Virchow´s triad

1. hypertensionhypertension
ATSATS
IMIM
vasculitisvasculitis
turbulent blood flowturbulent blood flow
bacterial endotoxinsbacterial endotoxins
radiation injuryradiation injury
metabolic abnormalities such metabolic abnormalities such
as homocystinemiaas homocystinemia
hypercholesterolemiahypercholesterolemia
toxins absorbed from toxins absorbed from
cigarette smokecigarette smoke
Prolonged bedrest or Prolonged bedrest or
immobilizationimmobilization
Atrial fibrillationAtrial fibrillation
Tissue injury (surgery, Tissue injury (surgery,
fracture, burn)fracture, burn)

2. primary (genetic)primary (genetic)
CommonCommon
Factor V mutation (G1691A mutation; factor V Leiden)Factor V mutation (G1691A mutation; factor V Leiden)
Prothrombin mutation (G20210A variant)Prothrombin mutation (G20210A variant)
5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (homozygous C677T mutation)5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (homozygous C677T mutation)
Increased levels of factors VIII, IX, XI, or fibrinogen Increased levels of factors VIII, IX, XI, or fibrinogen
RareRare
Antithrombin III deficiencyAntithrombin III deficiency
Protein C deficiencyProtein C deficiency
Protein S deficiency Protein S deficiency
Very RareVery Rare
Fibrinolysis defectsFibrinolysis defects
Homozygous homocystinuria (deficiency of cystathione β-synthetase) Homozygous homocystinuria (deficiency of cystathione β-synthetase)
secondary (acquired)secondary (acquired)
High Risk for ThrombosisHigh Risk for Thrombosis
Tissue injury (surgery, fracture, burn)Tissue injury (surgery, fracture, burn)
CancerCancer
Prosthetic cardiac valvesProsthetic cardiac valves
Disseminated intravascular coagulationDisseminated intravascular coagulation
Heparin-induced thrombocytopeniaHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
Lower Risk for ThrombosisLower Risk for Thrombosis
CardiomyopathyCardiomyopathy
Nephrotic syndromeNephrotic syndrome
Hyperestrogenic states (pregnancy and postpartum)Hyperestrogenic states (pregnancy and postpartum)
Oral contraceptive useOral contraceptive use
Sickle cell anemiaSickle cell anemia
Smoking Smoking