VIRAL DISEASES OF BOTTLE GOURD

VIRAL DISEASES OF BOTTLE GOURD

1. VIRAL DISEASES OF BOTTLE GOURD SUBMITTED TO, Dr. Mrs. S. SIMON SUBMITTED BY, NAVNEET I.D. NO. – 15MSENT015 SHIATS, NAINI, ALLAHABAD

2. BOTTLE GOURD Botanical name:- Lagenaria siceraria Family:- Cucurbitaceae Native:- Tropical Africa Season:- July and january Crop duration:- 135 days Chromosome no.- 2n=22 Distribution:-Africa, Asia, Europe, America

3. IMPORTANCE Ayurveda recommends cooked bottle gourd for better digestion. It is cooling, calming, diuretic and anti-bilious.  bottle gourd supports the urinary system of our body by reducing burning sensation from high acidic urination . It contains many vitamins and minerals, such as, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, Vitamin A, C and folate . It is extremely popular for weight loss . Bottle gourd reduce high blood pressure and keep your heart healthy. Bottle gourd is known to combat excessive thirst in diabetic patients . In Ayurveda it is also know to prevent premature greying.

4. INTRODUCTION TO CULTIVATION Propagated by seed, Transplant about 15 days old seedlings in the main field . Sandy loamy soils , pH ranges from 6.5 to 7.5 is suited for bottle gourd cultivation. This crop requires a moderate warm temperature.

5. VIRAL DISEASES OF BOTTLE GOURD Cucumber mosaic virus Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Papaya ring spot virus -W   Watermelon mosaic virus   Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Clover yellow vein virus   Chlorotic Curly Stunt

6. Cucumber M osaic Virus   SYMPTOMS Plants are severely stunted foliage is covered in distinctive yellow mosaic leaves of plant curl downwards and leaf size is smaller than normal flowers on infected plants may be deformed with green petals fruits become distorted and are small in size fruit is often discolored ENVIRONMENT CMV is found in temperate areas around the world. This virus cannot live in extremely dry conditions. CMV is shown to develop symptoms more readily in temperatures between 79 and 89 degrees Fahrenheit.

7. Bottle gourd affected by cucumber mosaic virus

8. TRANSMITION:- Transmitted by ahids ; more tha n 80 aphid species, including  Myzus persicae  and  Aphis gossypii , are capable of transmitting the virus in a nonpersistent

9. MANAGEMENT   R emoving weeds and diseased plants from fields can reduce the chance of infections . Maintaining clean and sanitized tools, machines and hands can help . The use of resistant varieties is another way some farmers control virus spread Vector control by using systemic insecticides ( Metasystox 0.1%). Resistant cultivars have been developed recently.

10. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus F irst reported in the U.S. in a melon seed production field in California. CGMMV is a member of the genus tobamo virus , which also includes the well-known tobacco mosaic virus (TMV ). Host ranges to cucurbit species, including watermelon, melon, cucumber , pumpkin, squash, gourds, etc .

11. Plant Symptoms Seedlings: In severe infections cotyledons may become yellow but more often symptoms are not seen until the 1st or 2nd leaf stage . Leaf: CGMMV symptoms, mottling and mosaic on leaves, fruit mottling and distortion. Early symptoms include vein clearing and crumpling on young leaves while mature leaves become bleached and chlorotic . Fruit: These may be symptomless, at least externally, or can become severely spotted or streaked and distorted, especially during high temperatures. In some cases, fruit that show no external symptoms may be internally discolored or necrotic

12. HEAVILY INFECTED BOTTLE GOURD PLANT BY CUCUMBER GREEN MOTTLE VIRUS

13. TRANSMISSION:- The virus can spreadthrough root to root contact. ˆCGMMV can spread in water or in nutrient solutions in soilless culture. It is theoretically possible that some chewing insects could vector the virus, but this has not been confirmed experimentally. Seed harvested from infected plants may carry CGMMV, and transmission can be 20% or more.

14. MANAGEMENT ˆ Several common seed treatment methods (including thermotherapy at 72C for 3 days, chemotherapy in 10% trisodium phosphate or a combination of both) have some effect on CGMMV infectivity in seeds. T he completeness in deactivation of CGMMV infectivity in seeds should be confirmed through bioassay Plant virus-free seed Rouging of infected plants. Crop rotation may be applied Resistant varieties have been developed recently.

15. Zucchini yellow mosaic virus ZYMV  is a recently described virus disease of cucurbits, first identified in Europe in 1981. It has since been reported from most southern and southwestern states and was found in New York State in 1983. The virus has characteristics very similar to WMV-1 and WMV-2 ZYMV is a member of the genus Potyvirus , family Potyviridae . Its host range is not limited to cucurbits.

16. SYMPTOMS:- Foliar symptoms consist of a prominent yellow mosaic, necrosis , green veinbanding , chlorotic spots, blistering distortion , leaf deformation and stunting . Fruits remain small, greatly malformed, and green mottled, including fruit of the variet

17. TRANSMISSION:- ZYMV is transmitted by certain species of aphids, by plant sap containing the virus, and through infected seeds . Aphids transmit ZYMV in a non-persistent manner. Ten species of aphids are known vectors, but Aphis gossypii and the A . craccivora are probably the most important vectors.

18. MANAGEMENT Resistant varieties Cropping systems . Deterring aphids. Using reflective mulches or installing yellow sticky traps or pan traps are also methods of interfering with aphid behavio Removal of infected plants . Removal of weed hosts . Promote natural predators of aphids. Ladybird beetles and hoverflies Chemical control of aphids.

19. Chlorotic Curly Stunt Bottle gourd in India was observed to be affected by a chlorotic curly stunt disease (CCSD) during 2003–2006 in the vegetable growing areas of Delhi and adjoining state of Haryana .  The virus was transmitted to  Cucumis sativus , Luffa acutangula , L. cylndrica , Lycopersicon esculentum ,  Nicotiana tabacum  and  Praecitrullus fistulosus   SYMPTOMS:- The affected plants are severely stunted and bear very small chlorotic and mildly curled leaves.

20. a,b - Field symptoms . C- Greenhouse symptoms following inoculation through Bemisia tabaci . D- Geminate particles in the diseased leaf of bottle gourd Disease symptoms of chlorotic curly stunt of bottle gourd

21. TRANSMISSION:- The disease could be easily transmitted by whitefly, Bemisia tabaci but not by sap .

22. REFERENCE Verma R, Ahlawat YS, Tomer SPS, Prakash S, Pant RP, 2004. First report of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ) in India. Plant Disease 88, 426 . “Diseases of edible oil seed crop”- C. Chattopadhyay , S. J. Kotre https://ipm.illinois.edu/diseases/rpds/903.pdf

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