Uncinariaspp
Spirocerca lupi
Trichurisvulpis
Necatoramericanus
Filaroidesosleri
Dirofilariaimmitis
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178

179. Genus: HAEMONCHUS
Common name: Wire worm.
Preferred site: Abomasum
Definitive host: Ruminants (cattle, sheep and
goats)
Species
Haemonchus contortus–Sheep and goats
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179

180. MORPHOLOGY
Males are smaller than female.
The size of male range from 19 –22 mm.
The size of female range from 25 –34 mm
long.
They are bright red in color.
The female has the white ovary.
Male has copulatory bursa.
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181. Haemonchus contortus
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181

182. Male and female haemonchus
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182

183. Vulva flaps in female posterior end
and male bursa in posterior end
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183

184. Female worm
magnified image
at x45. Head of haemonchus
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184

185. Nematode egg
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185

186. Haemonchusegg
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186

187. LIFE CYCLE
It has direct type of life cycle.
Eggs are released on the ground through
faeces, they hatch to larva and molt to larva
stage 3 (L
3) (infective stage). This is ingested
by the definitive host.
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187

188. ●Then, L3 molts to L
4(pre adult form) in the
abomasum, which feeds on blood and molt to
L
5(adult form).
●The adult worms feed and mate in the
abomasum. Then the female lay eggs and the
cycle restarts.
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188

189. Habitats for worms infestations
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189

190. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
190

191. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
191

192. Disease
-HAEMONCHOSIS
CLINICAL SIGNS
Anaemiain acute haemonchosis
-Common in lambs and kids
“Bottle jaw” in Chronic hemonchosis
Weakness
Sudden death due to blood loss
Rough hair coat
Anorexia (loss of appetite)
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193. Bottle jaw and anaemia
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194. Bottle jaw
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194

195. Haemonchussppin abomasum
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195

196. Haemorrhagiclesions due to
severe infestations
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196

197. DIAGNOSIS:
Based on clinical signs
Feacalexamination and through
fecal culture method-larva
identification by floatation method
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197

198. TREATMENT:
Antihelmintics: FAMACHA method-
selective treatment of affected
animals with antihelmintics
-Benzimidazoles(Albendazole,
mabendazole)
-closantel
-Levamisole
-Ivermectin
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198

199. CONTROL:
Antihelmintics
Proper feeding-maintained cleanliness
Rotational (alternate) grazing with hosts of
different species i.e. cattle or sheep by horse
Burning of pasture
Pasture resting.
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199

200. GENUS-TRICHOSTRONGYLUS
Host: Ruminants.
Common name. The hairworm
SPECIES:
Trichostrongylusaxei–abomasums of
Cattle
Trichostrongyluscapricola–small
intestine of sheep and goats.
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200

201. MORPHOLOGY:
They are small –hair like and brown in color
Male range from 5.5 –7.0 mm long
Female range from 6 –8 mm long
Males are smaller than female.
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201

202. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
202

203. LIFE CYCLE:
Adult female lay eggs in the large
intestine of host that are shed with the
faeces
Once in the environment the eggs
release the larva 1 (L
1) moultinginto
larva 2 (L
2) that complete development
to infection larva 3 (L
3) in about 5 days.
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204. ●Livestock become infected by ingestion
of (L
3) while grazing on contaminated
pastures then the Larvae penetrate the
gastric glands in the abomasal mucosa.
L
3and L
4moultsoccur in the gastric
glands and adult parasites emerge.
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204

205. Trichostrongyluslife cycle
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205

206. Zoonotic potentials of Trichostrongylus-
life cycle
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206

207. CLINICAL SIGNS:
There is abomasitis
Oedema.
Anorexia
Profuse watery diarrhoeawhich is often
a bright green colored
Emaciation
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207

208. DIAGNOSIS:
-Grazing history and clinical signs are helpful
-Fecal examination by floatation technique
-Fecal egg count.
CONTROL AND TREATMENT:
As that of Haemonchus
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208

209. NEMATODES OF PIGS:
ASCARIS
TRICHNELLA
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210. ASCARIS SPP.
Common name: LARGE ROUND WORM OF
PIG.
SPECIES: Ascarissuum–Pigs
Ascarislumbricoides–Man
PREDILECTION SITE: Small intestine
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211. Adult Ascarissuum
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212

213. MORPHOLOGY:
●Males measures 15 –25 cm long by 3 mm width
●Female up to 41 cm.
●Cuticle is relatively thick and the worm is relatively
firm.
●The vulva opens near the end of the first third of the
body.
●Female produce egg –oval in shape and Brown in
color.
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213

214. LIFE CYCLE:
Direct or indirect:
●Female lays eggs 200,000 per day then
pass out with faeces. with favorable condition
temperature 22-26c, moisture and oxygen
eggs develops into larva one stage (L1) stage
then moultinto larva stage two (L2) which is
infectively stage.
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214

215. ●The Pigs infected when ingest L2 that
contaminated feeds, water or earthworms and L2
migrate into liver molt to L3 and migrate into
lungs where they change to L4.
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215

216. The larvae L4 enter the alveoli, coughed up and
swallowed inter to small intestine and moultto
L5 which become adult.
Beetles, and earth worms are paratenic
host,theycarry ascariseggs.
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216

217. Signs of Ascariosis
Coughing
Rapid shallow breathing
Weight loss or reduced weight gain
Diarrhea.
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217

218. CONTROL:
Sanitary disposal of animal and human
feaces.
Hygienic habits such as cleaning of
hands before meals.
Public Health education.
TREATMENT: -Anthelmintics.
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218

219. Trichinella
Trichinella Spiralis.
Disease: Trichinelliasis, trichinosis.
Host: Man, pig, rat
-The definitive host and intermediate
host may be the same animal in this
life cycle
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219

220. Trichinella cont
Predilection site: Small intestine of
definitive host, musculature of
intermediate host
Identification
-Body fine and slender.
-The female may be 4 mm. long, the
male is smaller 1.6
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221. LIFE CYCLE:
Female are viviparous. The larval forms are
encapsulated as a small cystic structure within
the infected host.
The infected meat when ingested releases the
larvae, migrate to the intestine, burrow into the
intestinal mucosa mature and reproduce.
The eggs produced then hatch to continue with
the cycle.
Larvae develop within the intestine of the pigs
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222. Trichinella spiralis–Cause disease known as
Trichinellosis.
DISEASE CONDITIONS:
Vomiting, diarrhea, Oedema and fever,
heart damage and death may result due
to heart failure and respiratory
complications.
Diagnosis
-An absolute diagnosis is made by
demonstration of encysted larvae in
skeletal muscle.
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222

223. Trichinella cont..
TREATMENT: -Deworming of
Pigs using anthelmintic.
CONTROL: -Proper cooking
of Pork.
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223

224. OESOPHAGOSTOMUM SPP
HOST: Ruminants, Pigs and several species occur in man and
other animals (primates).
SITE: Caecum and colon.
SPECIES:O. columbianum–shoats, O. radiatum–cattle, O.
venulosum–shoats
CN:-Nodular worm.
MORPHOLOGY: -They are white worm.
Body of these worms is covered with a cuticle which is
flexible
They have a tubular digestive system with two openings the
mouth and the anus
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224

225. Oesophagostomum spp nodules in
intestines
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225

226. Oesophagostomum eggs
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227. Males have two very long and slender spicules for attaching to
the female during copulation
The head is usually bent dorsed, Male range from 6-12mm long.,
Female range from 13 –21 mm long i.e. male smaller than
female.
LIFE CYCLE:
Female lay eggs in the large intestine of the host that shed
with the feaces, once in the environment the eggs hatch to
L
1, L
2, and L
3(infective stage) in one week .
Infection is by ingestion of L
3which undergoes mucosal
migration. L
3penetrate mucosal of the intestine and soon
enclose in a nodule which molt into L
4.
L
4in mucosal return to the lumen of the colon. When it leaves
the nodules disappearing then L
4molt to L
5. Following
reinfection L
4may remain as the yellowish greenish nodules for
quite a period, condition known as PIMPLYGUTS.
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227

228. CLINICAL SIGNS:
Diarrhea when L4 returning to the luminal mucosa. Anorexia, Emaciation,
Weakness, Unthriftness.
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND CONTROL: The same as in Haemonchus
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228

229. OTHER NEMATODES
TRICHURIS SPP:
CN: WHIP WORM
HOSTS: Cattle and shoats
SITE: Caecum, less common
to other parts of large intestine
BUNOSTOMUM SPP:
CN: “HOOK WORM”
HOSTS: RUMINANT
SITE: Small intestine
SPECIES:B. trigonocephalumand B. phlebotumum
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229

230. COOPERIA SPP
Host: Ruminants
Site: Small intestine and rarely abomasums.
SPECIES:
C. curticei–shoats, rarely cattle, C. oncophora–cattle, C. punctate –cattle, C.
pectinate–cattle
C. surnabada–cattle.
NEMATODIRUS SPECIES
Ruminants nematode
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230

231. TOXOCARA
Specie: Toxocara canis –dog.
Common Name: Large round worm of
dogs.
SITE: Small intestine of dog.
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232. MORPHOLOGY:
They are round in shape.
They are large in size.
They are white or light brown in color.
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232

233. Life cycle
Cats, dogs and foxes can become
infected with Toxocarathrough the
ingestion of eggs or by ingestion of
infected accidental hosts, such as
earthworms, cockroaches, rodents,
rabbits, chickens, or sheep.
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233

234. Eggs hatch as second stage larvae in the
intestines of the cat, dog or fox. Larvae enter
the bloodstream and migrate to the lungs,
where they are coughed up and swallowed. The
larvae mature into adults within the small
intestine of a cat, dog or fox, where mating and
egg laying occurs
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234

235. Female can lay one million eggs per day. The eggs
are thick shelled, single celled and round with a
pitted outer surface.
Infection is by ingestion of infective larva in
duodenum –L
2migrates to mucosae, through portal
system into liver and lungs. Then reach visceral
organs by visceral migration then to the mammary
gland where L
2changes the larvae to L
3.
Infection is by ingestion of larva in the milk
(colostrums) during suckling.
Skin penetration route
Transplacentalroute
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235

236. CLINICAL SIGNS:
Anorexia
Weakness
Emaciation
Diarrhoea
Abnominalpain
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237. DIAGNOSIS:
-Based on clinical signs
-Feacalfloatation
TREATMENT:
-Antihelmintics, -Benzimidazolegroups,
-Ivermectin.
CONTROL:
-Regular deworming of dogs.
-Practice good management
-Confinement of dogs.
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237

238. Dactyocaulusviviparous
Dogs roundworms
Lung worms
White in color to cream
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238

239. Dirofilariaimitis
Heart worms
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239

240. TOXASCARIS LEONINA
Dogs, cats and foxes, wolves, coyotes nematodes
Adult are found in dogs small intestines
Transmission routes
ingestion of eggs
Transplacentalroute
Transmammary
Ingestion of paratenichost
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241. Ancylostoma
Disease: Ancylostomiasis.
Host: A. caninum:
dog, fox, possibly man.
A. braziliense: dog, cat, fox; cutaneousforms
occur in man.
A. tubaeforme: cat.
Habitat: Small intestine
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241

242. Ancylostomacont…
Identification: A. caninum
-16 mm, long
-Grey or red depending on amount of blood
in the gut of the worm
Transmission: Infection with A. caninum may
be via oral, cutaneous, transplacental, or
transmammaryroutes
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242

243. Ancylostomum head
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243

244. Ancylostomacont…
Diagnosis
-Clinical signs and demonstration of
eggs in feces.
-In prenatal infection acute signs
may appear before the adults
begin to lay eggs.
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244

245. NEMATODES OF POULTRY
ASCARIDIA
SPECIES: Ascaridiagalli
HOST: Poultry
Predilection site: -Small intestine
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245

246. MORPHOLOGY:
They are large, rigid and creamy-white in
colourand cylindrical.
Two conspicuous papillae ,papillae are the
sensory organs of the nematodes
Tail end of female is characteristically blunt and
straight .
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246

247. The eggs are oval in shape and thick
Males measures about 50 –76 mm long.
Females measures about 72 –116 mm long.
Eggs are oval, with smooth shells and are un-
segmented when laid.
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247

248. LIFE CYCLE:
They have direct life cycle.
Female lay eggs, which have smooth / thin shell.
Eggs in presence of temperature, carbondioxidelevel
and pH moultinto Larva L
2(infective stage).
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248

249. Infection is by ingestion of L
2which are still in
egg with contaminated food and water.
Then pass in the crop and gizzard of an avian
by mechanically transport to the duodenum,
where they molt and become larvae 3 and then
larvae 4.
All development occurs in small intestine.
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249

250. CLINICAL SIGNS:
Reduced weight gain
Emaciation
Reduce eggs production
Weakness
Causes loss of blood
Reduce blood sugar content.
Diarrhea
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250

251. DIAGNOSIS:-
Floatation methods
Treatment
Piperazineis the drug choice;
albendazoleand levamizoleare also
highly effective
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251

252. CONTROL:
Confinement of birds,
Good management practice
Regular deworming
and Improvement of hygienic habits.
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252

253. 14.HELMINTHICDISEASES
Parasitic Helminthsof the GIT.
14.1 Fivedifferent mechanismsbywhichthey cause disease: -
I.Competition with the hostfornutrientsinthe gutcontents.–Ascarids,
Tapeworms–lowpathogenicity.
Causing bloodloss in the host –Haemonchus, Hookworms,and Large
strongyles ofhorses,Oesophagostumradiutum.
Cause Proteinlosing enteropathy–Diarrhoea&lossofbodycondition–
Ostertagia,Trichostrongylusspp.Cooperia,strongyloides spp.–
Transientleaksand microerosionsare causedin themucosa–Thus
allowingeffusionofthe tissuefluids, proteins&electrolytes–
Physical trauma –Oesophatgostomumspp, Triodontophorusspp.
IntestinalHelminthswith lesionsin organsfar fromthe gutmigrating
larvae–Ascarids,Hookworms,Habronema andequinestrongyles.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
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253

254. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
254
Reasons for collecting specimens:
i.To examine parasitic infections
ii.To diagnose disease and identify the causal
agent
iii.To study the morphology of adult parasite,
eggs, larvae etc.
iv.To provide proper treatment
v.For research purposes
vi.For different purposes like histopathology,
parasitological, biochemistry, culture and DNA
PARASITOLOGY PRACTICAL LEVEL 6

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255
TYPES OF SPECIMEN
Blood, Tissue, Feces, urine,
skin scrapings, pus, swabs,
milk etc.

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256
TYPES OF PARASITOLOGICAL SPECIMEN
Worms-trematodes, cestodesand
nematodes
Ectoparasites-mites,ticks, fleas, flies
Blood parasites-Babesia, Anaplasma,
Theileria, trypanosomes

257. FECAL SAMPLE
Aim/Purpose/Clinical importance
-Helminthes eggs demonstration
-Helmimtheslarva demonstration
-Fecal examination for
consistency,color,presenceof blood,stateof
digestion.presenceof mucus or other
unusual constituents,occuranceof large
helminthes
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257

258. Fecal sample collection
Materials required
-Clean glass jar/Specimen bottle
-Water
-Examination gloves
-Soap
-Animal
Plastic bags
Marker pens
Cool box for transportation
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258

259. 12/14/2022Dr. Raymond Slaa
259
PROCEDURES FOR FAECAL SAMPLE COLLECTION
Materials required: Animal, gloves, soap and water, specimen bottle/
container
1.Restrain the animal
2.Wear disposable gloves in one hand
3.Lubricate /moist the fingers with soap and water/ Liquid paraffin
4.Gently Insert moistened fingers into the rectum and collect faecalsample
5.Put sample in a container fill to the top and cover it
6.Label the sample clearly with identification details of the animal then
submit to the laboratory, Name/number of animal, owners name, date and
time sample was collected, name of the sample-Faecalsample
7.Put the containers containing faecalsample in plastic bags
8.Keep the collected sample in the cool box for transportation to the
laboratory

260. Fecal examination
Materials required
-Microscope
-Measuring cylinder
-Distilled water
-Conical flask
-Test tube
-Mortar and pestle
-Microscopic glass slide
-Cover slip
-Fine sieve
-Tall egg counter
-Normal saline/Iodine solution
-Floatation solutions
-Weigh balance
-Dropper
-Mc master slide
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260

261. FAECAL PROCESSING METHODS
1. Make a direct smear on a slide for egg
identification
2. Flotation technique to concentrate eggs and
separate them from debris for identification and
counting
3. Fecal culture to hatch eggs and develop the
larvae to the 3
rd
stage for identification
4. Faecalsedimentation
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261

262. Feacalsample examination
Examination
a) Immediate examination
b) Examination after sample preservation
-Samples to be sent to laboratory and preserved
in10% formalin
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262

263. Fecal sample examination
1.Gross examination
Observe for the consistency, color, presence
of blood, state of digestion. presence of
mucus or other unusual constituents,
occuranceof large helminthes
2.Microscopic examination
i) Direct smear (temporary wet mount)
Normal saline or iodine solution are used
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263

264. Microscopic examination cont..
-Useful for detecting motile trophozoitesof
protozoa and helminthes larvae
-Smear is made by taking a small particle of
feces and transferring to a drop of saline
-Cover with a cover slip and examine under
10x magnification with reduced light
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264

265. FAECAL SMEAR ON SLIDE (Direct wet
faecalsmear)
Used for identification of eggs and larvae
Requirements –Slide, cover slip and water/saline, microscope
PROCEDURE
Smear a small quantity of feces on a clean slide
Mix with few drops of water
Place a cover slip over the smear
Examine under low power start at the corner to opposite side.
Record the results
Limitation
Not quantitative shows only the presence of eggs and larvae
Eggs may be partially or completely covered by debris
Relatively insensitive dependanton number of eggs being
high.
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265

266. Microscopic examination cont…
ii) Concentration method
a) Flotation methods:Qualitative
flotationtechnique is used for
identification of the parasite eggs
without counting the number of
eggs per gram of faeces.
b) Sedimentation
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266

267. FLOTATION METHOD-( Simple Test
Tube Flotation)
Is a qualitative test for the identification of
nematodes, cestodeeggs and protozoan oocysts–
eggs are separated from fecal material and
concentrated by a floatation fluid of an appropriate
specific gravity.
Nematodes and cestodeseggs are light, they will
float in floatation fluid
Example of worms, Taeniaspp, Echnococcusspp,
Dipylidiumspp, Moniezia, Anoplocephalaspp,
Haemonchus, Ascaris, Nematodirus, Cooperia,
Ostertagia, Trichostrongyllus, Trichuris.
1. General purpose solution (saturated salt solution)
Nacl200 gmin 500ml of water stirs thoroughly before
use.
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267

268. Materials used
-2 beakers/containers
Tea strainer/ sieve
Measuring cylinder
Stirring rod
Mortar and pestle
Test tube and rack
Microscope, slides and cover slip
Balance/ teaspoon
Flotation fluid-saturated solution with salt or
sugar, zinc sulphate
Saturated Sodium Chloride solution
Sugar solution
Saturated Sodium Nitrate solution
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268

269. Procedures for Processing
Measure teaspoon approx. 3 gmof feces put into a container
number 1.
Pour 50 ml of flotation fluid into a container 1
Stir or mix faces and fluid thoroughly with stirring rod
Pour the suspension through a tea strainer into container number
2
Pour the suspension into test tube
Fill to the top leaving a convex meniscus at the top of the tube
Carefully put the cover slip on top of the test tube and leave to
stand for 20 minutes
Carefully lift cover slip off the tube together with the drop of fluid
adhering to it and place cover slip on the clear slide
Examine using low power 10 magnification
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269

270. Floatation Methods For Worms Eggs
Recovery
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270

271. Modified Mc Master Method: This is a quantitative flotation
method and involves the use of a Mc Master slide chamber.
Procedure:
3 gm of faecal sample is added to 50 ml of saturated Sodium
Chloride solution in a jar and mixed well.
The mixture is sieved through a wire mesh of aperture size
0.15 mm and filtrate caught in a bowl or beaker.
Stir the filtrate well and take an aliquoteusing a Pasteur
pipette and run into one chamber of the Mc Master slide.
Repeat as above and run the aliquoteinto the second
chamber.
Count the eggs in each of the two chambers using a
microscope. The EPG is obtained by multiplying the total
number of eggs in the two chambers by 50. Or the number
of eggs in one chamber by 100.
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271

272. FAECAL SEDIMENTATION
The technique is a quantitative method for
detecting trematodeeggs in feces. Fasciola
spp, Paramphistomum spp
Equipmentsas for flotation in addition of
Methylene blue 1% and pipettes.
Procedures
Weigh approx. 3 g of faecalput into a
container
Pour 40 –50 ml of tape water into container 1
Mix thoroughly
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272

273. Filter by tea strainer into container 2
Pour filtrate from container 2 into the test tube
Remove supernatant with pipette carefully
Re suspend the sediment in 5 ml of water
Allow to sediment for 5 minutes
Discard supernatant carefully stain the sediments
by adding one drop of methylene blue. The
dyes stain the faecalparticles deep blue leaving
the trematodeeggs unstained
Examine using low power under microscope to
identify eggs
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273

274. General methods for worms diagnosis
in domestic animals
Through history taking, about presence of intermediates host in
an area, presence of particular worm, habitats of worms like
swampy areas and history of deworming
Clinical signs shown by infected animals, including rough hair
coat, distended abdomen(pot belly)-due to edema resulted
from hypoproteinemia, cachexia(emaciations), anaemia,
diarrhoea, anorexia, coughing
Fecal sample examination(for faecal consistency, color &
helminthes eggs and larvae)-through qualitative methods-
microscopic examination and through quantitative methods-
using Mc Master slide to get exactly number of eggs per fecal
gram)
Fecal culture-for visualization of worms larvae stage through
culturing of the eggs in the lab providing favorable
environment for hatching of eggs(temperature around 26ºc,
oxygen and moisture)
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274

275. General methods for worms
diagnosis in domestic animals
Copro-antigen detection technique: A copro-antigen is an antigen
produced by helminthsof the gastrointestinal tract released in the host
faeces. The method uses an ELISA method. Has a higher sensitivity and
a positive result indicates that there is a current infection in the
animals/individuals tested. It can detect the presence of the helminth
even before eggs are laid by the female in the animal.
Copro-antigens rapidly disappear, within 5 days, from faecesafter
elimination of worms by treatment or immune rejection. The method is
based on antibody capture of parasite antigens released in the
faeces. Examples: -Copro-antigen ELISA for Echinococcusinfection in
dogs is available commercially (Genzyme VirotechGmbH, Russelsheim,
Germany). A dipstick dot-ELISA for detection of Taenia antigens in
human stools.
Post-mortem examination for presence of adult worms, cysts and
lesions they cause in their predilection sites
Blood examination for microfilarialincase of extracellular
hemoparasiteslike Dirofilariaworms
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275

276. Culturing nematode larva from
faeces:
In order to identify nematodes to genera and species
level in living animals requires to obtain L3 from cultured
faeces.
Coprocultureprovide optimum conditions for
development of larvae (moisture, temperature & aeration
PROCEDURE
5 gm of faecesare broken up and mixed well with sterile
water to produce consistence Of semi-solid faeces.
Place into wide mouthed glass culture dish with a screw
top. Ensure aeration. Or on a moist filter paper in a Petri
dish and apply lid.
Allow to stand at 26
o
C for 7days. Check for adequate
humidity every other day.
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276

277. PROCEDURE, Cont.’
Recover larvae by glass
Baermannmethod.-Baerman’s
Technique
Identify using keys for
identification.
L3 can be stored and
maintained in shallow water in
Petri dishes at 4
o
to 10
o
C for a
year.
NB Dictyocauluslarvae can be
stored for only 2 months.
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277

278. Preservation of parasitological
specimens using different
methods
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278

279. Preservation
Is the process that serves to keep the
dead body of an organism from decay
-Both vertebrates and invertebrates can
be preserved in fluid or as dry specimens
The standard chemical preservatives are
-Formaldehyde(Formalin )
-Ethyl alcohol or ethanol
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279

280. What are parasitological specimens?.
-Are parasites preserved for future use by using
different methods.
Reasons for preservation.
a) For morphological study of the specimen.
b) Research purposes.
C) for taxonomic reasons
d) for zoological museum collection-for studies
purpose.
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280

281. Material required:
-Formaldehyde (formalin)
-Ethanol/ethyl alcohol
-Specimen(Vertebrates/Invertebrates)
-Specimen jars
-Universal bottles
-Bijou bottles
-Liquid nitrogen
-Microscope slides
-Adhesive
-Marker pens
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281

282. Methods for preserving parasitological
specimen.
-Drying
-Freezing
-Putting in liquid nitrogen
-Putting in formalin-fixative and storage
penetrate more rapidly, preserve color
-ethanol for fixation and storage
-Animal inoculation
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282

283. The end!!!
Thanks for your tentative attention
14 December
2022
Dr. Raymond Slaa
283