Vital statistics health statistics

This ppt contains all information about Health statistics-Vital Statistics. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.

1. Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
Assistant professor
Swasthavritta & Yoga department

2. Health information
Ahealthinformationsystemisdefinedas-"a
mechanismforthecollection,processing,
analysisandtransmissionofinformation
requiredfororganizingandoperatinghealth
services,andalsoforresearchandtraining"
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 2

3. Sources of health information
1. Census
2. Registration of vital events
Ex. Birth, death, marriage,
divorce etc.
3. Sample registration system
4. Notification of disease
5. Hospital records
6. Disease registers
7. Record linkage
8. Epidemiological surveillance
9. Other health service records
10. Environmental health data
11. Health manpower statistics
12. Population surveys
13. Other routine statistics
related to health
14. Non quantifiable
information
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar 3

4. Sources of health information
1. Census
Itistakenatregularintervals,usuallyof10
years.
Definition-“Thetotalprocessofcollecting,
compilingandpublishingdemographic,
economicandsocialdatapertainingata
specifiedtimeortimes,toallpersonsina
countryordelimitedterritory“.
Drawback of census -as a data source i.e. the
full results are usually not available quickly.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 4

5. 2. Registration of vital events
Whereascensusisanintermittentcountingof
population,registrationofvitalevents(e.g.,
births,deaths)keepsacontinuouscheckon
demographicchanges.
Ifregistrationofvitaleventsiscompleteand
accurate,itcanserveasareliablesourceof
healthinformation.
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar 5

6. The Central Births and Deaths
Registration Act, 1969
Aim-Toimprovethecivilregistrationsystem.
TheActprovidesforcompulsoryregistrationof
birthsanddeathsthroughoutthecountryand
compilationofvitalstatisticsintheStates.
TheActalsofixestheresponsibilityfor
reportingbirthsanddeaths.
Whilethepublic(e.g.,parents,relatives)areto
reporteventsoccurringintheirhouseholds,the
headsofhospitals,nursinghomes,hotels,jails
ordharmashalasaretoreporteventsoccurringin
suchinstitutionstotheconcerningRegistrar.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 6

7. 3. Sample Registration System( SRS)
TheSRSisadual-recordsystem,consistingof
continuousenumerationofbirthsanddeaths
byanenumeratorandanindependentsurvey
every6monthsbyaninvestigator-supervisor.
Thehalf-yearlysurvey,inadditiontoserving
asanindependentcheckontheevents
recordedbytheenumerator,producesthe
denominatorrequiredforcomputingrates.
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar 7

8. 4. Notification of diseases
Historicallynotificationofinfectiousdiseaseswas
thefirsthealth,informationsub-systemtobe
established.
Theprimarypurposeofnotificationistoeffect
preventionand/orcontrolofthedisease.
Notificationisalsoavaluablesource
ofmorbiditydatai.e.,theincidenceand
distributionofcertainspecifieddiseaseswhich
are notifiable.
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar 8

9. Listsofnotifiablediseasesvaryfromcountryto
country,andalsowithinthesamecountry
betweentheStatesandbetweenurbanandrural
areas.
Usuallydiseaseswhichareconsideredtobe
seriousmenacestopublichealthareincludedin
thelistofnotifiablediseases.
Attheinternationallevel,thefollowingdiseases
arenotifiabletoWHOinGenevaunderthe
InternationalHealthRegulations(IHR),viz.
cholera,plague and yellow fever.
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar 9

10. Afewotherslouse-bornetyphus,relapsing
fever,polio,influenza,malaria,rabiesand
salmonellosisaresubjecttointernational
surveillance.
Theconceptofnotificationhasbeen
extendedtomany non-communicable
diseasesandconditionsnotablycancer,
congenitalmalformations,mentalillness,
stroke and handicapped persons
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar 10

11. 5. Hospital records
Hospitaldataconstituteabasicandprimary
sourceofinformationaboutdiseases
prevalentinthecommunity.
TheeighthreportoftheWHO Expert
CommitteeonStatisticsrecommendedthat
hospitalstatisticsberegardedinallcountries
asanintegralandbasicpartofthenational
statistical programme.
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar 11

12. 6. Population surveys
Surveysforevaluatingthehealthstatusofa
population
Surveysforinvestigationoffactorsaffecting
healthanddisease,e.g.,environment,
occupation.
Surveysrelatingtoadministrationofhealth
services,e.g.,useofhealthservices.
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar 12

13. Survey methods
a.Health interview (face-to-face) survey
b.Health examination survey
c.Health records survey
d.Mailed questionnaire survey
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar 13

14. 7. Epidemiological surveillance
Inmanycountries,whereparticulardiseasesare
endemic,specialcontrol/eradicationprogrammes
havebeeninstituted,asforexamplenational
diseasecontrolprogrammesagainstmalaria,
tuberculosis,leprosy,filariasisetc.
Aspartoftheseprogrammes,surveillancesystems
areoftensetup(e.g.,malaria)toreportonthe
occurrenceofnewcasesandoneffortstocontrolthe
diseases(e.g.,immunizationsperformed).
Theseprogrammeshaveyieldedconsiderable
morbidityandmortalitydataforthespecific
diseases.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 14

15. Uses of health information
1.Tomeasurethehealthstatusofthepeople
andtoquantifytheirhealthproblemsand
medicalandhealthcareneeds.
2.Forlocal,nationalandinternational
comparisonsofhealthstatus.Forsuch
comparisonsthedataneedtobesubjectedto
rigorousstandardizationandqualitycontrol.
3.Forplanning,administrationandeffective
management ofhealthservicesand
programmes.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 15

16. 4.Forassessingwhetherhealthservicesare
accomplishingtheirobjectivesintermsof
theireffectivenessandefficiency.
5.Forassessingtheattitudesanddegreeof
satisfactionofthebeneficiarieswiththe
healthsystem.
6. For researchinto particular problems of health
and disease.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 16

17. Vital statistics

18. Vital statistics
Vitalstatisticsisaccumulateddata
gatheredonlivebirths,deaths,migration,
fetaldeaths,marriagesanddivorcesetc.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 18

19. Mortality rates

20. Crude death rate
Itisdefinedas"thenumberofdeaths(fromall
causes)per1000estimatedmid-yearpopulation
inoneyear,inagivenplace".
Itmeasurestherateatwhichdeathsare
occurringfromvariouscausesinagiven
population,duringaspecifiedperiod.
CDR=NumberofdeathsduringtheYear
Mid -year population
X l OOO
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar 20

21. Specific death rates
It may be –
a.Cause or disease specific -e.g., tuberculosis,
cancer, accident
b.Related to specific groups e.g., age specific,
sex-specific, age and sex specific, etc.
E.g. specific death rate due to tuberculosis
=NumberofdeathsfromTBduringacalenderyear
Mid -year population
X l OOO
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 21

22. Infant mortality rate
Number of all death of children less than 1 year
of age in a year
Number of live birth in the year
Maternal mortality rate (MMR)
Total no. of female death due to complication of pregnancy/
child birth or within 42days of delivery from puerperal
causes in an area during a given year
Total number of live births in the same area and year
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 22
X l OOO
or 1 lac
X l OOO

23. Case fatality rate
= Total number of deathsdue to a particular disease
Total number of casesdue to the same disease
Itrepresentsthekillingpowerofadisease.
Itissimplytheratioofdeathstocases.
Casefatalityrateistypicallyusedinacute
infectiousdiseases(e.g.,foodpoisoning,
cholera,measles).
Thecasefatalityrateforthesamediseasemay
varyindifferentepidemicsbecauseofchanges
intheagent,hostandenvironmentalfactors.
X l OO
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 23

24. Proportional mortality rate (Ratio)
Itissometimesusefultoknowwhatproportion
oftotaldeathsareduetoaparticularcause(e.g.,
cancer)orwhatproportionofdeathsare
occurringinaparticularagegroup(e.g.,above
theageof50years).
Proportionalmortalityrateexpressesthe
"numberofdeathsduetoaparticularcause(orin
aspecificagegroup)per100(or1000)total
deaths".
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 24

25. a.Proportional mortality from a specific disease
Number of deaths from the specific disease in a year
Total deaths from all causes in that year
b. Under-5 proportionate mortality rate
No. of deaths under 5 years of age in the given year
Total number of deaths during the same period
c. Proportional mortality rate for aged 50 years and above
Number of deaths of persons aged 50 years and above
Total deaths of all age groups in that year
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
X l OOO
X l OOO
X l OOO
25

26. Morbidity rates
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 26

27. Morbidity rates
Definition-"anydeparture,subjectiveorobjective,
fromastateofphysiologicalwell-being“
Thetermisusedequivalenttosuchtermsas
sickness,illness,disabilityetc.
TheWHOExpertCommitteeonHealthStatistics
notedinits6thReportthatmorbiditycouldbe
measuredintermsof3units
personswhowereill
theillnesses(periodsorspellsofillness)thatthese
personsexperienced
theduration(days,weeks,etc)oftheseillness
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 27

28. Threeaspectsofmorbidityarecommonly
measuredbymorbidityratesormorbidity
ratios,namelyfrequency,durationandseverity.
1.Diseasefrequencyismeasuredbyincidence
andprevalencerates.
2.Theaveragedurationpercaseorthedisability
rate,whichistheaveragenumberofdaysof
disabilityperperson,mayserveasameasure
ofthedurationofillnesses.
3.Thecasefatalityratemaybeusedasanindex
ofseverity.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 28

29. Incidence
Definition-“ThenumberofNEWcases
occurringinadefinedpopulationduringa
specifiedperiodoftime.”
Number of NEW cases of specific
diseaseduring a given time period
Population at risk during that period
Obtained from disease register or cohort study
or trial.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
X l OOO
=
29

30. Special incidence rates
Examplesinclude:Attackrate(caserate),
Secondaryattackrate,Hospitaladmissionrate,
etc.
Attackrate–Itisanincidencerate(usually
expressedasapercent),usedonlywhenthe
populationisexposedtoriskforalimitedperiod
oftimesuchasduringanepidemic.
Number of new cases of a specified
disease during a specified time interval
Total population at risk during the same interval
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
X l OOO
=
30

31. b.Secondaryattackrate
Itisdefinedasthenumberofexposedpersons
developingthediseasewithintherangeofthe
incubationperiodfollowingexposuretoaprimary
case.
Usesofincidencerate
Itisusefulfortakingaction-
Tocontroldisease
For research into aetiology and pathogenesis,
distribution of diseases, and efficacy of preventive
and therapeutic measures.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 31

32. Prevalence
Definition-“Thetotalnumberofallindividuals
whohaveanattributeordiseaseataparticular
time(orduringaparticularperiod)dividedbythe
populationatriskofhavingtheattributeor
diseaseatthispointintimeormidwaythrough
theperiod’’
Includesallcurrentcases(old&new)
Obtainedfromcross-sectionalstudiesordisease
registers
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 32

33. Fertility rates

34. Fertility rates
a. Birth rate
Number of live births during the year
Estimated mid year population
b. General fertility rate
No. of live birth in an area during the year
Mid year female population age 15-44 in same area
in same year
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
X l OOO
X l OOO=
=
34

35. c. Marriage rate
Number of Marriages in the year
Mid year population
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
X l OOO=
35

36. Thank You