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Muktiplexer

1. Unit – 2 Multiplexer

2. Multiplexer Multiplexer is the sharing of a medium. It is the process in which multiple signals coming from multiple sources are combined and transmitted over a single communication line . Multiplexing in computer networks is done using a device Multiplexer called MUX that takes ‘n’ input lines to generate a single output line. On the other hand, there is a device called DEMUX ( Demultiplexer ) that takes a single input line and generates ‘n’ output lines.

3. Multiplexing Advantages of Multiplexing : More than one signal can be sent over a single medium. The bandwidth of a medium can be utilized effectively .

4. Advantage of Multiplexing Efficient Use of Bandwidth:  You can send more than one signal over a single channel. This way, you can use the channel’s capacity more efficiently . Increased Data Transmission : Multiplexing can significantly boost the amount of data that can be sent over a network simultaneously, enhancing overall transmission capacity . Scalability : Multiplexing allows networks to easily expand and accommodate more data streams without requiring significant changes to the existing infrastructure . Flexibility : Different types of multiplexing (TDM, FDM, WDM, CDM) can be used based on the specific needs and characteristics of the communication system, providing flexibility in network design.

5. Disadvantage of Multiplexing Synchronization Issues : Ensuring that multiple data streams remain properly synchronized can be challenging, leading to potential data loss or errors if not managed correctly . Latency : Combining multiple signals into one can introduce delays, as each data stream needs to be processed, synchronized, and  demultiplexed  at the receiving end . Signal Degradation : Over long distances, multiplexed signals can experience degradation and interference, requiring additional measures such as signal boosters or repeaters to maintain quality . Resource Management : Allocating and managing resources for multiplexing can be complicated, requiring careful planning and real-time adjustments to avoid congestion and ensure efficient operation.

6. Types of Multiplexing Multiplexing can be classified as : Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

7. Block Diagram

8. Frequency Division Multiplexing

9. When the carrier is frequency, FDM is used. FDM is an analog technology. FDM divides the spectrum or carrier bandwidth in logical channels and allocates one user to each channel. Each user can use the channel frequency independently and has exclusive access of it. All channels are divided in such a way that they do not overlap with each other. Channels are separated by guard bands. Guard band is a frequency which is not used by either channel.

10. Frequency Division Multiplexing Advantages of FDM The process is simple and easy to modulate. A corresponding multiplexer or de-multiplexer is on the end of the high-speed line and separates the multiplexed signals. For frequency division multiplexing analog signaling is used in order to transmit the signals. Disadvantages of FDM One problem with FDM is that it cannot utilize the full capacity of the cable.  It is important that the frequency bands do not overlap. There must be a considerable gap between the frequency bands in order to ensure that signals from one band do not affect signals in another band.

11. Time Division Multiplexing

12. Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing TDM is applied primarily on digital signals but can be applied on analog signals as well. In TDM the shared channel is divided among its user by means of time slot. Each user can transmit data within the provided time slot only. Digital signals are divided in frames, equivalent to time slot i.e. frame of an optimal size which can be transmitted in given time slot.

13. There are two types of Time Division Multiplexing : There are two types of Time Division Multiplexing : Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing Statistical (or Asynchronous) Time Division Multiplexing Synchronous TDM  :  Synchronous TDM  is a type of Time Division Multiplexing where the input frame already has a slot in the output frame. Time slots are grouped into frames. One frame consists of one cycle of time slots. Synchronous TDM is not efficient because if the input frame has no data to send, a slot remains empty in the output frame. In synchronous TDM, we need to mention the synchronous bit at the beginning of each frame.

14. STDM(Synchronous time division multiplexing

15. Statistical TDM:   Statistical TDM  is a type of Time Division Multiplexing where the output frame collects data from the input frame till it is full, not leaving an empty slot like in Synchronous TDM. In statistical TDM, we need to include the address of each particular data in the slot that is being sent to the output frame.

16. Statistical TDM

17.  Wavelength Division Multiplexing Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM ) is a multiplexing technology used to increase the capacity of  optical fiber  by transmitting multiple optical signals simultaneously over a single optical fiber, each with a different wavelength. Each signal is carried on a different wavelength of light, and the resulting signals are combined onto a single optical fiber for transmission. At the receiving end, the signals are separated by their wavelengths, demultiplexed and routed to their respective destinations

18. Conclusion Multiplexing is a key technology in data communications that helps to make the most out of available bandwidth by combining multiple data streams into one. This process allows for more efficient use of resources, reduces costs, and increases data transmission rates