VitaminB.pptx microbiology, pharmaceutics

Vitamin B

1. Thiamine (vitamin B1 ) Also known as thiamine or thiamin,  is a water-soluble vitamin It enables the body to use carbohydrates as energy . Sources Animal: beef, pork, liver, egg Fruit and vegetables : cauliflower , oranges, potatoes , Functions: help to convert  carbohydrates , fats, and protein into energy, or glucose. necessary for keeping the liver, skin, hair, and eyes healthy. they are needed for good brain function. Also called anti-stress vitamins, because they boost the body’s immune system in times of stress.

2. deficiency Beriberi (problems with the peripheral nerves) Weight loss and  anorexia   mental problems, including confusion and short-term memory loss. Muscles may become weak, and cardiovascular symptoms can occur, Uses: Thiamine deficiency Beriberi Chronic alcoholics Wernicke’s encephalopathy Daily required 1-1.5 mg

3. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) It is a constituent of the flavoprotein which is part of the oxidation chain in the mitochondria. Dietary sources Milk, cheese, butter, liver, meat, egg, grains, green leafy vegetables Daily requirement : 1-2 mg Physiological roles/functions. Helps in maintaining healthy eyes and smooth skin Important for body growth and RBC production helps convert carbohydrates into ATP

4. Deficiency symptoms Angular stomatitis Cracked lips Dry skin Inflammation of the lining of the mouth Inflammation of the tongue Mouth ulcers Red lips use Riboflavin deficiency ( ariboflavinosis )

5. Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Niacin refers to nicotinic acid and nicotinamide . Limited amount is synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid, tryptophan Dietary sources Liver, fish, meat, cereal husk, nuts, yeast and coffee Daily requirement: 15-20 mg Physiological functions Helps reduced cholesterol levels Stabilizes blood sugar levels Supports cellular genetic processes Helps the body to process fats

6. Deficiency inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel disease and chronic diarrhea. muscular weakness, general weakness skin infections and digestive problems . Therapeutic use: Abnormal levels of cholesterol or blood fats (dyslipidemia). A disease caused by niacin deficiency (pellagra)

7. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine ) Vitamin B6 is a type of B vitamin. Dietary sources Liver , meat, egg, soybean, vegetable &also made in a lab . Functions: Make antibodies. Maintain normal nerve function. Make hemoglobin Break down proteins. Keep blood sugar (glucose) in normal ranges.

8. Deficiency symptoms Microcytic anemia Skin conditions Depression Confusion Lowered immunity Therapeutic uses Prophylactic use in pyridoxine deficiency Peripheral neuritis Drug induced neurological symptoms Convulsions in infants and children Dose : 1-2 mg daily

9. Vitamin B9 (Folic acid ) The recommended name folate , alternative name is folacin and the usual pharmaceutical preparation is folic acid . Dietary sources Liver , green leafy vegetables, grains, legumes, wheat bran, egg, meat , milk etc . Daily requirement: 200 mcg Physiological roles/functions Essential for multiplication and maturation of RBC Essential for the maturation of neural tube Essential for the synthesis of DNA and RNA

10. Deficiency symptoms Megaloblastic anemia Neural tube defects in fetus Epithelial damage- glossitis , enteritis, diarrhea Therapeutic uses Prophylactic use in pregnancy, lactation, infancy Megaloblastic anemia Methotrexate toxicity ( folinic acid)

11. Vitamin B12 ( Cyanocobalamin ) Vitamin B12 is complex organo -metallic compound with a cobalt atom. The active form of vitamin B12 is methylcobalamine Sources Liver , meat, fish and egg milk Synthesized by intestinal bacteria Daily requirement: 1-2 mcg Physiological roles/functions Essential for multiplication & maturation of RBC Required for the integrity of myelin sheath

12. Deficiency symptoms Peripheral neuropathy Spinal cord degeneration Megaloblastic anemia Therapeutic uses Megaloblastic anemia Peripheral neuropathy Psychiatric disorders Tobacco amblyopia

13. Iron Iron is a mineral, found in every cell of the body. total body iron content is 4 gm , 60 % of that is present in Hb Normal serum level : 80-120 mcg/dl Dietary sources: Meat , liver, fish, green leafy vegetables, beans , nuts, cereals, dried fruits, egg yolks etc . Daily requirement male : 1mg . female : 2mg Pregnant / lactating : 3mg Functions/roles Necessary for the formation of hemoglobin Essential for brain development and functions Essential for binding oxygen to the blood cells Essential for regulation of body temperature, muscle activity and catacholamine metabolism.

14. Deficiency symptoms Iron deficiency anemia Therapeutic uses Iron deficiency anemia Megaloblastic anemia Prophylatic use in pregnancy, menstruation , blood donor

15. ANEMIA Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin ( Hb ) in the blood . Causes of anemia Blood loss due to trauma and GI bleedings Decreased RBC production Increased breakdown of RBC Diagnosis Mild anemia: Hb quantity in RBC is 10g /dl Moderate anemia: Hb quantity in RBC is 7- 10g /dl Severe anemia: Hb quantity in RBC is less than 7g /dl

16. Types of anemia A . On the basis of size of RBC 1 . Microcytic anemia : Size of RBC is small, < 80 MCV 2 . Macrocytic anemia : Size of RBC is large, > 100 MCV 3 . Normocytic anemia: Size of RBC is normal B. On the basis of cause Iron deficiency anemia This is caused by a deficiency of iron in the body. This occurs in pregnant women . It is also caused by blood loss

17. Vitamin deficiency anemia/ Megaloblastic anemia the body needs folate and vitamin B12 to produce enough healthy RBCs. Aplastic anemia occurs when there is decrease in or damage to bone marrow stem cells Anemia associated with bone marrow disease A variety of diseases, such as leukemia can cause anemia by affecting blood production in the bone marrow.

18. Hemolytic anemia RBCs are destroyed faster than bone marrow can replace them. Sickle cell anemia It is caused by a defective form of hemoglobin that forces RBCs to assume an abnormal crescent (sickle) shape. These irregular blood cells die prematurely Sign and symptoms Fatigue Pale skin Chest pain Fast/irregular heartbeat Shortness of breath Dizziness Headache insonomia hands and feet

19. Management of anemia 1. Determine the cause or type of anemia 2 . Treatment of anemia according to type Iron deficiency anemia needs iron supplements Vitamin deficiency anemia needs folate and vitamin B12 Aplastic anemia needs blood transfusions or bone marrow transplant Hemolytic anemia needs immunosuppressant drugs, Sickle cell anemia needs oxygen therapy, pain relief medicines and IV fluids 3 . Aim of treatment: to increase the number of RBCs, which in turn, increases the amount of oxygen in the blood 4. Diet management: foods rich in iron are recommended