Waritimi Tamarapere 6B, VSD_d579c0b3-fc97-4d6c-8255-159d2624c630.pptx

VSD

1. W aritimi tamarapere divine-FAVOUR GROUP 6B

2. VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD)

3. Introduction Definition: A congenital heart defect characterized by an opening in the interventricular septum Results in abnormal communication between left and right ventricles Most common congenital heart defect in children

4. Embryology & Anatomy Normal ventricular septum formation during fetal development Location types of VSD: Perimembranous (most common) Muscular Inlet (AV canal type) Outlet ( supracristal or subpulmonic) Diagram of VSD location (include visual)

5. Pathophysiology Left-to-right shunt due to higher left ventricular pressure Increased pulmonary blood flow → pulmonary hypertension (if large) Over time: right ventricular hypertrophy and possible Eisenmenger syndrome (reversal of shunt)

6. Clinical Features Small VSD: often asymptomatic, loud holosystolic murmur Moderate to large VSD: Dyspnea, feeding difficulty, poor growth (in infants) Recurrent respiratory infections Heart failure symptoms Murmur: harsh pansystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border

7. Diagnostic Evaluation Physical exam: murmur intensity, signs of heart failure Chest X-ray: cardiomegaly, increased pulmonary markings ECG: LVH or RVH (depending on shunt size) Echocardiography: confirms diagnosis, defect location, shunt direction Cardiac catheterization: for hemodynamic assessment (if needed)

8. Complications Heart failure Pulmonary hypertension Eisenmenger syndrome Aortic regurgitation Infective endocarditis

9. Management Small defects: may close spontaneously; regular follow-up Medical therapy: diuretics, ACE inhibitors, digoxin (for heart failure) Surgical repair: indicated for: Persistent large shunt Failure to thrive Recurrent infections Device closure: via cardiac catheterization (selected cases)

10. Prognosis & Outcomes Many small defects close spontaneously Surgical repair: high success rate, low mortality Long-term prognosis excellent if treated early Importance of endocarditis prophylaxis in unrepaired VSD

11. Summary VSD = most common congenital heart defect Early diagnosis crucial to prevent complications Treatment depends on size and symptoms Favorable outcomes with timely management