VOID& VOIDABLECONTRACTS-
A BRIEF DISCUSSION
CA Siddharth Ranjan
CA Siddharth Ranjan
1
WHAT IS A CONTRACT? Unless otherwise stated, all the section references in
this presentation are with reference to Indian
Contract Act-1872:
________________________________________
Sec2 (h) An agreement enforceable by law is a contract.
So:
Contract = Agreement + Enforceability in a court of
Law
Now this leads us to another term ‘agreement’.
What is an agreement?
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WHAT IS AN AGREEMENT? Sec2 (e) Every promise and every set of
promises, forming the consideration for each
other, is an agreement:
Now this leads us to another term ‘promise’.
What is a promise?
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CA Siddharth Ranjan
Promise/(s
)
Promise/(s)
.->
Agreement
(in return)
WHAT IS A PROMISE? Sec 2(b) When the person to whom the proposal is
made signifieshis assent thereto, the proposal
is said to be accepted. A proposal, when accepted,
becomes a promise.
Promise = Proposal/Offer + Acceptance
Now this leads us to another term ‘proposal’.
What is a proposal?
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WHAT IS A PROPOSAL? Sec 2 (a) When one person signifies
to another his
willingness to do or to abstain from doing
anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of
that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to
make a proposal:
So diagrammatically we can understand a contract
as following:
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DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION:
Proposal
Promise
Agreement
Contract
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WHAT IS‘VOID ABINITIO’ ? The term ‘void abinitio’ means void from the very
beginning.
So can there be a contract which is void abinitio?
Ans: Even though in learned circles we hear people
talking about “a void abinitiocontract” it is a
misnomer!
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THEN, WHAT ARE THEY REFERRING TO? In such cases the reference is to void agreements
(not contracts).
Yes an agreement not a contract. For, such
agreements do not reach the fourth step and
hence do not become contracts. This is clearer
when we see the definition of ‘void agreement’.
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CA Siddharth Ranjan
WHAT IS A‘VOID AGREEMENT’?. Sec 2(g) An agreement not enforceable by law is
said to be void.
Examples of void agreements:
V
An agreement made by incompetent parties
(Minor/of unsound mind/Incapacitated Person for
other reason) is void. (Sec-11)
V
Any agreement with a bilateral mistake-as to
essential fact(s)-is void. (Sec-20)
V
Agreements which have unlawful consideration
are void. (Sec-10) (Sec-24)
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EXAMPLES OF VOID AGREEMENTS
(CONTD.):
V
An agreement with a unlawful object is void.
(Sec-10) & (Sec-24)
V
Agreements made without consideration is void.
(Sec-25)
V
Agreement in restraint of marriage of any major
person is void (absolute restriction). (Sec 26)
V
Agreement in restraint of trade is void.
(Exception :reasonable reason) (Sec 27)
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CA Siddharth Ranjan
EXAMPLES OF VOID AGREEMENTS
(CONTD.):
V
Agreement in restraint of legal proceedings is
void. (Sec 28)
V
An agreement the terms of which are uncertain is
void. (Sec 29)
V
An agreement by way of wager
(betting/gambling) is void. (Sec 30)
V
An agreement contingent upon the happening of
an impossible event is void. (Sec 36)
V
Agreement to do an impossible act is void.
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ALL CONTRACTS ARE VALID WHEN MADE. We also say void and voidable contracts…
What are those?
As defined earlier, all contracts are valid when
made. Enforceability of contracts would change
when additional factual/ circumstantial features
surface.
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NATURE OF CONTRACTS:
Enforceability
Valid
Voidable
Void
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WHAT IS A‘VOIDABLE CONTRACT’? Sec 2(i) An agreement which is enforceable by law
at the option of one or more of the parties-
thereto, but not at the option of the other or
others, is a voidable contract
:
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NOW WHAT IS A‘VOID CONTRACT’? Sec 2(j) A contract which ceases to be enforceable
by law becomes void when it ceases to be
enforceable.
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DISTINCTION BETWEENVOID AND
VOIDABLE CONTRACTS:
Void Voidable
Is valid when made but
subsequently becomes
unenforceable on certain
grounds
A ‘voidable contract’ is
voidable at the option of
the aggrieved party, and
hence remains valid
until such rescission.
Eg:
Contracts caused by
mistake are void.
Eg:
Contracts caused by
coercion, undue
influence, fraudand
misrepresentationare
voidable.
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The essential features of a
contract are enlisted in Section-
10.
A general discussion on
contracts will not be complete
without visiting those
provisions.
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Way forward: