wasteland management final-1.pptx

wasteland management

1. BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY RGSC,Barkachha Submitted By Khumita Verma SEMINAR TOPI C - reclamation of WASTELAND THROUGH AGROFORESTRY Supervisor Dr R N Meena Submitted By Khumita Verma ID NO 21430AGF009

2. Contents Introduction Classification Wasteland Distribution Methods of reclamation Needs to restored land Wasteland development schemes Ongoing project Suggestions Case study -1 Case study -2 Conclusion Reference

3. I NTRODUCTION Wastelands are those lands which are either unavailable for cultivation or left out without being cultivated, like fallows and culturable waste (Wasteland Atlas of India, 2005) Results of the last mapping cycle – carried out in 2015-16 – were released in 2019 as   Wastelands Atlas of India . It said 557,665.51 square km (almost 17% of India’s geographical area) is wasteland. The effort has resulted in estimating the  spatial extent of wastelands for entire country  to the tune  of 55.76 Mha (16.96 % of geographical area of the country i.e. 328.72 Mha) for the year 2015-16 as compared to 56.60 Mha (17.21%) in the year 2008-09. During this period  45 Mha of wastelands are converted into non wastelands categories . Majority of wastelands have been changed into categories of  croplands (0.64 Mha), forest-dense / open (0.28 Mha ), forest plantation (0.029 Mha ),plantatio n (0.057 Mha)  and industrial area (0.035 Mha)

4. Kinds of Wastelands

5. Classification of Wastelands

6. Area Covered Under Wasteland(Sqkm) Category Category Snow Covered/Glacial 55788.49 Barren Rocky/Sheet Rock 64584.77 Land affected by salinity/alkalinity 20477.38 Gullied/or ravenous land 20553.35 Upland with or without scrub 194014.29 Water logged & Marshy 16568.45 Steep sloping area 7656.29 Shifting cultivation land 35142.20 Mining/Industrial Wastelands 1252.13 Degraded/pastures/grazing land 25978.91 Under utilized/degraded notified forest land Grand Total: 140652.31 Grand Total: 638518.31 sq.kms ENVIS Centre, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India, 2023

7. Major Wasteland Map of India . Sources-isro.govt.in/Earth observer,2015-16

8. Wasteland Distribution In India . 93.689 73.754 40.042 38.788o 38.788 , 22.47 21.35 16.648 14.43 8 14.79 Rajasthan Jammu Madhya Pradesh a Andhra Pradesh M.H. H.P Gujrat Odisa Karnataka Uttarakhand Total area under wasteland is 472261 sq km which is about 14.61 % of its entire area as per 2006 census Source: Wasteland Atlas Of India, ISRO, Hyderabad Top 10 states in India Areawise

9. Industrial wastelands in India 6.6 10.67 9.06 1.42 18.07 2.72 4.9 Source: NBSS&LUP

10. Cause of Land Degradation

11. Effect of Land degradation

12. Status of Land Degradation Broad categories of degraded land Area (Mha) Water erosion 82.57 Wind erosion 12.40 Salt affected spils 6.74 Acidic soils 17.94 Others 1.07 Total 120.72 ICAR – National bureau of soil survey and land use planning IFPRI

13. Salinity Affected Area . Source - WASTELANDS ATLAS OF INDIA 2019

14. Why does land needs to be restored ?

15. Wasteland Reclamation Use of Agroforestry in R eclamation of the wasteland due to its multifunctional role and wide adaptability , With use of acceptable planting techniques and judicious selection of suitable species, the wasteland can be brought under viable vegetation cover .

16. Methods of Wasteland Reclamation

17. Suitable tree species for different wastelands Drought prone land Albizia lebbeck, Butea monosperma Cordia dichotoma Bauhinia variegate Ziziphus mauritiana Z. nummularia. A. catechu Ravine land Dichrostachis cineria A. nilotica A. leucophloea Pongamia pinnata Azadirachta indica Leucaena leucocephala Prosopis juliflora Gully land Anogeissus pendula Acacia leucophloea Ziziphus spp A. nilotica Carissa carandas Capparis decidua. Steep and slopy land Durian Coffee Cinnamon Nutmeg Durian + cinnamon + timber species Sikka et al., 2016 (Michon et al., 1984) ( Sikka et al., 2016 ) TNAU

18. Cont. Acidic soils Acers (Japanese Maples) Beech (Fagus) Magnolia Tree Pine Tree (Pinus) Sweet Gum (Liquidambar styraciflua Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) Monkey Puzzle (Araucaria araucana) Source: Singh et al., 1993 Emblica officinalis Zizyphus maurtiana Dalbergia sisoo Populus deltoids Aegle marmelos Syzygium cumini Tectona grandis Carisa carandus Soil Alkalinity Prosopis juliflora Casuarina equisetifolia Eucalyptus tereticornis Pongamia pinnata Waterlogged Eucalyptus camaldulensis E. globulus  E. microtheca. Casuarina obesa Prosopis chilensis Prosopis siliquestrum Prosopis alba. Ebania sesban, Syzygium guineense,  Source: CSSRI, Karnal, 2007 Source: TNAU Agri Portal

19. Agroforestry in Wasteland Agroforestry is being viewed as widely accepted agent for restoration and reclamation of the wasteland due to its multifunctional role and wide adaptability . With use of acceptable planting techniques and judicious selection of suitable species, the wasteland can be brought under viable vegetation cover

20. Other Agroforestry Approaches Agrisilviculture Wasteland Management

21. Agricultural Practices For Reclamation Of Wasteland . Oak leaves Eucalyptus leaves Corn, soyabean or cotton/ Sugarbeet Groundnut Soyabean Cowpea

22. Cont. Corn, wheat and legumes Corn + legumes Zero tillage Burning Cultural operation A newly quarried rock face or sand dunes. Land clearance or fire .

23. Some Plant species used for phytoremediation of contaminats present in wasteland Spp Contaminant Process Comments Western wheat grass Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation Perennial grass used in pastures / shown in studies to enhance degradation of TPH and PAHs in soils Miner’s lettuce Cadmium Uptake/ Accumulation A recent study on Vashon Island indicated uptake and accumulation of cadmium Reference (McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003 (Institute for Environmental Research and Education, 2003).

24. Cont. Spp Contaminant Process Comments Bermuda grass Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation/ Accumulation In studies where mixed with other grasses it has reduced TPH . White lupin Arsenic Rhizo accumulation A recent study indicated an ability to take up arsenic, primarily stored in the root structure Reference (McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003). (Esteban, Vazquez & Carpena, 2003).

25. Wasteland Development Schemes : Till the sixth five year plan, no specific programme of wasteland development was taken up. It is only in 1985 with establishment of NWDB that the problem of wasteland development received a new thrust. With the setting up of NWDB, a number of new schemes were initiated to secure people‘s participation, besides continuation of ongoing afforestation schemes. V oluntary Agencies

26. Major Ongoing Project : IWDP Scheme

27. Objectives:

28. Activities: The major activities taken up under the scheme are:

29. Modified strategies and suggestions : Govt. departments must view afforestation as a definite support to agriculture, e.g. shelterbelts, Agroforestry, mixed plantation etc. People’s involvement can be mobilized by understanding the community structure and their needs. The lab to land programme should seek to extensively popularize transfer of available technologies. Banks like NABARD should establish a separate line of credit for afforestation projects.

30. Case study -1 Reclamation of Industrial Wasteland through Afforestation Tata Steel , Jamshedpur Dr. Utpal Kumar Chakraborty Assistant Professor (Contractual) Department of Sociology, Abdul Bari Memorial College, Jamshedpur

31. Case study -1 Tata Steel ( TISCO) Reclamation of industrial wasteland through afforestation at Tata Steel. How steel industry harm a land :- Basic slag , by – product of steel industry is double silicate and phosphate, produced by Thomas and Gilchrist in 1877. Slag goes into agriculture land. In India , crushing and griding of slag is not available upto desire fineness. In India ,percentage of phosphorus varies from 2% to 6% as compared to 12% in slag. Besides it also contains CaO , Mg and trace element.

32. Cont. Issues at Tata Steel :- Located at Jamshedpur Tata Steel plant generates about 13 to 16 lacs tones per annums of slag. Slag is dumped at the periphery of town. Causes a huge hindrance in the development of periphery land and stops vegetation growth. Tata Steel and Rural Development Society(TSRDS) undertook plantation of leguminous tree species at the Dump Yard. Difference in vegetation type imparted difference in soil properties too.

33. Issues of solid waste, livelihood and wasteland development

34. Never 139 92.7% 14 9.3% Dumps Solid Waste near Rarely 11 7.3% 23 15.3% Settlements Often 0.0% 34 22.7% Always 0.0% 79 52.7% Never 144 96.0% 14 9.3% Dumps Solid Waste near Farm Rarely 4 2.7% 22 14.7% Land Often 2 1.3% 26 17.3% Always 0.0% 88 58.7% Mining Activities Adversely Not at all 89 59.3% 0.0% Affected the Productive Capacity Slightly 8 5.3% 13 8.7% of the Lands Moderately 6 4.0% 27 18.0% Extremely 47 31.3% 110 73.3% Agricultural Landholders View Not at all 89 61.4% 0.0% Mining Activities Adversely Slightly 8 5.5% 9 9.7% Particulars Responses TATA BCCL Count Column Count Column

35. Case study -1 Tata Steel ( TISCO) Method Implied - Topography is undulating with an elevation of 123 m above msl. Rainfall 1648.2 mm and mean annual temperature 27 C . Semi arid climate. Forest cover mostly of Northern Mixed deciduous forest. TSRDS carried out plantation of Leguminous plants on pure slag dump- 1. Pit size 2 * 2.5 meter , Urea 1-10 gram , irrigation provide weekly till establishment. 2. After 12 years , the barren slag hills turned into lush green vegetation. Study carried out on change in soil nutrients properties under.

36. Case study -1 Tata Steel ( TISCO) Species selected for plantation were – Result And Discussion :- Organic carbon percentage has increased due to addition of leaf litter and their decomposition. Drastic increase in Nitrogen availability due to leguminous trees. Decrease in amount of phosphorus due to use in plants for their growth. Amount of pottasium has no significant difference . Acacia auriculiformis Dalbergia sisso Leucaena leucocephala Peltophorum pterocarpum

37. Case study -1 Tata Steel ( TISCO) Conclusions:- Change in nutrient properties of slag under different tree species attributes to different biocycle of nutrients. There was appreciable change in amount of organic carbon nitrogen and phosphorus. Based on the results ,it is recommended to raise leguminous vegetation in addition of neem cake , urea along with nitrogen fixing microbes. Success of above experiment helped to reclaim slag waste dump besides improving the ecological balance around industrial complex .

38. Case study -2 Reclamation Bauxite Residue by Afforestation activities in south India By - Suresh Chauhan and C. S. Silori The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) ,Darbari Seth Block, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, India. RECOFTC - The center for people and forest, Bangkok, Thailand.

39. Case study -2 HINDALCO Red mud solid waste from Bayer Process Disposed in ponds Characteristics :- Highly alkaline Fine metal oxides Salinity Poor structure and water holding capacity Low microbial activity

40. Case study -2 Reclamation Design – TERI’s nursery at Gualpaha. There combination of red mud and soil amenders are used. Bacteria and mycorrhiza inoculation. Winning combination 25% Farm Yard Manure 5% Vegetative dry dust 55% Red mud Bacteria and mycorrhiza Gypsum 15%

41. Case study -2 Reclamation Design – Grass And Lagume Species Para grass Signal grass Subabul Tree Species Vilayti Babul Karanj Israeli Babul Nitrogen fixing bacteria Nitrobactor Nitrosomonous

42. Case study -2 Plantation On Plot- 795 pits L*b*h = 45*45*45 cm. 5kg Gypsum ,7kg FYM ,1.5 kg VDD 4*3 meter distance between rows and plant One row of grass /legume between two rows of trees Sapling watered 8-10 litres/day Drip irrigation

43. Case study -2 Monitoring and observation – Tree – Girth ,height and survival percentage Grass – Density ,shoot lenght Naturally grown vegetation - Climbers ,vegetable crops(tomatoes),finger millet Red mud properties – Sample form 0-15cm ,15-30cm,30-45cm depths Tested for changes to physio chemical properties.

44. Soil parameters May 03 Nov.07 May 03 Nov.07 May 03 Nov. 07 pH value 8.20 7.00 8.30 7.73 8.40 8.00 EC (ds/m) 8.30 2.20 8.68 2.83 10.00 2.75 Exchangeable sodium (Me/100 g) 85.00 94.00 83.00 84.20 80.00 80.50 Organic carbon (%) 0.92 0.98 0.65 0.66 0.61 0.60 Available nitrogen (kg N/ha) 229.00 230.96 160.00 165.10 152.00 158.12 Available phosphorous (kg P/ha) 90.30 95.88 72.10 74.97 61.20 68.26 Available potassium (kg K/ha) 3800.00 6352.18 2912.00 9458.84 2688.00 11293.44 Total bacterial population (cfu/gm soil) 3 x 10 5 1.8 x 10 9 2x10 4 10 x 10 8 Nil 1.6 x 10 2 Soil texture Sand (%) 66.10 68.60 64.10 56.72 66.10 60.40 Silt (%) 15.70 15.26 18.80 24.63 16.00 24.50 Clay (%) 18.20 16.14 17.90 18.65 17.90 15.10 Texture class Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Changing patterns in physical and chemical properties of the red mud. 15 cm depth 30 cm depth 45 cm depth

45. Case study -2 Result and conclusion- Tree :- Survival high in early years later grass growth. Subabool followed by karanj reported max. height. Subabool followed by Vilayti babul reported max. girth. Para grass and Signal grass reported max. growth Soil:- silt and clay decreased and sand increased . p H decreased , micro nutrients ,bacterial population improved.

46. Afforestation of mining wastelands in India-few case studies Mine and its location Species Tried Technique Results and References Dhanpuri coal mine, Shandol District, M.P. Eucalyptus hybrid, E. camaldulensis, Emblica officinalis, Pongamia pinnata, Acacia nilotica, A. auriculaeformis, catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, bamboo etc. 60 cm3 pits filled with surface soil of natural sal forest along with 5 kg FYM Survival rate 70–94 %, Eucalyptus, A. auriculaeformis and bamboo very successful (Prasad and Shukla 1985)

47. Cont. Iron ore mine, Dalli Rajhara in Durg District, Chattisgarh Delbergia sissoo, Pongamia pinnata, Acacia procera, A. aurriculiformis, Albizia lebbeck, Eucalyptus spp Emblica officinalis, Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, bamboo, etc. 45 cm3 with 2.5 kg FYM per pit Survival 73–100 %, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus, Bamboo, Pongamia, Albizia, Emblica officinalis most successful (Prasad 1989) Mine and its location Species tried Technique Results and References

48. CONCLUSION Wastelands are the major challenge for farming communities and natural ecosystem in India. The root cause of land degradation is increasing biotic pressure on productive land beyond its carrying capacity and unscientific land use practices which leads to formation of wasteland. These wastelands are reclaimed and restored through scientific plantation technique, either through afforestation or practice of different agroforestry models based on specific location. To fill the cleft between the demand and supply of food, fodder, timber, fuel and also for resource conservation afforestation or practice of different agroforestry is very effective. Agroforestry could be a better alternative for managing the wasteland for higher productivity with environmental safeguard due to its potential to augment the declining quality of soil and environment as well as increasing the variability of farm produce and thereby additionally ensuring the nutritional security.

49. Reference Parandiyal, A. K., Sethy, B. K., Somasundaram, J., Ali, S., & Meena, H. R. (2020). Potential of Agroforestry for the Rehabilitation of Degraded Ravine Lands. Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes: Recent Advances and Emerging Challenges-Vol. 2 , 229-251. http://environmanagementbitkolkata.blogspot.in/2012/10/wasteland-reclamation.html http://www.superorg.net/archive/proposal/plant%20species%20phyto.pdf Gupta, A. K., Kumar, P., Rathore, A. C., Kumar, P., Kaushal, R., Islam, S., ... & Mehta, H. (2021 ). Soil and water conservation techniques based land degradation neutrality: a need-based solution for degraded lands in Indian perspective. Current Science, 121(10), 1343-1347. Singh, G., P.C. Sharma, S.K. Ambast, S.K. Kamra and B.K. Khosla. 2007. CSSRI: A Journey to Excellence (1969-2006). Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India, p. 156. ICAR-NAAS. 2010. Degraded and wastelands of India: Status and spatial distribution. Indian Council of Agricultural Research p. 158. Chaturvedi, O. P., Kaushal, R., Tomar, J. M. S., Prandiyal, A. K., & Panwar, P. (2014). Agroforestry for wasteland rehabilitation: mined, ravine, and degraded watershed areas.  Agroforestry systems in India: livelihood security & ecosystem services , 233-271 .

50. . I would like to express my sincere gratitude to The professor and Head, Department of Agronomy, BHU, Varanasi. The Co-Ordinator, M. Sc. (Ag) in Agroforestry, Dept. of Agronomy, BHU, Varanasi The Advisor, Dr. R.N.Meena All the Advisory Committee members All the Faculty members. I would like to thank all my fellow mates too . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT