Vijayanagara & Bahmani Kingdom - The Introduction -

Vijayanagara and Bahmani Kingdom for BA History Undergraduates

1. vIJAYANAGAR
&
BAHAMANI
EMPIRES

2. VIJAYANAGARA
EMPIRE

3. Causes for the emergen
ce
What led to the establishment of Vijayanagara Empire ?
Continuous attacks by the Khilji dynasty of the North.
Political Instablity in the South.
Fear factor.
Religious turmoil.
Need to protect the interests of the Hindus & Indian Culture.

4. O
rigin
Harihara I & Bukka I established the Vijayanagara empire on the
banks of Tungabhadra in the year 1336.
Hampi was the capital of the empire.
Four dynasties of Vijayanagar
Establishment of Vijayanagara empire is considered as ‘Landmark’ in
Indian History.
Sangama Saluva Tuluva Araveedu

5. H
arihara I (hakka)
Founder of the
 Sangama dynasty, the first among the four dynasties
that ruled
 Vijayanagara. 
Control over the valley of Tungabhadra River
Expanded his control to certain regions of
 Konkan andMalabar Coast.
Credited with establishing a centralized administrative setup.
 Orderly governance which afforded peace, prosperity, and security
 .

6. Bukkaraya (
bukka i)
Defeated the Shambuvaraya Kingdom of
 Arcot and the Reddis of
Kondavidu by 1360 and the region around Penukonda was annexed.
 
Bukka defeated the Sultanate of
 Madurai in 1371 and extended his territory
into the south all the way to
 Rameswaram.
By 1374 he had gained an upper hand over the Bahmanis for control of the
Tungabhadra-Krishna doab.
Restored religious harmony.
Constructed forts, temples & promoted agriculture.
Bukka Raya conquered most of the kingdoms of southern
 India

7. Sri Vidyaranya blesses Harihara and Bukkaraya

8. Pra
bhudevaraya (devaraya ii)
Was popularly called ‘Hunter of the Elephants’ & ‘Dakshinapathada
Chakravarthi’.
Extended and held territories up to the Krishna river.
Conquered areas from
 Ceylon to Gulbarga, and Orissa to the Malabar.
Received royalties from Kerala & Sri lanka.
Religiously tolerant ruler.
Constructed mosques & temples. Encouraged literature.

9. krishnadevaraya
The greatest emperor of theVijayanagara Empire
 who reigned from
1509–1530.
Tackled numerous internal/external problems when he ascended
throne.
Was popularly called ‘Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana’, ‘Andhra Bhoja’
& ‘Mooru Rayara Ganda’
Was the most powerful of all the Hindu rulers of India at that time.
Unparalleled warrior, shrewed commander & political expert.

10. Krishnadevaraya

11. M
ilitary achievements of Krishnadevaraya
Defetaed Gangaraja of Ummatthur & took over Shivansamudra fort.
Assisted the Portugese against Bijapur Sultans.
Conquered Kalinga by defeating Gajapati Prataprudra.
Captured Raichur fort by defeating Adil Shah. He also seized the forts
of Bidar & Gulbarga.
He freed the Prince of Bahamani Kingdom by defeating its Prime
Minister Kasim Bareed.

12. K
rishnadevaraya : other contributions
Provided irrigation facilities for agriculture.
Increased foreign trade.
He was patron of art, literature & religions.
He authored the play ‘Jambavati Kalyana’ in Sanskrit. There were
‘Ashtadiggajas’ in his court.
Constructed Krishna temple, Virupaksha temple & Maharanga-
mantapa at Hampi.

13. F
all of vIJAYANAGAR empire
Causes for the decline of Vijayanagara Empire:
A despotic government.
Wars of succession.
Weak successors of Krishna Deva Raya.
Continuous wars with the neighbouring Bahamani Kingdom.
Lack of control over the provincial governors.
More attention towards the strengthening of army.

14. Battle of talikota (1565)
Deccan Sultanates
Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Bijapur Sultanate
Golkonda Sultanate
Berar Sultanate
Bidar Sultanate
Vijayanagara Empire
Aliya Rama Raya
 
Venkatadri
Tirumala Deva Raya
Hampi was left in ruins.
Araveedu dynasty ruled from Penukonda, Chandragiri & Vellore.
Emegence of independent provinicial states.
Domination by the Mughals and Maratahas.
A
ftermath of the war

15. Extent of Vijayanagar Empire Battle of Talikot
V
IJAYANAGAR Empire in India

16. v
IJAYANAGAR empire : Administration
Hereditary rule.
Central administration.
There were different bodies like State Council leader (Nayankar),
cillage administrators. Different lvels like State, district, village.
Provinicial officers used to dispense justice/punishments.
The Gowdas, Karnam & Talwar used to assist in the village
administration. Nadagowdas & Pattanswami also used to look after
the administration.

17. v
IJAYANAGAR empire : Society
Four tiered caste system.
Occupation based caste system.
Practices of child-marriage, sati & devadasi were prevalent.
Monogamy as well as Polugamy was in practise.
Women enjoyed dignified status in the society.
Holi, Dasara & Deepawali were some of the festivals.

18. v
IJAYANAGAR empire : Economy
Land tax, revenue tax, road tax, market tax, commercial tax,
import/export tax were some of the sources of income.
Agriculture – Jowar, Ragi, Paddy, Lentils, Cotton, Sugarcane etc.
Five kinds of Land holdings – Geni, guttige, siddhaya, vara & gadi.
Improved commerce & industry.
Spices, diamonds, sandal etc were exported.
Coins of different denominations were used.

19. v
IJAYANAGAR empire : Art & architecture
Architectural style of Chalukyas, Cholas & Hoyasalas.
Rough granite stones were used for construction.
Vidyashankar temple at Sringeri, Krishna, Virupaksha & Vijaya
Vitthala temples at hampi.
Kamal Mahal, Elephant stable, Queen’s bath are wonderful
examples of Indo-Islamic style.
Qualities of grandeur, awe & elegance were features of this
architecture..
Very strong Hampi fort with 7 circular walls around it.

20. Vijaya Vitthala Temple, Hampi Stone Chariot, Hampi
Hampi Fort Elephant Stable

21. Virupaksha Temple, Hampi

22. v
IJAYANAGAR empire : Music & Dance
Vijayanagara kings encouraged fine arts like music, dance, drama
& yakshagana.
Artists enjoyed great respect in palaces & temples.
Puranadaradasa & Kanakadasa are greatest Kannada Saints who
lived in this period.
Carnataic music thriugh Bhajanas & Keertanas.
Dancers performed in temples, palaces & during festivals.

23. Purandara Das
Kanaka Das

24. BAHMANI
KINGDOM

25. origin
Ala-ud-Din Hassan Gangu Bahman Shah established the
Bahamani kingdom in 1347 A.D.
Muhammad Shah I (1358–1373) was the second ruler who
constucted famous Jamia Masjid in Gulbarga.
Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah was one of the famous ruler who built the
city of Ferozabad. He was a great scholar who also constructed a
planetorium.
Till 1426 A.D., Gulbarga served as the capital of the kingdom.

26. RULERS
•Muhammad Shah-I (1358-1375.A.D.)
•Muhammad Shah-ll (1378-1397.A.D.)
•Feroz Shah Bahmani (1397-1422 A.D.)
•Ahmad Shah (1422-1436 A.D.)
•Muhammad Shah-lll (1463-1482 A.D.)

27. Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman
Shah (1347-1358 CE)
•Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah  (also
known as Zafar Khan) was the founder of
the Bahmani Kingdom.
•He was a noble in the employ of
Muhammad bin Tughluq
•in 1347 A.D. he established the
independent Bahmani kingdom.
•His kingdom included the whole of
Deccan up to the river Krishna with its
capital at Gulbarga.

28. Muhammad Shah-I
(1358-1375.A.D.)
•He was the next ruler of the Bahamani
Kingdom.
•He was an able general and administrator.
•He is also known for the establishment of
the council of 8 Ministers.

29. Muhammad Shah-ll
(1378-1397.A.D.)
•In 1378 A.D.  Muhammad Shah-
ll ascended the throne.
•He was a peace lover and developed
friendly relations with his neighbours.
•He built many mosques, madrasas (a
place of learning) and hospitals.

30. Feroz Shah Bahmani
(1397-1422 A.D.)
•He was a great general and Most
Remarkable Figure of Bahmani Kingdom
•He defeated the Vijayanagar ruler Deva
Raya I. 
•He wanted to make the south india as the
cultural centres of india
•Founded New city Firozabad ( on the Bank of
the River bhima/Bheema)
•He was Well Acquainted in the Natural
Science ( Such as Zoology, Botany etc)

31. Ahmad Shah (1422-
1436 A.D.)
•Ahmad Shah succeeded Feroz Shah
Bahmani
•He was an unkind and heartless ruler.
•He conquered the kingdom of Warangal.
•He changed his capital from Gulbarga to
Bidar.
•He died in 1436A.D.

32. Muhammad Shah-lll
(1463-1482 A.D.)
•In 1463A.D. Muhammad Shah lll became
the Sultan at the age of nine
•Muhammad Gawan became the regent of
the infant ruler.
•Under Muhammad Gawan’s able
leadership the Bahmani kingdom became
very powerful.
•Muhammad Gawan defeated the rulers of
Konkan, Orissa, Sangameshwar, and
Vijayanagar. 

33. M
ahmud Gawan
He was a Prime minister of the Bahamani kingdom.
He was reponsible for efficient administration of the state &
military conquests.
He captured Konkan, Goa & Belgaum.
Invaded Kanchi & plundered its huge wealth.
Was beheaded on false charges.
He built the great university in Bidar which is known as Mahmud
Gawan Madrasa. 

34. D
ivision of Bahamani Kingdom
After the death of Gawan, the kingdom became weak &
disintegrated into five parts:
Ahamad
Nagar
Bijapur Berar Bidar Golkonda
Bahamani Kingdom
Nizam
Shahi
Adil Shahi
Emad Shahi Barid ShahiKutub Shahi

35. b
ahamani Kingdom in India
Extent of Bahamani Kingdom Division of Bahamani Kingdom

36. I
brahim Adil Shah II
Ascended the throne at the age of 9. Ruled for 47 years.
He tried to create cultural harmony between the Shias and
the Sunnis and between Hindus and Muslims through music.
Wrote the book Kitab-e-Navras (Book of Nine Rasas) in Dakhani.
Bhaka nyari nyari bhava ek
kaha turuk kaha barahaman
Nouras soor juga joti ani saroguni
yusat sarasuti mata
ibrahim parasada bhayi dooni

37. Bahamani
Kingdom : Administration
There were hierarchies in administration.
Various departments in the administration.
Cabinet was called ‘Majis-E-Ilwith’. Sultan was the chief of the
central adminitration.
Provinces were divided into Sarkars & Subedar was the head of the
Sarkar.
Kotwals, Deshmukh, Desai, Kulkarni & patel were some of the
administrators in the kingdom.
Village units were independent units.

38. Bahamani
Kingdom : Administration
Amir-E-Jumla was the head of the revenue department.
Half or one third of agriculture was collected as Land tax. There
were many other taxes collected.
Four types of military troops – Permanent troops, troops recruited
during war-time, troops for religious wars & units for protection of
Royal family.
Bijapur fort was the most formnidable fort.
Sultan & Kazi were in charge of Judicial duties.

39. Bahamani
Kingdom : Economy & Society
Agriculture was the main occupation. There were many other
minor industries like spinning, oil extractuion, pottery, sculpture
etc.
Dabhol, Rajapura & Goa were sojme of the ports. Export of Silk,
wine, Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin etc. took place.
Coins by the name Honnu, Lorry, Tanka were in use.
Undivided Patriarchal families, rigid caste system, polygamy
existed in the society..
Haridasas & Muslim Sufi saints enriched the music & literature of
this era.

40. Bahamani
Kingdom : Education &
A
rchitecture
Islam-centric education system.Maktabs & Madrasas were the
centres of education.
Mahmud Gawan established a huge 3-storied madrasa in Bidar.
It was 242 ft long, 222 ft wide & 56 ft tall. It had a big library with
3000 manuscripts.
Subjects like astronomy, grammar, maths, politics, religion, law,
poetry were studied in colleges.
Sultans developed Indo-Sarcenic architecture.
Gol Gumbaz, Ibrahim Roza, Gagan Mahal were some of the
greatest monuments bulit during this time.

41. Jamia Masjid, Bijapur Jamia Masjid, Gulbarga
Gagan Mahal, Bijapur Ibrahim Roza, Bijapur

42. Bidar Fort
Gowan
Madrasa,
Bidar

43. Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur