VIII SEM SOCIAL AND PREVENTIVE PHARMACY UNIT 1

DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
• Physical Health: This refers to the condition of the body. Being
physically healthy means avoiding illness, staying active through
regular exercise, nourishing yourself with wholesome foods, and getting
enough restful sleep.
• Mental Health:This involves your emotional and cognitive well-being.
Good mental health enables you to manage stress effectively, make
sound decisions, and maintain positive relationships. Activities like
reading, practicing meditation, or sharing your feelings with someone
can support mental wellness.
• Social Health: This focuses on your interactions and relationships with
others. Strong social health means you can build friendships, feel
comfortable in social groups, and behave appropriately in various
settings.
• Spiritual Health: This relates to what gives your life meaning and
purpose. While often connected to religious beliefs, spiritual health can
also stem from experiences with nature, engagement with art, or acts of
kindness and service to others
CONCEPT OF DISEASE
• A universally accepted definition of disease remains elusive; notably, the
World Health Organization has yet to establish a formal definition.
• According to the Oxford English Dictionary, disease is described as “A
state affecting the body or a specific organ where normal functions are
disrupted or impaired."
• Webster's Dictionary characterizes disease as “A condition causing
discomfort and a serious disturbance to bodily health, representing a
deviation from normal health and interfering with essential bodily
functions.
CONCEPT AND EVALUATION OF PUBLIC
HEALTH
• Public health encompasses both the scientific study and practical application
aimed at preventing illness, extending lifespan, and enhancing overall health
and productivity through coordinated community initiatives. It focuses on the
well-being of entire populations and works to curb diseases that impact society
at large. Essentially, public health represents a collective societal endeavor to
safeguard, advance, and restore the health of individuals. This field integrates
diverse disciplines, expertise, and values to sustain and elevate the health status
of all people via unified social efforts.
• Promoting Health
• A fundamental component of public health is health promotion, which is
relevant across various environments including communities, healthcare
facilities, and other service venues. Health promotion serves as a strategic
framework that encompasses activities designed to improve the health and
wellness of both individuals and communities
DISEASE PREVENTION
• The goal of medicine is to foster, maintain, and restore
health when it declines, while also reducing pain and
discomfort.
• Effective prevention relies on several key elements:
• Understanding the causes of diseases.
• Grasping how illnesses spread.
• Recognizing risk factors and vulnerable populations.
• Ensuring access to preventive measures.

1. K.G.NITHYA LAKSHMI M.PHARM
DEPARTMENT OF
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS

2. DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
•Physical Health:This refers to the condition of the body. Being
physically healthy means avoiding illness, staying active through
regular exercise, nourishing yourself with wholesome foods, and getting
enough restful sleep.
•Mental Health:This involves your emotional and cognitive well-being.
Good mental health enables you to manage stress effectively, make
sound decisions, and maintain positive relationships. Activities like
reading, practicing meditation, or sharing your feelings with someone
can support mental wellness.
•Social Health:This focuses on your interactions and relationships with
others. Strong social health means you can build friendships, feel
comfortable in social groups, and behave appropriately in various
settings.
•Spiritual Health:This relates to what gives your life meaning and
purpose. While often connected to religious beliefs, spiritual health can
also stem from experiences with nature, engagement with art, or acts of
kindness and service to others.

3. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
•Financial and Social Standing: People with greater wealth and higher social
ranks typically experience superior health. The health gap widens as the
disparity between the richest and poorest grows.
•Level of Education: Those with limited educational opportunities often face
poorer health outcomes, heightened stress levels, and reduced confidence.
•Surrounding Environment: Clean water, pure air, secure housing, healthy
workplaces, safe neighborhoods, and reliable infrastructure are all vital for
sustaining good health.
•Job Status and Work Conditions: Employment generally promotes better
health, especially when workers have autonomy and control over their work
environment.
•Supportive Relationships: Robust networks of family, friends, and community
provide essential emotional and practical support that enhances health.

4. •Cultural Background: The customs, traditions, and shared
beliefs within families and communities influence health
behaviors and outcomes.
•Inherited Traits: Genetic makeup affects lifespan, overall
health, and vulnerability to specific diseases.
•Personal Habits and Stress Handling: Nutrition, physical
activity, smoking, alcohol use, and the ability to manage
stress all play significant roles in health.
•Access to Healthcare: The availability and use of medical
services for prevention and treatment shape health status.
•Biological Sex: Men and women face distinct health issues
and disease risks at different life stages.

5. CONCEPT OF DISEASE
•A universally accepted definition of disease remains elusive; notably, the
World Health Organization has yet to establish a formal definition.
•According to the Oxford English Dictionary, disease is described as“A
state affecting the body or a specific organ where normal functions are
disrupted or impaired."
•Webster's Dictionary characterizes disease as “A condition causing
discomfort and a serious disturbance to bodily health, representing a
deviation from normal health and interfering with essential bodily
functions."

6. •Disease Progression Overview:This describes the natural course a disease
takes over time if left untreated.
•Pre-Disease Stage:At this initial phase, the individual shows no
symptoms, and there are no detectable alterations in cells, tissues, or
organs.
•Disease Development Stage:This phase marks the onset of the disease's
impact, where changes begin to appear at the cellular and tissue levels.

7. CONCEPT AND EVALUATION OF PUBLIC
HEALTH
•Public health encompasses both the scientific study and practical application
aimed at preventing illness, extending lifespan, and enhancing overall health
and productivity through coordinated community initiatives. It focuses on the
well-being of entire populations and works to curb diseases that impact society
at large. Essentially, public health represents a collective societal endeavor to
safeguard, advance, and restore the health of individuals. This field integrates
diverse disciplines, expertise, and values to sustain and elevate the health status
of all people via unified social efforts.
•Promoting Health
•A fundamental component of public health is health promotion, which is
relevant across various environments including communities, healthcare
facilities, and other service venues. Health promotion serves as a strategic
framework that encompasses activities designed to improve the health and
wellness of both individuals and communities.

8. •Essential roles in public health practice
•Controlling and preventing outbreaks of disease
•Safeguarding environmental quality, workplace safety, and the integrity of
food and water supplies
•Encouraging and supporting healthy lifestyle choices
•Tracking and analyzing the community's overall health trends
•Engaging and empowering communities to take health initiatives
•Providing timely responses to emergencies and disasters
•Ensuring healthcare services are high-quality, accessible, and accountable
•Pursuing research to uncover new knowledge and develop innovative
health solutions
•Guiding the creation and implementation of effective health policies and
strategic planning

9. EVALUATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH
•Evaluation is a structured approach to determine how well a
program meets its defined goals, examining its sufficiency,
effectiveness, and the level of acceptance among all stakeholders.
•Why Evaluation Matters
•To monitor progress toward targeted health outcomes at national or
state levels and pinpoint causes for any shortfalls.
•To support improved health strategy development.
•To verify if intended health results are being realized and to identify
necessary corrective actions.
•To record achievements of projects financed by donor organizations.
•To enhance health programs and infrastructure, guiding resource
distribution for current and future efforts.
•To make health interventions more pertinent, efficient, and
impactful.

10. DISEASE PREVENTION
•The goal of medicine is to foster, maintain, and restore
health when it declines, while also reducing pain and
discomfort.
•Effective prevention relies on several key elements:
•Understanding the causes of diseases.
•Grasping how illnesses spread.
•Recognizing risk factors and vulnerable populations.
•Ensuring access to preventive measures, early
diagnosis, and timely treatment.
•Establishing systems to deliver these interventions to
the right individuals or groups, along with ongoing
assessment and refinement of these strategies.

11. Types of Prevention
•Primordial Prevention
Primordial prevention involves strategies and interventions aimed at stopping
risk factors from ever developing. This approach targets the root causes found
in environmental, economic, social, behavioral, and cultural conditions that
shape how people live. Essentially, it focuses on preventing the initial
emergence of risk factors within populations or countries where they have not
yet appeared. For instance, obesity often begins in childhood, a critical period
when habits such as diet, physical activity, and smoking behaviors start to form
and influence long-term health outcomes.
Primary Prevention
•Primary prevention refers to proactive steps taken to stop a disease from
developing in the first place, effectively eliminating any chance of its
occurrence.
•This approach targets the earliest stage of a health issue or disease. It is
achieved through strategies known as “health promotion” and “specific
protection.” Central to this concept is "positive health," which emphasizes
fostering and sustaining a level of well-being that empowers individuals to live
productive lives both socially and economically.

12. •Health Promotion and Specific Protection
•Health promotion involves empowering individuals to gain greater
control over the factors that influence their health, thereby enhancing
their overall well-being. Key components include:
•Educational initiatives about health
•Modifying environmental conditions
•Implementing nutritional programs
•Encouraging healthier lifestyle and behavior changes
•Secondary Prevention
•Secondary prevention focuses on halting the progression of disease by
identifying hidden illnesses early and intervening before permanent
damage occurs. It also aims to stop the spread of infectious diseases,
thereby protecting both the affected individuals and those they might
come into contact with. This dual role means it serves as secondary
prevention for the infected and primary prevention for their potential
contacts.

13. •Tertiary Prevention
•Tertiary prevention comes into play once a disease has progressed beyond its
initial stages. It encompasses all strategies designed to minimize disabilities and
impairments, helping patients adapt to chronic or irreversible conditions. Key
components of tertiary prevention include efforts to limit disability and provide
rehabilitation to improve quality of life.
•Nutrients:
•Vital components in our diet that sustain health and enable bodily functions
•Carbohydrates: Primary fuel that powers the body's activities
•Proteins: Crucial for tissue growth and repair
•Fats: Energy reserves that also shield organs and facilitate digestion
•Vitamins: Key players in managing bodily processes
•Minerals: Essential for bone strength, nerve health, and other critical functions
•Water: Indispensable for hydration and supporting numerous physiological tasks

14. Balanced Diet
A balanced diet consists of a diverse selection of foods drawn from every major
food category:
•Fresh fruits
•Colorful vegetables
•Whole grains (preferred for added nutrients)
•Protein sources such as meat, fish, legumes, and nuts
•Dairy products including milk, yogurt, and cheese Consuming a well-rounded
diet like this guarantees that your body receives all essential nutrients in the
appropriate amounts to support overall health.
•Common Nutrient Deficiencies
•Iron Deficiency:
–Iron plays a vital role in producing red blood cells and transporting oxygen
throughout the body.
–Dietary sources include hemeiron, found in red meats, organ meats, and
shellfish, and non-hemeiron, present in beans, seeds, and dark leafy
vegetables.
–Lack of iron can lead to anemia, a compromised immune system, and
reduced cognitive abilities.

15. Iodine Deficiency:
–Iodine is essential for healthy thyroid gland function and the synthesis of
thyroid hormones.
–It is commonly obtained from iodized salt, seafood, and dairy products.
–Insufficient iodine intake may cause thyroid-related issues, including goiter.
Vitamin D Deficiency:
–Vitamin D is crucial for maintaining strong bones, supporting immune
health, and overall wellness.
–Sources include sunlight exposure, fatty fish, fortified foods, and
supplements.
–Deficiency can result in fragile bones, heightened susceptibility to
infections, and mood changes
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
•Plays a critical role in maintaining nerve health, supporting DNA creation, and
producing red blood cells.
•Found primarily in animal-based foods such as meat, fish, and dairy products.
•Deficiency can lead to anemia and nerve-related complications.

16. Vitamin A Deficiency
•Essential for sharp vision, robust immune defenses, and healthy skin.
•Rich sources include liver, eggs, dairy, and vibrant orange or yellow fruits and
vegetables.
•Lack of vitamin A may cause night blindness, reduced immunity, and skin
problems.
Vitamin B9 (Folate) Deficiency
•Key for cell growth, DNA formation, and crucial fetal development during
pregnancy.
•Abundant in leafy green vegetables, legumes, and fortified grain products.
•Insufficient intake can result in anemia and birth defects.
Calcium Deficiency
•Necessary for strong bones, proper muscle contractions, and effective nerve
signaling.
•Commonly obtained from dairy, leafy greens, and foods enhanced with calcium.
•Deficiency symptoms include fragile bones and muscle cramps.

18. MALNUTRITION
•Malnutrition arises when the balance between the nutrients your body requires
and what it actually receives is disrupted. This condition can present itself as
either a shortage or an excess of nutrients. The main categories include:
•Undernutrition:
–What It Is: Occurs due to a lack of vital nutrients.
–Causes: Can stem from insufficient food intake, poor absorption of
nutrients, or other underlying issues.
–Signs: Noticeable loss of fat and muscle mass, though sometimes
symptoms are not outwardly visible.
–Examples: It’s possible to be overweight yet still suffer from nutrient
deficiencies.
–Subtypes:
•Protein-Energy Undernutrition: Inadequate intake of macronutrients
such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
•Micronutrient Deficiency: Insufficient vitamins and minerals.
•Overnutrition:
–What It Is: The condition of consuming nutrients in excess.
–Health Implications: Often linked to overweight, obesity, and chronic
diseases.
–Examples: Eating too many calories or taking excessive amounts of certain
vitamins or minerals.
•

19. Prevention Approaches
•Early Identification:
–Monitor for indicators such as unexplained weight loss, changes in
how clothes fit, dental issues, or frequent falls.
–Stay attentive to any shifts in the eating patterns of those you care
about.
•Healthcare Access:
–Ensure availability of vaccinations, oral rehydration solutions,
dewormingtreatments, and effective management of common
diseases.
–Encourage breastfeeding for infants alongside timely introduction of
suitable complementary foods.
•Nutritionally Balanced Eating:
–Focus on a diverse and wholesome diet rich in fruits, vegetables,
whole grains, lean meats, and dairy products.
–Limit intake of sugary snacks and fast food items.

20. SOCIO-CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON
HEALTH AND ILLNESS
•ENVIRONMENT The surroundings we live in have a profound impact on our
physical health, mental state, and social interactions. Environmental elements
include everything from the quality of housing, access to clean water, air purity,
and noise levels, to psychological pressures and family dynamics. Additionally,
the strength of social and economic support networks, along with how health
and social welfare services are structured within a community, play crucial roles
in shaping overall well-being.
•LIFESTYLELifestylereflects the way individuals conduct their lives,
embodying cultural norms, personal values, and daily behaviors. It encompasses
enduring habits and cultural practices such as tobacco use and alcohol
consumption. Many prevalent health issues today—like heart disease, obesity,
and lung cancer—are closely linked to these lifestyle choices.

22. •Socio-Economic Factors
•Economic Status:
•Education:
•Occupation:
•Political Environment:
•Housing and Health
•The place you call home plays a crucial role in your overall well-being.
Living in substandard housing conditions consistently increases the
likelihood of health issues. Ensuring your residence is secure and safe is
essential.
•The quality of your neighborhood also significantly influences health
outcomes. Communities free from violence, crime, and environmental
hazards provide a safe space for both children and adults to engage in
physical activities. Additionally, having easy access to grocery stores
supports families in purchasing and consuming nutritious foods.

23. •HEALTHCARE SERVICES
•The goal of robust healthcare services is to elevate the overall health of the
community. For instance, ensuring access to clean water and a safe environment,
along with vaccinating expectant mothers, babies, and young children.
•EDUCATION
•Education equips individuals with the knowledge to make informed health choices.
Those with higher educational attainment often enjoy longer lifespans. Additionally,
education frequently leads to better-paying employment opportunities, which may
include benefits like health insurance, safer workplaces, and social networks—all
contributing to improved health outcomes.
•INCOME
•Your earnings significantly influence your health. Individuals with greater income
levels generally experience better health and longer lives compared to those with
lower incomes. They are more likely to reside in secure neighborhoods, have access
to grocery stores offering nutritious foods, and find safe places for physical activity.
Conversely, people with limited income often live in impoverished areas, facing
challenges such as unsafe housing, difficulty obtaining healthy food, and less time
for exercise, all of which can negatively impact health.

24. HYGIENE AND HEALTH
•Hygiene and Well-being: Emphasizing personal cleanliness,
health maintenance, and the elimination of harmful habits
•Categories of Hygiene:
–Occupational Hygiene: This involves recognizing,
predicting, managing, evaluating, and ensuring protection
against workplace hazards that could lead to illness, injury,
or negatively impact workers' health.
–Public Hygiene: Focused on groups within a community,
this type of hygiene aims to elevate living standards by
improving sanitation and environmental conditions in
residential areas.
–Individual Hygiene: Refers to the practices of
maintaining cleanliness and health of one's own body.

25. Personal Hygiene and Health Care
•Personal hygiene refers to the practice of maintaining cleanliness of the body.
This broad concept includes several key habits such as:
–Taking regular baths or showers
–Changing clothes frequently
–Washing hands thoroughly
–Trimming nails
–Brushing teeth daily
–Cleaning the scalp and managing hair
–Removing unwanted hair
–Engaging in physical exercise
•Maintaining good personal hygiene is crucial for both individual health and
societal well-being. Every culture values and upholds standards of cleanliness,
recognizing that these practices contribute significantly to a person's overall
health and quality of life.

26. Goals / Objectives
•Enhance overall quality of life.
•Protect against illnesses and health threats.
•Boost physical well-being.
•Personal Hygiene Benefits
•Foster higher self-confidence within the community.
•Strengthen the body's defenses against infections.
•Support mental wellness.
•Encourage healthy living habits.
•Prevent the spread of diseases.
•Elevate life satisfaction.
•Nurture community bonds and spiritual well-being.

27. Some avoidable habits
•Avoid these frequent behaviors to maintain cleanliness and hygiene:
•Eating meals at your workstation.
•Leaving unwashed dishes in shared spaces.
•Sneezing without covering your mouth with a tissue.
•Forgetting to flush the toilet after use.
•Neglecting to wash hands thoroughly post restroom visits.
•Using spoons and utensils that are not clean.
•Biting your nails.
•Skipping daily tooth brushing.
•Overusing perfume to mask body odor.
•Failing to wash fruits and vegetables before consumption.
•Disposing of sanitary products improperly.