Walnut By Rishu

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1. “Advance Production Technology of Walnut ” COLLEGE :- Dr. PANJABRAO DESHMUKH KRISHI VIDHYA PEETH DEPARTMENT :- FRUIT SCIENCE DEGREE :- M.Sc. Horticulture COURSE CODE :- FSC-502 COURSE TITLE :- SUBTROPICAL AND TEMPERATE FRUIT PRODUCTION SUBMITTED TO :- Dr. PRASHANT JOSHI SUBMITTED BY :- RAKESH MEENA

2. PRESENTATION OF WALNUT PRODUCTION:-

3. Overview of Walnut Botanical Name :- Juglance regia Family :- Juglandaceae Centre of Origin : - Central Asia Chromosome No . :- 2n = 32 Sex Form :- Monocious Inflorescence :- Catkin Growth Curve :- Double Sigmoid Fruit Type :- Nut Edible Part :- Cotyledon Bearing :- Axillary old Branches

4. Introduction :- The walnut ( Juglans regia ) it also known as name of okharot . Belong to the family J uglandaceae . It is a very important temperate nut tree in the world including India. Commercially cultivated in many countries like China ,USA, India etc. Walnut are mostly found in northern part of our country in temperate region.

5. BO T AN Y :- The somatic chromatic number is ( 2n ) of Juglans is 32. Walnut is a deciduous tree and very large . Leaves are alternate, large aromatic and flower are monocious . i.e . male and female flowers in separate structures on the same plant. The family Juglandaceae have 60 species and 7 genera among them some are monocious and deciduous Flowers appear before and after the leaves . Its fruits is drupe, in which nut is enclosed inside the husk, which vary in color from green to yellow Shapes of the walnut fruit vary from subglobuse to globuse , having diameter of 3.5-8cm, fruit may be glandular hairs.

6. Fig:- Morphology of Walnut

7. Origin , Area and Production :- W alnut i s bel i eved t o have o r i g i n ated i n t h e region from Persia to Kashmir. Further w a ln ut i s also or i g ina t e d i n north western Himalayan or Iran. The major walnut growing countries are China , U.S.A, France, Italy, Turkey, Mexico, France, India, Romania, Iran, and Chile. The major importing country of walnut from India are United Kingdome, Egypt, Netherland, Germany, Australia and Taiwan etc.

8. State-wise Area and Production of Walnut In India :-

9. The Top Walnut Producing Countries In The World :- Rank Country Walnut production, 2016/17 (in 1,000 metric tons) 1 China 1060 2 United States 607.81 3 European Union 113 4 Ukraine 110 5 Chile 100 6 Turkey 63 7 Moldova 31 8 Other 39

10. Importance and uses:- High value nature crop. Mostly consumed as dry food being eaten for table purposes. Kernels are widely used in bakery industries in the preparation like cake, chocolate, candy and ice-cream etc. Dry nut are used for many ceremonial and religious function. Wild walnut trees are used as timber and used in different kinds of items such as musical instruments to furniture and even gun stocks. Walnut have nutritional and medicinal value . The oil cake being rich in protein is fed to cattle's. The main important of walnut is oil which is extracted from kernels. Walnuts contain important phytochemicals as well as high amounts of polyunsaturated fats which do offer potential benefits for both brain h ealth and brain functio n . O m e g a-3 pl a y s a part b 7 y helping to reduce oxidative stress in the brain.

11. NUTRITIONAL VALUE :- Excellent source of Proteins (14-20 %). Excellent source of Fats (60-70%) . Rich in Omega 3, vitamin B and E, fibers and trace elements. High energetic value. Highly recommended to athletes. Immature fruits are rich in Ascorbic acid . There’s already a Canadian and world market for Walnuts. Walnut have high Anti-oxidant content(vitamin-E ).

12. Scope and C onstraints :- Being high value nature of crop and agriculture prospective plant, although there are constraints in walnut production. i.e. Geophysical situation Climatic changes Lack of Systematic Marketing System Plant protection Physical facilities Production input Low land holding

13. Climate:- Mostly growing in the Himalayan region between the elevation of 1200 to 2100m above sea level. Requires a climate which is free from frost in spring and from extreme heat in summer. Grow well in areas with rainfall of about 76cm or more. High temperature during maturity caused the sun burn and black nut of walnut. Cool summer ,on the other hand ,result in low oil content. Warm summer with temperature about 27-30 °c near the harvesting time appear to be optimal for good kernel development.

14. Soil :- Required silt loam soil with well drained, deep ,aerated soil for their deep root system (about 2m in depth) and containing high organic matter. PH range of 6-7 is most suitable. Soil depth must be 2-3m depth for the best result of walnut production. Alkaline and sandy sub-soil should avoided for better walnut growing.

15. VARIETIES :- Payne :- tree is small to medium and its female flowers rate is very high ,resulting in high yield . Hartley :-Tree are medium to tall with large fruits. Ashley :- small and good for filler trees. Metcalf , Eureka ,Lake English ,Placentia Broadview , Chakrata , Kashmir Budded. Thin-shelled , Wilson ,Hansen. Govind , Roopa , Karan. Black walnut Ham dam

16. Propagation of walnut:- It c an be propagated by either seed or by vegetative methods. Walnut is commercial propagated by Patch Budding or Veneer G rafting . Juglans regia and Juglans hindsii are the popular rootstock which are resistance to crown rot disease. Top working also done in walnut.

17. Fig: Veneer Grafting In Walnut

18. 1 2 3 4 Fig: Patch Budding In Walnut

19. Fig :- T op W orking

20. Planting distance and fertilizers:- Planting in case of seed: 10 × 10 m²and in case of vegetative planting 7x7m². Usually no fertilization is done in walnut in India but it is good to apply NPK fertilizer. Apply 25 to 50 kg FYM for non-bearing trees and 50 to 100 kg FYM for bearing trees. NPK/ g 400-200-200 per bearing trees . Apply all FYM, where P and K and half of N is applied in new growth start and the remaining dose of in Sep-Oct after harvest the fruits.

21. Planting distance Sowing the seed Emergence the seedling Young plant Grafting technique Ready soil for planting Fig :- Some P ictures O f P lanting System

22. TRAINING AND PRUNING :- Training is done to a central leader or modified leader. Young walnut trees are weak and must be given be given adequate support using bamboo or others materials for 4 to 5 years after planting. Very little annual pruning is done except removing crossing or weak branches. Some thinning-out pruning is usually done in the heavy bearing cultivars.

23. Fig:- Training System Of Walnut

24. IRRIGATION :- Basically walnut trees are grown under rain fed conditions. However the rain is not sufficient and well distributed, irrigation is essential for walnut cultivation. Low water supply to the trees result in slow growth, reduced yield and low nut quality and fruit dope. More irrigation is needed at during fruit setting and development stages. But excessive supply of water cause root and crown disease.

25. MULCHING :- Mulching is essential in walnut orchards when the plants are younger . It also important in after fertilizer is applied to older trees. Mulching materials around the plant or trees to help conserve soil moisture ,regulated soil temperature, reduce weeds growth etc. INTRCROPPING :- Since there are wider spaces in between trees and trees row ,different crops such as buckwheat, peas, legumes grasses, strawberry, cabbage cauliflower, lentil etc. can be taken as intercrops depending upon and market needs.

26. Harvest and Yield :- Maturity Indices :- PTB ( Packing Tissue Turn Brown). Walnut are mature 1-4 weeks before hull dehiscence. The hulls split at the time of maturity in sep t. to oct. Mature nut do not fall all at a time so the mechanical shaking can be done . Dropped food are collected in Sept . to Oct. Hulls should be removed immediately to avoid discoloration in quality. Nut must be immediately dried to a moisture level of 3 to 5% after harvest at the temp of 38 to 43°c then kept at cold and dry temperatures . Drying the nuts increases in fatty acid and bring favorable change .  . 24

27. Yield:- A trees may bear for about 100 years or more from age of 8 to 10 years after planting . Grafted and budding plants gives fruiting about 4 to 5 years. A growing up trees yield an average of 50 to 80 kg per trees and mature trees yield is 80-100 kg per tree .

28. Insects –Pest :- San Jose scale : - This are the small insect damage both shoot and fruits . Management : - which can be control by diesel oil in winter or spray 0.03%Diazinon in winter San Jose scale adult

29. DAMAGE OF SANJOSE SCALE IN SHOOT OF WALNUT :-

30. Walnut aphid : - T he young and adult stages of this aphid suck sap reducing tree vigor, fruit quality and yield. Fruit may be drop before reach to maturity. Management : - Collect dropped fruits and bury them in soil. Pheromone trap can be used when the tree starts fruiting. Spray of Rogor .

31. Husk fly : - This is the most important and serious pest in walnut. The fly lays eggs on developing fruits and the maggots destroy them . Management : - Use the pheromone traps or spray dipterex .

32. W alnut weevil : - The female lays eggs on the fruits. on hatching it feed by boring hole on kernels causing premature fruits drop. Management: - The pest can be checked by spraying twice carbaryl (0.2 %) at 7 days interval. Collect the dropped ,infected fruits and burn them.

33. Diseases: - Foot and root rot : - This is a fungal disease that attacks the stem where it touches the ground and also attacks on root. Small infected are seen on leaves. Management : - Avoid planting walnut trees in moisture and cool soil. Provide proper drainage system. Treat soil with formaldehyde, or bavistin before planting. Use only resistance rootstock.

34. Walnut canker : - It is caused by bacteria affecting bark and reducing tree vigor. No chemical control is effective. Affected should be pruned and burnt. Walnut blight : - Its causal organism is xanthomonas arboricola. The disease enters into the tree through stomata and wounds. the bacteria attack all tissues of leaves . Management : - The first spray of Bordeaux mixture(2:2:50)

35. Powdery mildew : - It is a causal organism of this disease is phyllactinia roboris Greyish to white powdery spore mass appears on upper and lower surface of leaves. It can be control by spray the trees wetable sulphur (300 g/100 l of water) or carbendazim fungicide.(50g/100 L of water )