waste collection and transportation present

industrial waste water management

1. presentation Sarhad University of science & information technology, Peshawar-Pakistan

2. Title : Solid waste collection or transportation and landfill Group members: Hikmatullah (SU-19-01-049-014) Rasheed Seddiq i (SU-19-01-049-042) Sediqullah ( SU-19-01-049-060) Muhammad Ikram (SU-19-01-049-063) Mohammad Rasoul (SU-19-01-049-064) Presentted to: Engr. Shahab Ahmad

3. Content Collection of Solid waste System of the collection of Solid waste Equipment for collection Transportation Methods of transportation

4. Collection of Solid waste It is the point at which waste is collected with different source point i.e. commercial , residential , industrial and agriculture waste Volume of the solid waste depends on the types of source for the collection

5. Collection Services For Solid Wastes Municipal Collection Service Although a variety of collection services are available the three most common are curb, alley and backyard collection. Curb collection has gained popularity because labour costs for collection can be minimized. In the future, it appears that the use of large container which can be emptied mechanically with an articulated container pickup mechanism will be the most common method used for the collection of municipal wastes. (1) Curb Service : The house owner is responsible for placing the solid waste containers at the curb on the scheduled day. The workmen come , collect and empty the container and put back at the curb. The house owner is required to take back the empty containers from the curb to his house. (2) Alley Service : The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by workmen from refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty container.

6. Curb Service Curb Service Curb Service

7. Alley Service

8. Collection Services For Solid Wastes (3) Set out Set Back Service: Set out man go to the house collect containers and empty them in the refuse vehicle. Another group of persons return them to the house owner’s yard Backyard Service: The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the yard and empty the solid waste container in it . The wheel barrow or bin is then taken to solid waste vehicle where it is emptied.

9. Set out Set Back Service

10. Collection frequency Spatial Location Frequency of solid waste collection Residential Once a week Industrial site Once a week City Centre Daily Market places Daily Hospitals Once a week schools Once a week Colleges & private institution Once a week

11. Solid waste management

12. Steps in the collection system

13. System of collection of Solid waste Types of collection systems Based on the mode of operation, collection systems are classified into two categories Haul container system (HCS) Stationary container system (SCS)

14. Hauled Container Systems Collection system in which the containers used for the storage of waste are hauled to the processing, transfer , or disposal site, emptied, and returned to either their original location or some other location are defined as hauled-container system . There are two main types of container Tilt-frame Container , and Trash-Trailer. The collector is responsible for driving the vehicles, loading full container and unloading empty containers, and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site . In some cases, for safety reasons, both a driver and helper are used.

15. Hauled Container Systems Systems that use tilt-frame-loaded vehicles and large containers , often called drop boxes, are ideally suited for collection of all types of solid wastes and rubbish from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of large containers . Open-top containers are used routinely at warehouses and construction sites. Large Containers used in conjunction with stationary compactors are common at commercial and industrial services and at transfer stations. Because of the large volume that can be hauled, the use of tilt-frame hauled container systems has become widespread, especially among private collectors servicing industrial accounts .

16. Hauled Container Systems The application of trash-trailer is similar to that of tilt-frame container systems. Trash-trailer are better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish, such as sand, timber , and metal scrap, and often are used for the collection of demolition wastes at construction sites

17. Hauled Container system

18. Stationary-Container System (SCS) Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of waste generation, except when moved for collection are defined as stationary-container systems . There are two main types of stationary-container system. Those in which self-loading compactors are used and Those in which manual loaded vehicles are used . Container size and utilization are not as critical in stationary container systems using self-loading collection vehicles equipped with a compaction mechanism as they are in the hauled-container system. Trips to the disposal site, transfer and loading methods is in the collection of residential wastes and litter . Manual methods are used for the collection of industrial wastes where pickup points are inaccessible to the collection

19. Stationary container system

20. Equipment for waste collection Litter bin Broom Shovels Community bins Handcarts Motor Vehicle

21. Equipment for waste collection Litter bins Broom Shovels

22. Community Bins

23. Equipment for waste collection Handcarts Fabricated of MS angle, tee & flats. Consist 6 or 8 bins. Each of 25 liters Capacity. It collects solid waste & transfer it to the central collection collectors. Minimum size may be 1.01m x 0.7m x 0.25m

24. Equipment for waste collection Motor Vehicle transport

25. Motor Vehicle Transport Trucks A wide Variety of trucks is used to transport the solid waste. These trucks should be strong, durable, water & made up of stainless steel with smooth interior. While selecting truck to transport, following points should be considered: Weight of solid waste to be transported Weight of the truck. Ease of loading & unloading. These are inexpensive, sturdy & easily obtainable 26

26. Motor Vehicle Transport Dumper These are also know as Fore & aft tipper. These are useful for handling wet refuse. These are suitable for primary collection from main street using container relay system. Maintenance cost of dumper is less. Hence dumpers are popular. It utilizes body capacities of about 12 cubic metre . 27

27. Motor Vehicle Transport Compactor Vehicle It allows waste container to be emptied from all sides into vehicles It needs two persons to operate & are usually equipped with two cycling lifts that dump into container. These have high initial cost, skilled labours required & operating cost is more. these have hydraulic system with rear loading arrangement. Capacity varies from 5 to 10 cubic meter. 28

28. Motor Vehicle Transport Auto Vehicles These vehicles may be two- wheelers, three-wheelers. This is common means of transportation in several developing countries & is a viable alternative for waste collection. It can be fitted with a high-level tipping body of about 2 cubic meter capacity. It is useful in cities where streets are too narrow to allow the passage of larger vehicles But these vehicles does not operate well on rough, unpaved roads. 29

29. Thank You

30. LANDFILL SYSTEM 1

31. Topics of discussion Introduction to landfill Types of landfills Methods of landfill Landfill operation Landfill gas Leachate Landfill liners Final and Post Closure 2

32. L A N D F I LL Landfill , is a site for the engineered disposal of waste materials by burial in the earth’s crust. Most common method. Energy efficient process. Cost effective process. 3

33. Types of landfills Type of waste    H aza rd ou s landfill Sanitary landfills Open D u m p s Landfill op er ati o n A er ob i c landfill A n ae r o bic landfill Semi ae r ob ic landfill 4

34. Landfill operation 5 The gases found in land fills include air, ammonia Carbon monoxide,hydrogen, sulfide,methane,nitrogen. Carbon monoxide and methane are the principle gases produced from anaerobic decomposition . It involves three steps. Enzyme mediated transformation Bacterial conversion for intermediate compounds . Bacterial conversion of intermediate compounds to low molecular weight compounds.

35. Methods of landfill Area method Trench method Open pit method Canyon method. 6

36. Area met ho d 7 The area method is used when the terrain is unsuitable for excavation. The filling operation usually is started by building an earthen levee against which wastes are compacted and placed in thin layers. At the end of each days operation a 150-300 mm of layer of cover material is placed over the completed landfill. A completed lift, including the cover material is called a cell

37. Trench method 8 The trench method is ideally suited where there is adequate amount of cover material available and the groundwater level is well below the surface. Where there is artificial or natural depressions exist those can be effectively used for trench method. Canyons ,ravines, dry borrow pits and quarries can be used for this purpose.

38. Landfill Design & Operation Design Considerations Geometry of cell Support material Leachate collection LFG collection Final closure Liners 9

39. Landfill Design & Operation      Operational Considerations Leachate availability Leachate recirculation methods Degree of automation Liquids balance 1

40. Steps to be followed for landfill design Establish Design Criteria Obtain Data Necessary for Design Prepare Preliminary Layouts and Design Prepare Operations and Maintenance Plan 1 1

41. Construction of landfill 1 2 A specific method of filling will depend on the characteristics of the site, Such as the amount of available cover material, topography, and the local hydrology. During construction of landfill the following must be determined Access roads. Equipment shelters. Scales if used. Topsoil stockpiles sites.

42. Landfill system 1 3

43. Simple landfill system 1 4

44. Leachate collection system 1 5 Leachate may be defined as the liquid that has percolated through solidwaste and has extracted dissolved or suspended materials from it. The rate of seepage of leachate from the bottom of a landfill is estimated by Darcys law. The use of clay has favored in reducing the leachate percolation .

45. Landfill gas 1 6 o In most of the cases as the anaerobic decomposition of the wastes predominates the decomposition process the gases obtain are Carbon dioxide and methane. o Carbon dioxide as result of its density will move towards the grounwater which can lower the pH of the groundwater and increases the hardness and mineral content in the ground water.

46. Gas venting system 1 7 The lateral movement of gases produced in a landfill Can be controlled by installing vents made of materials that are more permeable than surrounding soil. The spacing of vents depends on width of waste cells but usually varies from 18 to 60 m.

47. Outlet for Gas venting system 1 8 Barrier or well vents also can be used to control the lateral movement of gases. Well vents also can be used to control the lateral movement of gases. The movement of landfill gases through adjacent soil formations can be controlled by constructions of Barriers that are more impermeable than soil Eg; bentonites butyl rubber,illites etc;

48. Liners used in landfill Sand Gravel Geonet Geosynthetic membranes 2

49. Final cover and post closure The final cover must be 36” thick layer of clay. Boundaries must be well protected. Final cover and environmental factors should be considered. Long term usage of landfill i.e. reusage of landfill. 2 1

50. View of a landfill 2 2

51. CONCLUSION Effective design of landfill must aim at Public health and safety Long term workability of landfill Control of pests,birds,etc. 2 3

52. 2 5