waste management: Definition of waste, types of wastes and their disposal t

How to properly dispose wastes

1. Contents Introduction Waste Sources of waste Waste management H ierarchy of waste management system Steps of waste management Classification of waste 1. Classification of waste base on their physical state Solid waste management Solid waste disposal Impact of solid waste mismanagement on human health and environment Solution to solid waste management Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)  Liquid waste management Wastewater treatment methods Health effect of liquid waste mismanagement Gaseous waste management Health effect of gaseous waste Health effect of gaseous waste to human 2. Classification of waste base on Bio-degradability Biodegradable wastes Non–Biodegradable wastes

2. Contents con.. 3. Classification of waste base on effects on human health Hazardous waste Hazardous waste Criteria Hazardous waste Management Disposal of Hazardous waste Non-Hazardous waste E-waste  management (electronic waste) Source of E-waste Treatment Options  of E-Waste Health effect of e- waste components of E-waste Management Bio-medical waste steps in biomedical waste management Heath effect of bio-medical waste Public health importance of waste management Clinical important of waste management Summery Reference's

3. Introduction Waste management refers to the various schemes to manage and dispose of wastes. It can be by collection, discarding, destroying, processing, recycling, reusing, or controlling wastes. The prime objective of waste management is to reduce the amount of unusable materials and to avert potential health and environmental hazards. The misused of wastes and the poor management of wastes can causes the spread of infectious disease and environment hazard. Waste collection service are often provided for f ree by the local government.

4. Introduction cont …. The collection waste are disposed by various methods, e.g. by landfill compaction and incinerated to reduce their volume by 80 to 95%, and to convert them into gas, steam, ash, and heat. However, air pollution is a concern when disposing of waste by means of incineration. Thus, other means are encouraged, such as recycling, reprocessing, and re-use. Organic wastes, especially those that are biodegradable, are allowed to be decomposed so that they can be used as mulch or compost in agriculture and the methane gas from the biological degradation be collected and use for generating electricity and heat. Liquid wastes, such as wastewater, undergo treatment producing sewage sludge that can be disposed of by incineration, composting, and landfill.

5. Waste Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use for, which they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded.(European Topic Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production) Waste is a ny material which is not needed by the owner, producer or processor.

6. Sources of waste Waste is being generated everywhere. Waste comes from: Residential Hospitals Commercial Institutional Industrial Municipal Solid Waste (Construction and Demolition) Treatment Facilities Agricultural

7. Waste management Waste management refer to the activities and processes involve in the collecting, transportation, processing, recycling, and disposal of waste materials . It aim to minimize the negative impact of waste on the environment, human health, Animals, and the economy.

8. Cont … Effective waste management plays a crucial role in reducing pollution, conserving resources, and promoting sustainability. It often required collaboration between governments, business, communities, and individuals to implement efficient waste reduction, recycling, and disposal practices.

9. HIERARCHY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

10. Steps of waste management Waste management involves various steps and strategies. These include: Waste collection Waste transportation Waste treatment Recycling Composting Incineration landfill

11. Cont … 1. waste collection : this involve the collection of waste materials from households, business, and public places. Waste can be collected through curbside pick-up, drop-up, drop-off centers, or special collection events. 2. Waste transportation: collected waste is then transported to treatment or disposal facilities. This can be done using different methods, such as trucks, ships, or train, depending on the type and quantity of waste being transported.

12. Cont …. 3. waste treatment : once the waste arrive at treatment facilities, it undergoes various processes to reduce its volume and potential harm, treatment options include recycling, composting, incineration, and landfill. 4. R ecycling : recycling involves the conversion of waste materials into ne products. It help conserve nature resource, reduces energy consumption, and minimizes the need for landfill space.

13. Cont … 5. composting: composting is the process of decomposing organic waste materials, such as food scraps and yard trimmings, into nutrient-rich compost. Compost can be used as a fertilizer for plants and soil improvement. 6. Incineration : incineration is the controlled burning of waste at high temperatures. It help reduce the volume of waste and can generate energy through the combustion process.

14. Con… 7. L andfill: landfill are designated areas where waste is disposed of in a controlled manner. Modern landfills are engineered to minimize environmental impacts, such as groundwater contamination and air pollution.

15. Classification of waste 1.  B asis of their physical state Solid waste Liquid waste Gaseous waste 2. Basis  of Bio-degradability Biodegradable wastes Non–Biodegradable wastes 3. Basis on effects on human health Hazardous waste Non – hazardous waste

16. 1 . Classification of waste base on their physical state i . Solid  waste Solid waste commonly called Garbage. It includes only non-liquid wastes. Three types of Solid Waste House hold waste or Municipal Solid Waste Industrial waste or Hazardous waste Hospital waste or Biomedical waste

17. Solid waste management Solid waste such as papers, plastics, metals that comes from home, work place, commercial place, hospital and industrials are commonly disposed and manage thought landfill, burning and sea disposal. 3 approaches in  Solid Waste Management 1. Life-cycle based 2. Generation based 3. Management based

18. Cont … 1 . Life-cycle based Based on lifecycle assessment of a product from its production and consumption point of view . 2.Generation based based on its generation from different sources including domestic, commercial, industrial and agriculture. 3. Management based Includes regulations and laws, institutions, financial mechanisms, technology and infrastructure, and role of various stakeholders.

19. Solid waste disposal On-site disposal Composting Incineration Open dumps Sanitary landfills

20. Impact of solid waste mismanagement on human health and environment Improper disposal can lead to adverse health problem, for example through water, solid and air contamination. Hazardous solid waste treatment such as landfill and open burning can directly harm waste workers neighboring communities, animal, and plant. Vulnerable groups such as children are at increase risk of adverse health outcomes.

21. Cont … Poor solid waste collection and disposal into the sea can lead to environment and marine pollution and can block water drains. This resulting in; flooding: this can lead to the loss of lives and properties, hence causes physiological wellbeing to the victims. standing waters: provide breeding ground for disease-carry vectors like mosquitoes, flies, and rodents and this favour cholera and vector-borne disease such as malaria and dengue.

22. Con… The disposal of solid waste into the sea can also effect aquatics life. Increase in mercury level in fishes due to the disposal of mercury into the rivers. And if any of these fish is consume at a very high exposures by humans, it can lead to muscle weakness, fatigue and damage organ like the kidneys and liver. Plastic found in oceans can be ingested by birds. It can also resulted in high population in rivers and sea.

23. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal program To minimize the initial generation of waste materials through source reduction, then through reusing and recycling to further reduce the volume of the material being sent to landfills or incineration compared to the conventional approach of simply focusing on disposal of solid waste

24. Solution to solid waste management Re-cycling is the best process to maintain solid waste (papers and metals). Recycling is the process of converting waste material into new material a nd object. Material for recycling may be collected separately or doing separate, from general waste using dedicate bin and collection vehicles. Reduce, reuse and recycle solid waste to the greatest extent possible. Co-operate to the extent practicable in recycling programs conducted by the civilian community Facilitating community participation in solid waste management activities intellectual input – research on design, materials, concept. Financial support towards infrastructure and maintenance. Privatize solid waste management facilities or contract for waste disposal services, including recycling Overall monitoring and co-ordination

25. Liquid waste management ii . Liquid waste Liquid waste is any form of liquid residue that is potentially harmful to human health. Some e.g of liquid waste source : Industrials Home Commercial places eg . Market Hospital

26. Cont ….. Sewage   Sullage Industrial waste Runoff Sewage Waste water from the community which contains solid and liquid excreta. 99.9% - water 0.1% - solids Sullage Waste water which does not contain human excreta. Eg : waste water from kitchens and bathrooms Waste water management Three stages Physical Chemical Biological

27. Liquid waste management Liquid waste such as sewage, oil etc. from household use; industrials applications and commercial places etc… This wastewater contain variety of biological and chemical pollutants which make it unsafe for human and the environment. Normal, this wastewater undergo treatment in order for it to become use again.

28. Wastewater treatment methods

29. Health effect of liquid waste mismanagement Poor liquid disposal such as contaminated water, oil etc… released into the ground can contaminate groundwater and surface water sources. Pathogen from improperly managed liquid waste can seep into drinking water supplies, causing waterborne disease such as cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis.

30. Health effect of liquid waste cont ….. Hazardous chemical in oils disposed in rivers, sea, oceans can affect the aquatic environment, making it difficult for aquatic animal to survive . Hence, some aquatic animals like fish will be come migrant. This will lead to shortage of sea meat, and affect human nutrition because fish meat is the main source of protein .

31. Health effect con… Children, animals and people living in the rural areas are at increase risk . People living near river, sea or ocean are at increase

32. Gaseous waste management

33. Gaseous waste management iii. Gaseous waste Gaseous waste are released in the form of gases into the environment. These waste come from; Automobiles like car, bike, trucks, etc. Factories Burning of fossil fuels like petroleum Industrials

34. Cont … Inadequate waste management, especially the burning of waste, releases harmful air pollutants, including particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and harmful gas.

35. Health effect of gaseous waste If gaseous waste is not manage well, it would cause air pollution and this affect human health and animal such as birds.

36. Health effect of gaseous waste to human The released of poisonous gas such as dioxins and furans from motorbike, vehicle, factories and industrials can lead to respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, and even cancer among nearby residents.

37. 2. Classification of waste base on Bio-degradability Biodegradable wastes Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically originated from plant or animals source, which may be degraded by other living organisms such as bacterial ect . Examples; food waste, dead animal or plant, unwanted plant etc. ii. Non–Biodegradable wastes Non-biodegradable waste is a type of waste which cannot be broken down by organisms and act as a source of pollution. Example; plastic, mental, artificial rubber, glass etc.

38. 3. Classification of waste base on effects on human health i. Hazardous waste Hazardous waste can be solid, liquid, gases, or sludge’s that has dangerous properties and potentially harmful to human health or the environment.

39. Hazardous waste Criteria Ignitability - includes liquids with a flash point less than 140°F, at standard temperature and pressure. Corrosivity - includes aqueous wastes with a pH at or below 2.0 (acids) or at or above 12.5 (bases) Reactivity - includes unstable chemicals, violent reactions with water, formation of explosive mixtures when mixed with water, etc Toxicity - includes poisons and other toxic substances that pose a threat to human health, domestic livestock, pets, or wildlife through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption

40. Hazardous waste Management Minimizing  Collection and Packaging Labelling Storage Disposal

41. H- waste management 1.Minimize Reuse  old chemical containers helps in resource conservation, economic efficiency & environmental protection. 2.Collection and Packaging Never mix incompatible materials Sealed containers Liquid Waste containers should only be fill to 75% of capacity to allow for expansion

42. Cont …. 3.Labeling Proper labeling 4 Storage Waste should be segregated and stored according to compatibility Make sure container are secure and check for leaks in storage area

43. Disposal of Hazardous waste Incineration - able to achieve 99.99% destruction & removal efficiency of hazardous components in waste. Land disposal, underground disposal & deep well injection

44. SAL CONVENTION An international treaty Reduce the movement of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. Developed Developing

45. Non–hazardous waste ii. Non–hazardous waste Non-hazardous waste can be solid or liquid that are not dangerous but harm the environment if they are not manage well.

46. E-waste  E-waste comprises of waste electronics goods which are not fit for their originally intended use. Such electronics goods may be television, telephones, radios, computers, printers, fax machines, DVDs and CDs etc.

47. Sources of E-waste  IT and Telecom Equipments Large and small Household Appliances Consumer & Lighting Equipments Electrical & Electronic Tools Toys, Leisure & Sports Equipment Medical Devices Monitoring & Control Instruments

48. Treatment Options of E-Waste Land filling. Incineration.

49. Health effects Electronics products like computers and cell phones contain a lot of different toxins. For example, Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) contain heavy metals such as Lead, Barium and Cadmium, which can damage human nervous and respiratory system if they enter the water system.

50. Effects of E-waste On Environment Pollution of Ground- Water. Acidification of soil. Air Pollution. E-Waste accounts for 40 percent of the lead and 75 percent of the heavy metals found in landfills. On Human Health DNA damage. Lung Cancer. Damage to heart, liver and spleen. Chronic damage to the brain. Asthmatic bronchitis.

51. components of E-waste Management The major components of E-waste Management are E-waste collection, sorting and transportation. E-waste recycling. In industries, management of E-waste is done by Waste Minimization Techniques. It involves- Inventory management, Production-process modification, Volume reduction, Recovery and reuse.

52. BIOMEDICAL WASTE

53. BIOMEDICAL WASTE "Bio-medical waste“ means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or Immunisation of human beings or animals or in research activities or in the production or testing of biologicals .

54. STEPS IN BIOMEDICAL WASTE (BMW) MANAGEMENT 1.Survey of waste generated Quantity Type Source Level of disinfection

55. Cont …. 2.Segregation and collection Done at point of Generation of waste Process where wastes of different types, hazardous nature and consistency are separated. As per the categories. Colour coded containers Where? - Should be displayed. Local languages.

56. Cont … Reusable bins/containers - cleaned/disinfected Correct size to hold the desired quantity

57. Cont … 3.Storage of waste Holding of biomedical waste for such period of time, at the end of which waste is treated and disposed of. Safe from tampering and access to rag-pickers. Not beyond a period of 48 hours. Biohazard symbol

58. Cont ….. 4.Transportation of waste Vital link Source interim storage site final disposal Secured from the public as well as waste handlers. Minimal effort , spillage or disturbance to the waste. Frequency and timings of transport should be informed Keep proper documentation of the frequency.

59. Cont … 5. Technologies for waste treatment Reduce its bulk and make it free from pathogenic organisms. Changes the physical, chemical or biological characteristics or composition. Hazardous non-hazardous Chemical disinfection Technology Thermal technology Mechanical Technology Irradiation technology

60. Cont …. 6.Final disposal methods Incineration Deep burial Landfill

61. Health effect of biomedical waste management

62. Public health importance of waste management Poor waste handling and disposal - environmental pollution - breeding of disease-vector insects, animal scavengers and rodents - diseases Public or community nuisance due to foul odour and unsightliness Obstruction of drainage systems Fire hazards .

63. Clinical important of waste management

64. Sumurary

65. Refrences