Vital statistics and demography

Slides on vital statistics and demography for fourth year medical students....

1. Dr. Rajan Rayamajhi, MD
Senior Resident
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
1
Vital Statistics &
Demography

2. 2

3. VITAL EVENTS
3

4. VITAL STATISTICS
“Vital statistics is
defined as that branch
of biometry which
deals with data and
the law of human
mortality, morbidity
and demography”
vital events are
collected, compiled
and the resulting
statistics are known as
Vital Statistics
Statistics is the study of the
collection, organization,
analysis, and interpretation of
data
Biometrics is the science and technology
of measuring and analyzing biological
data
4

5. SOURCES OF POPULATION
DATA
Census
Registration of vital events
Sample registration Survey
Institutional records
5

6. CENSUS
“ the total process of collecting, compiling and
publishing demographic, economic and social
data pertaining at a specified time or times, to all
persons in a country or delimited territory".(United
Nations)
‘Census’ comes from the Latin world ‘Sensere’
means value or tax.
10 year interval
Important source of health information
6

7. Method of census taking
1.De facto census(in fact, whether by right or
not) : the method is to list all persons present
in the household or other living quarters at
midnight of the census day or all who
passed the night there.
1.De jure census(by right): all persons who
usually live in the household are listed on the
form whether they are present or not.
Visitors who have a usual residence
elsewhere are excluded from the listing but
are counted at their usual residence.
7

8. Modern census
Each individual is enumerated separately and
characteristics of each persons are recorded
separately.
The census covers a precisely defined territory
and includes every person present or residing
within its scope.
Population is enumerated with a well defined time
and date is in terms of a well defined reference
period.
The census is taken at regular intervals.
8

9. Uses of census
Is the primary sources of basic national population
data required for administrative purposes and
many aspects of economic and social planning and
research.
Provides information on:
trends in population growth.
change in age and sex structure
cause of fertility, mortality, migration and
urbanization.
Useful for estimating, calculating birth and death
rates
Provides information on :
Changes in the national occupational and industrial
composition
Levels of literacy and educational attainments
9

10. Religion, languages and caste/ethnic composition
Analysis of economic development.
Future trends of population growth.
National, local, public and private planning.
Estimating school going population, military and
economic manpower.
Future growth of cities and requirement of food,
water, housing and health services.
Number of voters- present and future and many
more.
Thus census is contributing to a revolutionary
expansion of global economic ,sociological and
demographic knowledge.
10

11. Census in Nepal
The first population count was carried out in
the year 1911 , since then censuses are being
carried out at an interval of more or less 10
years.
The first scientific census with the technical
assistance from UN was conducted in 1952/54
1961 census is regarded as the first scientific
census of Nepal in terms of internationally
accepted definitions of census.
The latest census was carried out in 2011.
11

12. Information in census
Household Information
Individual Information
12

13. Analysis of Vital Data
Measurement of Population
Mid year population :
(a)Natural increase method
Pt =Po +(B-D) +(I-E)
where,
Po = total population at last census
B = total nos. of birth
D = total nos. of death
I = total nos. of immigrants into the
region
E = total nos. of emigrants from the region
13

14. b)Geometric progression method
Pt =Po (1+r)
t

r= ( Pt/Po)
1/ t
-1

where,
r = growth rate
t = time in years
14

15. Rate and Ratio
Rate of the vital events is defined as the
ratio of the total numbers of occurrences of
the events to the total numbers of person
exposed to the risk of occurrences of that
events.
Sex ratio= Male population X 100
Female population
child women ratio
Nos of child<5 yrs X 100
Total female pop 15-49 yrs
15

16. Measurement of Mortality
(a) Crude Death Rate (CDR)
= Total death in a given year X 1000
Average or mid year pop. of a year
(b) Age-specific Death rate (ASDR)
Nos. of death at age ’a’ _X 1000
Mid-yrs pop. of a given year
at age ’a’
Crude rate is
based on total
population
while a specific
rate is based
on the basis of
age, sex,
cause etc
16

17. (c) Infant Mortality rate (IMR)
= Nos. of infant death in a year X1000
Nos. of live birth in the year
Sensitive indicators
Reflect the socio-economic status of the country
Also reflect the medical and health facilities in a
population
17

18. Two parts IMR
1) Neonatal Mortality Rate
= Death under one months X 1000
Nos. of live birth
It occurs basically due to the endogenous factors of
death
2) Post-neonates Mortality Rate
= Death between 1
st
and 11 complete months X1000
Nos. of live birth
It is affected by the exogenous factors
(environments, sanitation, health facilities, etc)
18

19. (d) Cause-specific death rate
= Deaths due to the cause I (di) X1000
Total nos. of death (D)
Useful to analysis the death by cause
(e) Case fatality rate
= Death due to the specific disease X100
total nos. of illness due to that disease
19

20. (f) Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

nos. of death of mother due to the cause related
to maternity X 100000
Total nos. of live birth
Sensitive and important indicator of maternal
health
20

21. Measurement of Fertility
(a) Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

total nos. of birth in a year X 1000
Mid year pop. in that year

(b) General Fertility Rate (GFR)
Total nos. of birth in a year X 1000
Average nos. of women
in reproductive age group3Vitalat s
cdV1efV1nh1
hVitalat s
Fertility?
The age of
fertility?
21

22. (c) Age-specific fertility Rate (ASFR)

Nos. of birth to women aged “x” X 1000
Nos. of women aged ”x”
Useful for family planning programme point of view
(d) Age-specific Marital fertility Rate (ASMFR)

Nos.of birth to women aged ”x” X1000
Nos. of married women aged ”x”
22

23. (e) Total fertility Rate (TFR)


49

ΣASFR x

x=15
The physical meaning of TFR is that it is the
expected number of children that a women will bear
in her life time, passing through the reproductive
age and bearing children according to fixed
schedule of fertility
23

24. (f) Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)
is a measure of population which describe the rate
of increase of population over a generation
Defined as the average number of daughter among
birth cohort of women, which they will bear in their
life time, passing through the reproductive age and
bearing children according to fixed schedule of
fertility, if they survive to the end of child bearing
period
24

25. (g) Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)
Measure of number of daughters which a cohort
of girl infant will bear as grow to adulthood and
pass through the child period, provided that as
they pass through each age they bear children
at the rate indicated by a current schedule of
age specific fertility rates and from birth till
the end of the child bearing period they are
subjected to mortality as per life table
25

26. Population statistics of Nepal
Population growth rate-1.4% / annum
Size of household 4.7 persons
Electricity- 51% household
Safe drinking water- 90% - urban, 80% - rural
Toilet facility- 50% household
Literacy- 77%- M, 51%- F
TFR- 2.6 births / women
GFR 96 births/1000 Women
aged 15-44 years
CBR 24.3 births/1000 population
Age at 1
st
marriage- Female-17.2yrs Male 20.2 yrs
26

27. CPR- 49.7%(any method)
43.2%(any modern method)
IMR- 46/1000 live births
Under 5 MR- 54/1000 live births
Neonatal Mortality-33/1000 live births
Child Mortality- 9/1000 live births
Immunization coverage:
i.BCG- 96.2%
ii.DPT3- 91.4%
iii.POLIO3 - 92.2%
iv.Measles - 87.7%
v.All - 86.6%
vi.None - 2.9%
27

28. MMR- 281/100000 live births
ANC – 58% (Health professionals)
TT2 82%
 Delivery – 36% babies attended by
Skilled provider
28% in a health facility
Nutrition – Children Under Five
Stunting (low height for age) — 41%
Wasting (low weight for height) — 11%
Underweight (low weight for age) — 29%
Exclusive Breastfeeding – 69.6%
28

29. Table A1: Items Covered in the Schedule 1 of the
2001 Population Census Questionnaire Schedule 1
 Household Information
1. Type of housing unit occupied by the household
2. Tenure of housing unit
3. Whether any land operated for agriculture
4. Area of agricultural land operated
5. Whether any livestock/ poultry raised
6. Number of livestock/ poultry on the holding
7. Whether any female member owned any house/land

- Area of land owned
29

30. 8. Whether any female member owned any livestock
- Number of livestock (big and small head)
9. Whether household was engaged in small scale non-
agricultural activities
10. Main type of small scale activity (other than
agriculture)
11. Whether any person absent from household and
living abroad
12. Information on the absentee
- Sex, age, duration, and reason
30

31. Individual Information
 1. Serial number of household member
2. Full name of the household member
3. Male/Female
4. Age
5. Caste/Ethnicity
6. Relationship to the household head
7. Religion
8. Language spoken- Mother tongue, - Second language
9. Citizenship
10. Type of disability
31

32. Table A2: Items Covered in the Schedule 2 of the 2001
Population Census Questionnaire Schedule 2
Household Information
1. Main source of drinking water
2. Main fuel used for cooking
3. Main source of light
4. Toilet facility
5. Household conveniences
6. Whether any death in the household
7. Information on the deceased person(s)
8- Sex, age, date, and cause
9. Level of education

32

33. 10. Whether currently attending any school
11. Marital status
12. Age at first marriage
13. No. of children ever born alive
14. Any live births during last 12 months
15. Work usually done during the last 12 months
16. No. of months worked during the last 12 months
17. Occupation (type of usual work)
18. Industry (place of usual work)
19. Employment Status
20. Reasons for usually not working
21. Living arrangements of children below 16 years
33

34. Individual Information
1. Serial number of household member
2. Full name and sex of the household member
3. Age
4. Place of birth
5. Duration of stay at the present place
6. Reason for staying in this district
7. Residence five years ago
8. Whether able to read and write
34