VitaminsPowerpointPresentation(convert to pptx)

PowerPoint presentation on VITAMINS

1. A collaborative presentation by the second decade of DCMS Batch of 2022
VITAMINS

2. PRESENTERS
Syed Shafi Ahmed Mustafa
Syeda Inshirah Quadri
Syeda Rida Hashmi
Aatiqua Mafaza
Aayesha Naureen
Abdul Rehman Mohammed
Abubaker Jalal
Adam Fazlullah Sharief
Afifa Irram
Afrah Tarannum

3. VITAMIN A

4. RETINOL
•Retinol is an unsaturated alcohol containing ionone ring .
•Sources_ : Fish, liver oils, eggs, milk, butter, carrots,spinach ,mango's
•Pharmakokinetics :
•Absorption - absorbed in small intestines via micelles.
• Dietary fats enhance its absorption.
• binds to RBP and transthyretin for transport.
•Metabolism- oxidized to retinal & then to retinoic acid.
•Excretion- excreted in bile and eliminated via faeces.
•Therapeutic uses and doses :
•Prophylaxis of vit A during Pregnancy,infancy etc.. require a dosage of 3000-5000IU/ day .
•Treatment of vitamin A deficiency requires 50,000 to 100,000 IU -IM or orally for 1-3 days.
•Drug interactions :
•1)vit E improves Storage & utilization of vitamin A.
•2)use of liquid paraffin leads to deficiency of vitamin A .
•3) use of oral contraceptives increases levels of vit A.
•Toxicity:
•Also called as Hypervitaminosis A.
•Chronic toxicity symptoms include nausea, Vomiting , itching, erythema,
dermatitis ,exfoliation, fissures of lips, tenderness of bones, brittle nails , decreased HDL,
increased triglycerides, edema etc…
•Acute toxicity is manifested as drowsiness, headache, vomiting,abdominal Pain, anorexia
etc...

5. -
Deficiency Symptoms:-
-
1) night blindness along with
xerosis, bitot's spots ,
keratomalacia, which
collectively referred as
xerophthalmia .
-
2) hyperkeratosis .
-
3) drying of epithelium.
-
4) faulty modelling of bones .
-
5) Sterility .
-
6) fetal deformities.
-
7) increased tendency to
urinary stone formation

6. VITAMIN K

7. Phylloquionone
•Chemistry : naphthoquinone stucture with or without side Chain
R
•Source: green leafy vegetables, Cabbage,Spinach, liver, cheese.
•Pharmacokinetics :
• Absorption- absorbed in small intestine, in the presence of bile
salts and fat.
• Transported through blood stream by lipoproteins.
• Stored in liver.
• Metabolism- undergoes metabolism in liver and gets converted
to active form which is necessary for clotting .
• Excretion - excreted in bile and urine.
•Physiological role and Actions:
•1) essential for coagulation cascade.
•2) Cofactor for Synthesis of coagulation proteins by liver.
•3) gamma Carboxylation of clotting factors essential for their
activation by calcium.

8. Phylloquionone
•Deficiency Symptoms:
•Usually Vit k deficiency occurs due to liver disease, jaundice ,
malabsorption and long term antimicrobial treatment .
•Important deficiency manifestations are-
• *increased bleeding tendency.
• *Hypoprothrombinaemia. *Hematuria is first to occur .
• *Common sites of bleeding are--git,nose, under the skin(echymoses)
•Therapeutic uses:
• 1)given after Prolonged antibiotics use.
• 2) Vit K 10 mg IM/ day or orally given in cases of Obstructive Jaundice
or malabsorption syndrome.
• 3) Newborns have low levels of Prothrombin & other clotting
factors ,Vit -k 1 mg IM soon after birth has been recommended.
•Daily Requirement: 50-100 micro grams /day
•Analogues:
• *Phytonadione- naturally occuring form .
• *Menaquinone- synthesized by intestinal bacterial flora .
• *Menadione-synthetic.

9. VITAMIN D

18. VITAMIN E

19. Tocopherol
•Chemical form: a-tocopherol
•Sources: Wheat germ oil***, nuts, cereals, spinach
•RDA: 10 mg
•Pharmacokinetics:-
• Absorbed in intestine through lymph with the help of bile.
• Circulates in plasma, bound with b-lipoprotein.
• Stored in tissues and excreted slowly in bile and urine as metabolites.
•Pharmacological action: Acts as an antioxidant in cell membranes.
•Deficiency manifestations: Affects fertility, degenerative changes in skeletal muscle,
CNS and myocardium.
•Uses: Treatment for :-
• 1. Acanthocytosis
• 2. Fibrocystic breast disease
• 3. Nocturnal muscle cramps
• Reduces risk for Retinopathy of prematurity
•Toxicity: Even large doses of vit E for long periods have not produced any significant
toxicity.
•May interfere with iron therapy.

20. VITAMIN C

21. SOURCES

22. Thymus
Liver
Pituitary gland
Adrenal
glands
Retina
Excretion
Metabolism
Distribution
Absorption
PHARMACOKINETICS

23. PHARMACODYNAMICS

24. DEFICIENCY

25. VITAMIN B5

27. Pharmacokinetics
•Absorption: Water-soluble, absorbed in the small intestine.
•Distribution: Widely distributed in tissues.
•Metabolism: Metabolized in the liver.
•Excretion: Excreted via urine.

28. Pharmacodynamics
•Mechanism of Action: Component of coenzyme A, involved in fatty acid metabolism.
•Target Organs: Skin, hair, and adrenal glands.

31. VITAMIN B1

32. Thiamine
•Colorless crystalline compound containing a pyrimidine and thiazole ring.
•Source :.It is found in cereals, pulses, nuts, green vegetables, yeasts, egg  and meat and commercially
synthesized as  dietary supplement.
•Pharmacokinetics :
•Absorption : absorbed by active transport Some passive  diffusion also occurs.
•About 1mg  per day is degraded.
•Bioavailability is about 3.7 to 5.3%.
•5 derivatives of thiamine are: Tmp, Tpp, Ttp, Atdp , Attp.
•Best characterised  form is thiamine pyrophosphate ( tpp)
•It acts as coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism,  catalyzing decarboxylation of ketoacids and in HMP
shunt.
•RDA.:
•1.5 mg / day
• Deficiency symptoms:
•1) dry beri - beri = neurological symptoms
•2 ) wet beri beri = cardiological symptoms
•3 )in  chronic alcoholic , wernick' s encephalopathy and korsakoffs psychosis due to B1 deficiency
•4) thiamine deficiency in infants can become one cause of Sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS )
•Therapeutic Use:
•1) Prophylactically in infants, Pregnant women, chronic Diarrhea.
•2) In beri beri, 100 mg/ day..im / iv
•3).In acute alcoholic intoxication , thiamine  100.mg To each vac  of glucose solution.
•4) in .Neurological disorder. CVS disorders, hyperemesis gravidarum.
• adverse effects:  non-toxic.

33. VITAMIN B7

34. BIOTIN
•Biotin / B 7
•Chemistry:Sulphur containing organic acid
•Source: found in egg yolk, liver, nuts and other food items
•Pharmacokinetics:
• Well absorbed from intestine , and is excreted unchanged in urine.
• Not much stored in body.
• Avidin In egg white binds to and prevents absorption of biotin.
•Biotin is coenzyme for several carboxylases in carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
•Deficiency symptom:
•Seborrheic dermatitis.Alopecia, anorexia, glossitis, and muscular pain.
•There are no clearly defined therapeutic uses of biotin.It is present in some multivitamin.Preparation.

35. VITAMIN B2

36. RIBOFLAVIN
INSHIRAH
-Chemistry: A yellow flavone compound
-Source : Milk, egg, liver, green leafy vegetables and grains.
-Intestinal bacteria also produce a small amount of riboflavin.
-Pharmacokinetics :
- Absorption of dietary riboflavin requires converting FAD and
FMN to free riboflavin which are phosphorylated in the
intestine.
- Distribution: Riboflavin can cross the blood-brain barrier.
- The elimination half-life of riboflavin is approximately 1 h. It
is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine.
-The RDA for riboflavin for adult:
-Men: 1.3 mg/day
-Women: 1.1 mg/day
-Pregnant women: 1.4 mg/day
-Breastfeeding women: 1.6 mg/day

37. Deficiency symptoms/ manifestations:
Characteristic lesions are angular stomatitis; sore and raw tongue, lips, throat, ulcers in mouth; vascularization of cornea. Dry scaly skin, loss of hair; anaemia and
neuropathy develop later.
Therapeutic uses:
To prevent and treat ariboflavinosis 2-20 mg/day oral or parenteral is recommended.
Apart from supplementation in deficiency, it is also prescribed in some clinical situations such as:
Corneal Ectasia Following Refractory Surgery and Progressive Keratoconus
Migraine prophylaxis
Adverse effects:
Riboflavin is likely safe for most people in doses of up to 400 mg daily. In some people, it may also cause nausea.

38. VITAMIN B3

39. -Vitamin B3
-Pharmacokinetics
-Absorption: Both niacin and niacinamide are rapidly absorbed from the
stomach and small intestine.
-Distribution: Niacin is 20% bound to plasma proteins, and is distributed
mainly to the adipose tissue, liver, and kidney.
-Metabolism: Niacin is metabolized through dose-dependent first-pass
metabolism, leading to variable concentrations in the bloodstream.
-Elimination: 60% to 76% of the administered niacin dose is eliminated
in the urine, with up to 12% excreted unchanged.
-Pharmacodynamics
-Niacin's therapeutic effects are partly mediated through the activation
of G protein-coupled receptors, including niacin receptor 1 (NIACR1)
and niacin receptor 2 (NIACR2).
NIACIN
AFRAH

41. VITAMIN B6

42. - Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
-Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: Water-soluble, absorbed in the small intestine.
- Distribution: Widely distributed in tissues.
- Metabolism: Metabolized in the liver.
- Excretion: Excreted via urine.
-Pharmacodynamics
- Mechanism of Action: Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism,
neurotransmitter synthesis, hemoglobin synthesis.
- Target Organs: Nervous system, skin, and blood. Disease
Manifestations
-Deficiency: Anemia, dermatitis, depression, confusion.
-Toxicity: Neuropathy, skin lesions. Dosage
-RDA: 1.3-2 mg/day for adults.
-UL: 100 mg/day.
PYRIDOXINE

43. VITAMIN B9

44. - Vitamin B9 (Folate)
-Pharmacokinetics
-Absorption: Water-soluble, absorbed in the small intestine.
-Distribution: Widely distributed in tissues.
-Metabolism: Metabolized in the liver.
-Excretion: Excreted via urine.
-Pharmacodynamics
-Mechanism of Action: Coenzyme in DNA synthesis and repair,
methylation reactions.
-Target Organs: Bone marrow and developing fetus.
-Disease Manifestations
-Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in fetuses.
-Toxicity: Can mask vitamin B12 deficiency.
-Dosage
-RDA: 400 µg/day for adults.
-UL: 1000 µg/day.
FOLATE
ADAM

45. VITAMIN B12

46. -Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: Water-soluble, absorbed in the ileum with the aid of
intrinsic factor.
- Distribution: Widely distributed in tissues, stored in the liver.
- Metabolism: Metabolized in the liver.
- Excretion: Excreted via bile and urine.
-Pharmacodynamics
- Mechanism of Action: Coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism, red
blood cell formation, and neurological function.
- Target Organs: Nervous system and blood.
-Disease Manifestations
-Deficiency: Pernicious anemia, neurological disorders.
-Toxicity: Rare; no established toxicity.
-Dosage
-RDA: 2.4 µg/day for adults.
-UL: Not established.
COBALAMIN
ADAM

47. “TO LOSE PATIENCE IS TO LOSE THE
BATTLE”
MAHATMA GANDHI