vitamin b2 (1).pptx it is about vitamin b2 which is riboflavin

this is ppt is about vitamin b2 which is essential for our body important vitamin from b complex.

1. Special Thanks to:- Lusine Sahakyan Project by:- Iqbal aziz Group:- 201 PROJECT Riboflavin MKHITAR GOSH ARMENIAN- RUSSIAN INTERNATION UNIVERSITY

2. Riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) Riboflavin , also known as  vitamin B 2 , is a vitamin found in food and sold as a dietary supplement. It is essential to the formation of two major coenzymes,  flavin mononucleotide  and  flavin adenine dinucleotide . These coenzymes are involved in energy metabolism, cellular respiration, and antibody production, as well as normal growth and development. The coenzymes are also required for the metabolism of niacin, vitamin B 6 , and folate. Chemical structure

3. Coenzyme A  cofactor  is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction). Cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations The  succinate dehydrogenase  complex showing several cofactors, including  flavin , iron–sulfur centers , and  heme

4. Flavin mononucleotide Flavin mononucleotide  ( FMN ), or  riboflavin-5′-phosphate , is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases, including NADH dehydrogenase, as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. iupac name 1-Deoxy-1-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4- dihydrobenzo[ g ]pteridin-10(2 H )- yl )-D- ribitol 5-(dihydrogen phosphate)

5. Flavin Mononucleotide Function During the catalytic cycle, a reversible interconversion of the oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH • ), and reduced (FMNH 2 ) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. Flavin mononucleotide is also used as an orange-red food color additive, designated in Europe as E number E101a. E106, a very closely related food dye, is riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium salt, which consists mainly of the monosodium salt of the 5′-monophosphate ester of riboflavin. It is rapidly turned to free riboflavin after ingestion. It is found in many foods for babies and young children as well as jams, milk products, and sweets and sugar products

6. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide In  biochemistry ,  flavin adenine dinucleotide  ( FAD ) is a  redox -active  coenzyme  associated with various  proteins , which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in  metabolism . A  flavoprotein  is a protein that contains a  flavin group , which may be in the form of FAD or  flavin mononucleotide  (FMN). Many flavoproteins are known: components of the succinate dehydrogenase complex,  α- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase , and a component of the  pyruvate dehydrogenase complex .

7. Synthesis Biosynthesis Industrial synthesis Laboratory synthesis

8. Biosynthesis Biosynthesis takes place in bacteria, fungi and plants, but not animals.The biosynthetic precursors to riboflavin are  ribulose 5-phosphate   and  guanosine triphosphate . The former is converted to L-3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate while the latter is transformed in a series of reactions that lead to 5-amino-6-(D- ribitylamino )uracil. These two compounds are then the substrates for the penultimate step in the pathway, catalysed by the enzyme  lumazine synthase  in reaction ribulose 5-phosphate   guanosine triphosphate 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine In the final step of the biosynthesis, two molecules of  6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine  are combined by the enzyme  riboflavin synthase  in a  dismutation  reaction. This generates one molecule of riboflavin and one of 5-amino-6-(D- ribitylamino ) uracil. The latter is recycled to the previous reaction in the sequence

9. Industrial Synthesis The industrial-scale production of riboflavin uses various microorganisms, including  filamentous fungi  such as  Ashbya gossypii ,  Candida famata  and  Candida flaveri , as well as the  bacteria   Corynebacterium   ammoniagenes  and  Bacillus subtilis .  B. subtilis  that has been genetically modified to both increase the production of riboflavin and to introduce an antibiotic ( ampicillin ) resistance marker, is employed at a commercial scale to produce riboflavin for  feed  and food fortification. By 2012, over 4,000 tonnes per annum were produced by such fermentation processes.

10. Laboratory Synthesis he first  total synthesis   of riboflavin was carried out by  Richard Kuhn 's group. A substituted  aniline , produced by  reductive amination   using  D-ribose , was  condensed  with  alloxan  in the final step Cultures of  Micrococcus luteus  growing on pyridine (left) and succinic acid (right). The pyridine culture has turned yellow from the accumulation of riboflavin

11. Uses Treatment of corneal thinning Keratoconus  is the most common form of  corneal ectasia , a progressive thinning of the cornea. The condition is treated by  corneal collagen cross-linking , which increases corneal stiffness. Cross-linking is achieved by applying a  topical  riboflavin solution to the cornea, which is then exposed to  ultraviolet A   light .

12. 2) Migraine prevention  its 2012 guidelines, the  American Academy of Neurology   stated that high-dose riboflavin (400 mg) is "probably effective and should be considered for migraine prevention," a recommendation also provided by the UK National Migraine Centre. A 2017 review reported that daily riboflavin taken at 400 mg per day for at least three months may reduce the frequency of  migraine  headaches in adults. Research on high-dose riboflavin for migraine prevention or treatment in children and adolescents is inconclusive, and so supplements are not recommended.

13. 3) Food coloring Riboflavin is used as a  food colouring   (yellow-orange crystalline powder), and is designated with the  E number , E101, in Europe for use as a  food additive .

14. Dietary recommendations

15. Sources The  United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service maintains a food composition database from which riboflavin content in hundreds of foods can be searched

16. Riboflavin Deficiency By  Larry E. Johnson   , MD, PhD, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Riboflavin deficiency usually occurs with deficiencies of other B vitamins due to a diet low in vitamins or an absorption disorder. People have painful cracks in the corners of the mouth and on the lips, scaly patches on the head, and a magenta mouth and tongue. The diagnosis is based on symptoms, urine tests, and response to riboflavin supplements. High doses of riboflavin supplements, usually taken by mouth, can correct the deficiency. The  vitamin  riboflavin (vitamin B2) is essential for the processing (metabolism) of carbohydrates (to produce energy) and amino acids (the building blocks for proteins). It also helps keep mucous membranes (such as those lining the mouth) healthy. Riboflavin is not toxic, so consuming excess amounts of riboflavin is not a concern. Good sources of riboflavin include milk, cheese, liver, meat, fish, eggs, and enriched cereals.

17. Causes of Riboflavin Deficiency Riboflavin deficiency usually results from Not consuming enough meat and fortified cereals and dairy products The following increase the risk of riboflavin deficiency Chronic disorders (such as recurrent  diarrhea ,  liver disorders , and chronic  alcohol use disorder ) Impaired absorption of food ( malabsorption disorders ) Haemodialysis  and peritoneal dialysis—procedures that filter the blood Use of  barbiturates  for a long time

18. Symptoms of Riboflavin Deficiency Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency may vary. Most commonly, people appear pale and have painful cracks in the corners of the mouth and on the lips. The mouth and tongue are sore, and the tongue may turn magenta. Red, greasy, scaly (seborrheic) patches may appear around the nose, between the nose and the lips, on the ears and eyelids, and in the genital area.

19. Diagnosis of Riboflavin Deficiency Physical examination Urine tests Relief of symptoms when riboflavin supplements are taken Doctors may suspect riboflavin deficiency in people who have typical symptoms and other vitamin B deficiencies. The diagnosis of riboflavin deficiency is based on symptoms and evidence of general  undernutrition . The diagnosis is confirmed by measuring riboflavin excreted in urine or by giving riboflavin supplements, which relieve symptoms if riboflavin deficiency is the cause.

20. Prevention and Treatment of Riboflavin Deficiency Riboflavin or multivitamin supplements Sometimes riboflavin given by injection As a preventive measure, people who are undergoing haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis or who have a malabsorption disorder should take riboflavin supplements or a daily multivitamin. People who have riboflavin deficiency are given high doses of riboflavin, taken by mouth, until symptoms resolve. Supplements of other B vitamins are also taken. Sometimes riboflavin is given by vein or as an injection into a muscle as one vitamin in a multivitamin preparation.

21. Have a Good Day