Von Sivers 4e PPT Chapter 20 pdf Lecture

Strong content on art and nusic

1. Chapter 20
The Mughal Empire: Muslim Rulers
and Hindu Subjects, 1400-1750

2. History and Political Life of the Mughals
•Mughals were an ethnic
and religious minority
ruling a diverse
population
•The Empire of Timur was
an attempt to recreate the
Mongol Empire
•Centered on Samarkand,
a Silk Road trading city
•His empire didn’t survive
his death

3. From Samarkand to Hindustan
•Babur was a descendent
of both Timur and
Genghis Khan
•Conquered northern
India and founded an
empire
•Organizing and
administering his
conquests was the
problem
•Succession crises
compounded these
problems
Portrait of Babur

4. 4
The Conquests of Babur

5. Consolidation and Expansion
•Babur’s son Humayun
was uninterested in
ruling, barely managed to
maintain his dynasty in
the face of Afghan
invasions
•Jalal ud-Din Akbar
pursued conquest, also
attempted to reconcile
Muslims and Hindus
•Resistance plagued his
conquests Humayun’s tomb complex

6. Mughal India under Akbar

7. The Summer and Autumn of Empire
•Akbar fought to maintain hold on the
Silk Road cities, especially Kandahar
•While he was on campaign his son
rebelled against him
•Under Jahangir the empire continued
to be based on conquest
•Under Shah Jahan the Mughals began
to have difficulty maintaining their
territory
•Shah Jahan began to legally favor
Muslims over Hindus
Visions of Akbar

8. Patterns Up Close
AKBAR AND RELIGIOUS SYNTHESIS
The struggle of the Mughals was to rule a variety of
religious groups.
Akbar attempted to create an Indian religious synthesis
His fascination with Sufi Islam led him to mystical
strains of other religions, including Hinduism,
Zoroastrianism, and Christianity.
His personal philosophy of such-i kull (peace with all)
led him to try to create this new faith.
The attempt to overcome the religious and cultural
divisions within his empire was a failure, and did not
survive his death.

9. The Pinnacle of Power
●Aurangzeb ruled the
Mughal empire at its
height
●Expanded imperial
control
●Attempted to Islamify
the empire
●Reimposed the jizya
●Began to lose trade to
British, French, and
Dutch traders in the
Indian Ocean

10. The Maratha Revolt and the East India Companies
•The Maratha Revolt
•Result of Islamization
policies of Aurangzeb
•Constant campaigning
reduced trade and
wealth of the empire
•The East India
Companies
•Acted as independent
states
•Naval technology
surpassed the Mughals
•Dominated trade
Salim Chishti’s tomb at
Fatehpur Sikri

11. Administration, Society, and Economics
•Development of centralization
•Timurids began as Muslim nomads attempting to govern a
settled, Hindu society
•Hybrid institutions necessary to govern society worked
well under tolerant rulers
•Akbar created military, taxation, legal, and royal
ministries to rule the state
•Power of the nobility was the greatest threat to royal powe

12. Mansabdars and Bureaucracy
•Timurids created hybrid institutions
•Adapted their institutions to new situations
•Akbar split control among four different ministries
•Mansabdars were granted land in return for paying taxes
and supplying the military

13. The Mughals and Early Modern Economics
•Agrarian based economy, but with vital trade and
manufacturing sectors
•Careful records were kept of land values for taxation
•Expansion of agriculture expanded the economy
•Population increased between 1600 and 1800
•Expansion of Atlantic states into Indian Ocean trade had a
profound impact on the Mughals
•Exports like spices and silk grew astronomically

14. 14
European Trading Posts in India and Southeast
Asia, ca. 1690

15. Society, Family, and Gender
•Caste and clan remained
important to Hindus,
especially rural
•Created friction with
Muslim authorities,
especially under
Aurangzeb
•Separation of inner and
outer worlds
•Women primarily ran house
and family, were kept
secluded
•Timurid women had more
influence and independence
Nur Jahan, Influential Wife of Jahangir

16. Science and Technology
•Spread of firearms led to development of lighter
cannon, guns with multiple barrels
•Merging of Hindu and Muslim scholarship led to
advances in mathematics and astronomy

17. Religion: In Search of Balance
•Non-believers had protected status in Mughal
India
•Actual accommodations depended on the ruler
•Timurids were Sunni, but Shi’a influence existed

18. Literature and Art
•New Literary Directions
•Influence of Turkic,
Arabic, and Persian on
Sanskrit created Hindi
and Urdu
•Art and Painting
•Combined Persian
miniature work with
bold Hindu styles
•Architecture
•Monumental
architecture was a
favorite of the Mughals The Hamzanama, 1562