Vitamin B12

Shakeel Ahmad Khan

1. Vitamin B12 Submitted To: Dr. Ayesha Mohyuddin Submitted By: Shakeel Ahmad Khan (14003140007) Programme : MS (Chemistry) Department of Chemistry University of Management and Technology Lahore 1

2. List of Contents 2 Introduction History Milestone Structure of Vitamin B12 Types of Vitamin B12 Synthesis and its Industrial Production Sources of vitamin B12 Applications of Vitamin B12 Recommended intake Deficiency of Vitamin B12 References

3. Introduction Vitamin B 12 , vitamin B12 or vitamin B-12 , also called  cobalamin , is a water-soluble  vitamin  with a key role in the normal functioning of the  brain  and nervous system , and for the formation of  blood . It is one of the eight  B vitamins .

4. Historical Milestone George Whipple B 12 , was first discovered by him . George Richards Minot  and  William Murphy They also found that an entirely different liver substance cured pernicious anemia in humans which was B12 Vitamin .

5. Historical Milestone Edwin Cohn Chemist  Edwin Cohn  prepared a liver extract The extract was the first workable treatment for the disease. Whipple, Minot, and Murphy shared the 1934  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Maryland,  M ary Shaw Shorb Shorb and his colleagues was isolated pure B 12  in 1948. For this discovery, in 1949, Mary, Shorb and Karl Folkers received the Mead Johnson Award from the American Society of Nutritional Sciences.

6. Structure of Vitamin B12 The  chemical structure  of the molecule was determined by  Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin  and her team in 1956, based on crystallographic  data. Vitamin B12

7. Physical Properties Vitamin B12 is very stable at high temperatures just if pH is ranged from 4.5 to 5.0 while the strong acidic and highly alkaline environment loses its vitamin activity. This vitamin is rapidly degraded in the light, and therefore it is necessary to keep it in the dark. Vitamin B12 is negatively affected by alcohol, sleeping pills, estrogen, etc. Vitamin B12 is well soluble in water, ethanol and methanol. B 12  are all deeply red colored crystals and water solutions, due to the color of the cobalt- corrin complex .

8. Chemical Properties Under the term vitamin B12 several compounds that are similar in chemical structure are included. There are classified: cyanocobalamin, oxycobalamin , nitrocobalamin , aquacobalamin , etc. In the structure of the vitamin B12 element  cobalt  is included. In the isolation of vitamin B12 , we can get its cyanocobalamin , derivative in which structure enters cyanide group, linked to an atom of  cobalt . Cyanocobalamine

9. Types of Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin Pure cyanocobalamin possesses the deep pink color associated with most octahedral cobalt(II) complexes and It is used to treat  pernicious anemia , vitamin B 12 deficiency . Cyanocobalamin

10. Types of Vitamin B12 Hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin is sometimes denoted by B 12a . It has an avid affinity for  cyanide  ion and has been used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning. It is supplied typically in water solution for injection. Hydroxocobalamin

11. Types of Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin   Methylcobalamin ( mecobalamin , MeCbl , or MeB 12 ) is a  cobalamin , a form of vitamin B 12 . It differs from  cyanocobalamin  in that the cyanide is replaced by a methyl group . U sed in the treatment of   perpheral neuropathy . Methylcobalamin

12. Synthesis Commercial Production Neither plants nor animals are independently capable of constructing vitamin B 12 because of lack of enzymes required for its biosynthesis . Enzymes are methionine synthase, methylmalonyl CoA mutase. Industrial production of B 12  is through   fermentation   of selected microorganisms . Selected Microorganism are, Acetobacterium ,   Aerobacter ,   Agrobacterium ,  Alcaligenes ,  Azotobacter ,  Bacillus ,  Clostridium , Corynebacterium ,  Flavobacterium ,  Lactobacillus ,  Micromonospora ,  Mycobacterium ,  Nocardia ,  Propionibacterium , Protaminobacter ,  Proteus ,  Pseudomonas ,  Rhizobium ,  Salmonella ,  Serratia ,  Streptomyces ,  Streptococcus  and  Xanthomonas .

13. Sources of vitamin B12

14. Sources of vitamin B12 Food Supplements B12 in Liquid Form B12 in Pill Form

15. Applications of Vitamin B12 Act as an antidote for Cyanide poisoning: Cyanokit contains hydroxocobalamin , a form of vitamin B-12 . It is used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning. Hydroxocobalamin works by helping cells in the body convert cyanide to a form that can be removed from the body through urination. Commercially available Antidote of Vitamin B12

16. Applications of Vitamin B12 Regulates the over-production of the allergen antibody IgE in allergic individuals : Allergic Effected Body

17. Applications of Vitamin B1 2 Responsible for Reducing depression: vitamin B12 works together with a compound that produces serotonin – thus reducing the incidence of depression. This is very helpful to the elderly, whose production of serotonin is typically low. Depressed person Vitamin B12 is also used in the treatment of Anemia disease:

18. Applications of Vitamin B1 2 Helps in healthy regulation of the Homocysteine Control : E levated homocysteine is a risk factor for heart disease and may adversely affect the cardiovascular system, brain function, neurotransmitter function and mood balance. Helps to protect against cancers including breast, colon, lung, and prostate cancer.

19. Applications of Vitamin B1 2 In the treatment of Pernicious Anemia: Essential for healthy skin, hair, and nails. Helps in cell reproduction and constant renewal of the skin.

20. Applications of Vitamin B1 2 Responsible for reducing brain shrinkage: B12 Vitamins dramatically lower homocysteine, a risk factor for brain shrinkage . Brain Shrinkage

21. Dietary Recommended intake

22. Vitamin B12 Deficiency

23. References Yamada , K., 2013 . Chapter 9. Cobalt: it’s Role in Health and Disease. In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel. Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, Springer, 13, 295–320. National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2011. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet, Vitamin B12. Shorb , M.S., (2012). Annual Lecture, Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University. Kirkland , K., 2010. Biological Sciences, Notable Research and Discoveries. Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0816074399. pp. 87. Jaouen , G., Beck, W. and. McGlinchey , M. J., 2006 . Bioorganometallics : Biomolecules, Labeling, Medicine. Weinheim : Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-30990-X. pp. 18. Herbert , V., 1988. Vitamin B-12: plant sources, requirements, and assay. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48, 852–858 .

24. References Institute of Medicine (IM), 2012. Vitamin B12.  Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline , ISBN   0-309-06554-2 , 340–342. Vitamin B12 , usda.gov Sethi , N.K., Robilotti , E. and Sadan , Y., 2005.  Neurological Manifestations of Vitamin B-12 Deficiency .  The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness   2  (1) Masalha , R., Chudakov , B., Muhamad, M., Rudoy , I., Volkov , I. and Wirguin , I., 2001.  Cobalamin-responsive psychosis as the sole manifestation of vitamin B 12  deficiency .  Israeli Medical Association JournaIl ,  3 , 701–703. International Vegetarian Union (IVU). B12, An essential part of a healthy plant-based diet .

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