VITAMINS [NATURAL PRODUCTS], M.PHARM SYLLABUS

HERE PRESENTATING VITAMINS AS PER SYLLABUS OF MPHARM SUBJECT NATURAL PRODUCTS INCLUDING VITAMIN B2, B12, B3, ITS STRUCTURE ISOLATED FROM CONTENTS AND COMPLETE DETAIL ON IT IN A EASY WAY , THE MOST ASKED VITAMINS.

1. 1 VITAMINS

2. 2 Definition of vitamin Any of a group of organic compounds which are essential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by body

3. 3 Chemistry and physiological significance of vitamins

4. 4 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Isolated from milk- Lactoflavin 1 st B-complex vitamin isolated in pure state Structure determined by Paul Karrer Present in yeast, liver, kidnay , milk, egg white etc Deficiency Disease- cheilosis

5. 5 CONSTITUTION: Molecular Formula : From analytical data C 17 H 20 N 4 O 6 Presence of 4 –OH group : When silve salt of riboflavin is acetylated, it forms an tetra acetyl derivative Oxidation : On oxidation with lead tetraacetate , yields formaldehyde- indicates primary –OH group in an α -position to the secondary –OH group Nature of N atom : Alkaline hydrolysis of riboflavin yields urea- indicates presence of –NH-CO-NH-group When alkaline solution lumilactoflavin Acid or neutral solution lumichrome C 13 H 12 N 4 O 2 C 17 H 20 N 4 O 6 C 12 H 10 N 4 O 2

6. 6 6. STRUCTURE OF LUMILACTOFLAVIN: Molecular formula: C 13 H 12 N 4 O 2 Photolysis reaction of riboflavin: C 17 H 20 N 4 O 6 C 13 H 12 N 4 O 2 + C 4 H 8 O 4 c. It can neither be acetylated nor oxidised by lead tetra acetate therefore C 4 fragment is a tetrahydroxy butyl side chain R-CHOH-CHOH-CHOH-CH 2 OH d. Alkaline hydrolysis yields urea and amino carboxylic acid (1) C 13 H 12 N 4 O 2 + H 2 O C 12 H 12 N 2 O 3 + CO(NH 2 ) 2

7. 7 STRUCTURE OF LUMICHROME: When neutral solution of lactoflavin exposed to light, yields lumichrome STRUCTURE OF RIBOFLAVIN: Structure of riboflavin consist of 6,7-dimethyl- isoalloxazine (heterocyclic three ring system) to which sugar alcohol i.e ribitoyal group is attached at 9 th position Synthesis

8. 8 These flavin enzymes takes part in the various oxidation-reduction reactions It aids in the metabolism your fats, carbohydrates, protein and ketone bodies It is also important for your energy metabolism Riboflavin is an essential nutrient in human nutrition and plays a key role in the production of energy It is needed to process amino acids and fats and also help to convert carbohydrates into fuel the body runs on Under some conditions, vitamin B2 can act as an antioxident Physiological significance of vitamin B2

9. 9 Vitamin B12 ( Cyanocobalamin ) 1 st natural compound containing cobalt Water soluble, deep red, tasteless Stable at neutral ph

10. 10 Chemistry of Vitamin B12

11. 11 There are many closely related compounds having B12 activity. All are cobalamins contain corrin ring which resembles the tetrapyrrole ring structure of porphyrins Single cobalt atom having one positive charge is present in the centre of this ring The cobalt atom is attached to all 4 N atoms of corrin ring Similarly Fe ++ is attached to 5, 6-dimethyl benzimidazole ribose which is attach to the side chain of ring iv through phosphate and aminopropanol + ve charge on cobalt atom is balanced by several group which gives rise to more than one type of vitamin B12 are as follows with characteristic groups attached to cobalt atom B12 : Cyanocobalamin : CN B12-a : Hydroxocobalamin : OH B12-b : Aquocobalamin : H 2 O B12-c : Nitrocobalamin : NO 2 Synthesis

12. 12 Physiological significance of vitamin B12 Supports energy : Without it, your cells get hungry and you feel weak, tired Protects the heart : homocysteine protein roam through the blood and damages your arteries leading inflammation and heart disease. Vitamin B12 removes dangerous protein homocysteine from the blood For bones : Studies have found patient with ostioporosis having higher level of homocysteine and low level of vitamin B12 Prevent nerve damage Protects brain health : Alzeimers patient was found to have very low level of B12 Keeps you looking and feeling healthy : vitamin B12 supports DNA health thereby keeping cells younger

13. 13 Vitamin C also known as  ascorbic   acid, an water souble vitamin It easily destroyed by heat, alkali and on storage In the process of cooking 70% of vitamin C is lost Use of vitamin C in mega doses to cure everything from common cold to cancer Vitamin C

14. 14 Chemistry of Vitamin C It has strongly reducing property It is a heterocyclic furan-2-one derivative Vitanin C exist in two forms L-ascorbic acid (reduced form) L- dehydro ascorbic acid (oxidised form) oxidised form reduced form

15. 15 4. Keto-enol system is present in ascorbic acid

16. 16 5. There is a Presence of carboxyl group 6. Ascorbic acid contains two enolic hydroxyl groups, total four hydroxyl groups are present in ascobic acid Synthesis Physiological significance of vitamin C Ascorbic acid performs numerous physiological functions in the human body The synthesis of collagen and neurotransmitter The synthesis and catabolism of tyrosine The metabolism of microsome 2. It is an antioxident 3. Vitamin C is natural antihistamine 4. The absence of vitamin C in the human diet gives rise to scurvy

17. 17 Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) A synthetic form of folic acid is used in dietary supliments Folic acid defficiency is a known cause of anemia in adults and childrens

18. 18 Chemistry of Vitamin B9 Folic acid mainly consist of three components Pteridine ring PABA Glutamic acid residue hence it is known as pteroyl -glutamic acid Synthesis

19. 19 Physiological significance of vitamin C

20. 20 Vitamin B3 (Niacin) It is nicotinic acid Biochemically active form of niacin is the amide, nicotinamide or niacinamide Its deficiency causes pellagra, rough skin

21. 21 1. The conversion of niacin to niacinamide takes place in the kidney, brain slices and liver slices 2. There is a presence of –COOH group Nicotinic acid forms mono-sodium salts, ester and acid chloride which indicates presence of –COOH group 3. Nature of N-atom Nicotinic acid forms salt with strong acids, this shows that N of nicotinic acid is basic in nature Structure of nicotinic acid

22. 22 4. Nicotinic acid on decarboxylation with lime yields pyridine and –COOH group is present at 3 rd position 5. Synthesis By oxidation of nicotine: [O] HNO 3

23. 23 Physiological significance of vitamin C

24. 24