Water Associated Diseases, public health protection to ensure everyone is safe and consuming clean water

Water supply and sanitation
Water associated diseases, the aim is public health protection, to ensure safe water consumption to prevent waterborne diseases.

1. UNIT 2: DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH WATER
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J. Ithindi

2. Learning objectives
At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
1.Define and use the key terms.
2.Differentiate the four categories of diseases associate with water.
3.Describe the different diseases related to water.
4.Be able to recommend prevention and control measures of these diseases.
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3. Terms of Definitions
•Acase-onepersoninfectedwithadiseaseiscalledacase,e.g.,onemalariacase.
•Endemicreferstotheconstantpresenceand/orusualprevalenceofadiseaseorinfectious
agentinapopulationwithinageographicarea.
•Epidemicreferstoanincrease,oftensudden,inthenumberofcasesofadiseaseabove
whatisnormallyexpectedinthatpopulationinthatarea.
•Pandemic:Whenanepidemicspreadsoverseveralcountriesorcontinents,affectinga
largenumberofpeople,itiscalledapandemice.g.,Covid-19.
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4. Terms of Definitions
•Carrier/asymptomaticcase:Isapersonthattransmitsadisease-causingorganismtoothers,
buttheydonotdisplayanysymptoms.Hence,thiscasesareinfectedbutNotsick,no
symptomsbutcanspreadthedisease.
•Symptomaticcase:Areinfected,sick,showsymptomsandcanspreadthedisease.
•Nosocomialinfectionsarehospitalacquiredinfectionsdifferentfromwhatthepatientwas
initiallybeingtreatedfor.
•ContagiousdiseaseAdiseasetransmittedthroughcontactlikescabies,leprosy,sexually
transmitteddiseases,etc.
•IncubationperiodThisisthetimeintervalbetweeninvasionofthehostbytheinfectiveagent
andmanifestationofthefirstsymptomofthedisease.
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5. How are Water Associated Disease transmitted?
Therearefivemainroutesoffecaloraltransmission(the5‘Fs’)
1.Fingers:Thisoccurswhenapersondoesnotpracticeproperhygiene,suchaswashingtheir
handsafterusingthetoilet,andtheinfectiousagentisspreadtoothersthroughdirectorindirect
contactwiththeirfeces.
2.Food:Thisoccurswhencontaminatedfoodproducts,suchasraworundercookedmeatorfruits
andvegetablesthathavebeenwashedincontaminatedwater,areconsumed.
3.Flies:Thisoccurswhenaninfectiousagentistransmittedthroughbyavector(flies)thathasbeen
incontactwithfecalmatterthathavefedonaninfectedpersonoranimal.
4.Fluids:transmissionsoccurswhencontaminatedwatercontainingfecalmatterisdrunkorused
forcookingandcleaning.
5.Fomites/floors:Thisoccurswhenaninfectiousagentistransmittedbymeansofanobjectsthat
hasbeencontaminatedwithfecalmatter,(e.g.,adoorknob,dirtyplatesoratoy).
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6. The 5 ‘Fs’ of Fecal-oral-Transmission
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7. Diseases of public health concern
•Cholera: A bacterial infection transmitted through contaminated water, causing severe
diarrhea and vomiting, leading to dehydration and potentially fatal outcomes.
•Giardiasis: A parasitic infection causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
•Cryptosporidiosis: A parasitic infection causing severe gastrointestinal symptoms,
fever, and fatigue.
•Typhoid fever: A bacterial infection causing high fever, headache, and diarrhea.
•Hepatitis A: A viral infection transmitted through contaminated water or food, causing
inflammation of the liver and symptoms such as fever, nausea, and vomiting.
•Hepatitis E:
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8. Diseases of Public Health Concern
•Legionnaires’ disease: A bacterial infection transmitted through contaminated water or air
conditioning systems, causing pneumonia-like symptoms.
•Dysentery: An infection causing severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.
•Schistosomiasis: A parasitic infection transmitted through contaminated freshwater causing
rash, fever, and abdominal pain.
•Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection transmitted through contaminated water, causing fever,
muscle pain, and kidney damage.
•Amoebiasis: A parasitic infection causing gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and
abdominal cramps.
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9. Four Categories Of Diseases Associated With Water
CLASS ACTIVITY
1.Water-Borne Diseases ( Group 1) _ Five members
2.Water-washed diseases (Group 2) Andreas Five members
3.Water-based diseases (Group 3) Petronella Five members
4.Water-Related-Vector-Borne Diseases (Group 4)Four members
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10. Why should we be concerned about unclean water?
•Globally,concernsarebecausewater-bornediseasesareamajorcauseofmorbidityand
mortality.
•heWHOestimatedthatglobally,about1.8millionpeoplediefromdiarrhealdiseases
annually,manyofwhichhavebeenlinkedtodiseasesacquiredfromtheconsumptionof
contaminatedwatersandseafood.
•Personswithcompromisedimmunesystems,suchasthosewithAIDS,areespecially
vulnerabletowaterborneinfections.
•Lackofsanitationisacriticaldeterminantinthecontaminationofdrinkingwaterbymicrobes.
•Fecalpollutionofdrinkingwatercanleadtoanumberofdiseases,includingCholera,typhoid
fever,salmonellosis,shigellosis,giardiasis,hepatitisandpoliomyelitis.
•Waterassociateddiseasesmaybewater-borne,water-washed,water-basedandwater-
related-vector-borne.
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11. Water-borne Diseases
•Waterbornediseasesarethosediseasesthataretransmittedthroughthedirectdrinkingofwater
contaminatedwithpathogenicmicroorganisms.
•Whencontaminateddrinkingwaterisusedinthepreparationoffood,canbethesourceoffood
bornediseasethroughconsumptionofthesamemicroorganisms.
•Mostwaterbornediseasesareoftentransmittedviathefecal-oralroute,andthisoccurswhen
humanfaecalmaterialisingestedthroughdrinkingcontaminatedwateroreatingcontaminated
food.
•Mainlyarisesfrompoorsewagemanagementandimpropersanitation.
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12. Water-borne Diseases Cont’d…
•Faecalpollutionofdrinking-watermaybesporadicandthedegreeoffaecalcontamination
maybeloworfluctuatewidely.
•Mostwaterbornediseasesarecharacterizedbydiarrhoea,whichinvolvesexcessivestooling,
oftenresultingtodehydrationandpossiblydeath.
•InruralAfricanregions,faecalcontaminationofwaterarisesfromrunoffsfromnearbybushes
andforestwhichserveasdefecationsitesforruraldwellers.
•Waterbornediseasecanbecausedbyprotozoa,viruses,bacteria,andintestinalparasites.
•Someofthewaterbornediseaseinclude
•Cholera,Amoebicdysentery,
•Bacillarydysentery(shigellosis),
•Cryptosporidiosis,Typhoid,Giardiasis,Paratyphoid,
•Balantidiasis,Salmonellosis,Campylobacterenteritis,Rotavirusdiarrhea,E.colidiarrhea,HepatitisA,Leptospirosisand
Poliomyelitis.
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14. 1.SafeWaterSupply:Providingasafeandcleanwatersupplyisthemosteffectivewayof
preventingwater-bornediseases.
2.Sanitationfacilities:Propersanitationfacilitiesareimportanttopreventthespreadof
water-bornediseases.Adequatedisposalofhumanwaste,cleanpublictoilets,andgarbage
disposalcanhelppreventthespreadofdiseases.
3.Properhygiene:Properhygienepracticessuchaswashinghandswithsoapandwater
beforeandafterfoodpreparation,discardleftoverfood.
4.Vaccinations:Vaccinationscanpreventcertainwater-bornediseasessuchascholeraand
typhoidfever.
Prevention and Control Measures of Water-borne
Diseases
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15. Water-washed Diseases
•Waterwashedorwater-scarcediseasesarethosediseaseswhichthriveinconditionswithwater
scarcityandpoorsanitation.
•Water-washeddiseasesoccurasaresultofinadequatequantitiesofwaterbeingavailablefor
goodpersonalhygiene.
•Forallofthese,washingandimprovedpersonalhygieneplayanimportantroleinpreventing
diseasetransmission.
•Examplesofwaterwasheddiseasesincludes;Scabies,Typhus,Yaws,Relapsingfever,
Trachoma,ConjunctivitisandSkinulcers.
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17. Good Personal Hygiene Habits Include:
•Washinghandswithsoap,orusinganalternativesuchasash,afterusingthelatrine
•Washinghandsbeforepreparingand/oreatingfood
•Washingthebodyfrequently
•Cleaningtheteethatleastonceaday
•Washingthehairwithsoaporshampooatleastonceaweek.
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18. Prevention and Control Measures
1.Personalhygiene:Maintainingpersonalhygienesuchastakingregularbathsandwashinghands
withsoapandwatercanhelppreventwater-washeddiseases.
2.Environmentalsanitation:Properdisposalofwastematerialsandsewagesystemscanhelp
preventthespreadofwater-washeddiseases.
3.Educationandawarenessprograms:Educatingpeopleabouttheimportanceofpersonal
hygieneandenvironmentalsanitationisnecessarytopreventthespreadofwater-washed
diseases.
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19. Water-Based Diseases
•Water-baseddiseasesareinfectionscausedbyparasiticpathogensfoundinaquatichost
organisms.
•Thesehostorganismsinclude;snail,orotheraquaticanimals.
•Humansbecomeinfectedbyingestingtheinfectiveformsorthroughskinpenetration.
•Examplesofwater-baseddiseasesincludesSchistosomiasis(cercariaereleasedfromsnail,
penetrateskin),Dracunculiasis(larvaeingestedincrustacean),Paragonimiasis(metacercariae
ingestedincraborcrayfish)andClonorchiasis(metacercariaeingestedinfish).
•Thesediseasescanbepreventedthroughavoidingcontactwithcontaminatedwater,oruseof
protectiveclothingorbarriercreams.
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20. Prevention and Control Measures of
Water-based Diseases
No vaccine is available for schistosomiasis, but
treatment can help reduce the impact of infection.
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21. Prevention & Control Measures of Water-based
Diseases
•Conductingawarenesscampaigns
•Vectorcontrol:Controllingthebreedingofsnailsandotherinsectsthatcanspreadwater-
baseddiseasescanhelppreventtheirspread.
•Avoidswimmingorplayinginfreshwaterwhenyouareinareasinwhichschistosomiasis
occurs.Drinksafewater.
•Drinksafewater.
•Avoid prolonged standing in water with bare foot while fishing.
•Propertreatmentofwater(byboiling)preventthespreadofwater-baseddiseases.
•Personalprotection:Wearingprotectiveclothingsuchasbootsortheuseofbarriercreams.
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22. Water-Related-Vector-borne Disease
•Waterrelatedvectorbornediseasesarenottypicallyassociatedwithlackofaccesstoclean
drinkingwaterorsanitationservices.
•Theyarethosediseasesthatarecausedbyinsectvectorswhichbreedinoraroundwaterbodies.
•Humansbecomeinfectedbybeingbittenbytheseinsectvectors.
•Considerationofvectorcontrolduringthedesign,constructionandoperationofsurfacewater
reservoirsandcanalscanreducethepotentialforwaterrelateddiseasetransmission.Themost
commonvectorinsectsaremosquitoes.
•Waterrelatedvector-bornediseasesincludes;Malaria,Yellowfever,Onchocerciasis(spreadby
blackfly),Denguefever(River-blindness)andFilariasis.
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Riverblindness
Filariasis

24. Prevention & Control Measures of Water-related
Vector-borne Diseases
1.Vectorcontrol:Controllingthebreedingofmosquitoesandotherinsectsthatcanspread
water-relatedvector-bornediseasesbyusingmosquitonets,insectrepellentsorinsecticides
canhelppreventtheirspread.
2.Watersanitation:Propertreatmentofwaterandmaintenanceofwatersupplysystemscan
preventthespreadofwater-relatedvector-bornediseases.
3.Vaccination:Vaccinesareavailableforsomewater-relatedvector-bornediseasessuchas
yellowfeveranddenguefever.Immunizationcanhelppreventtheirspread.
4.Personalprotection:Wearingprotectiveclothingsuchaslongsleeves,pants,and
mosquitonetscanhelppreventthespreadofwater-baseddiseases.
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25. Summary
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26. Summary
•Lackofsanitationisacriticaldeterminantinthecontaminationofdrinking-waterbymicrobes.As
alreadyseen,fecalpollutionofdrinking-watercanleadtoanumberofdiseases.
•Therearefivemainroutesoffecaloraltransmission(Flies,food,fingers,fluids,fomites/floors).
•Waterassociateddiseasemaybewater-borne,water-washed,water-basedandwater-related-
vector-borne.
•Waterbornediseases:directlyacquiredfromdrinkingcontaminatedwater.Contaminatedwateris
adirectresultofalackofadequatesanitationfacilities,poorwastewatertreatment,and
unhygienicbehaviours.
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27. Summary
•Water-washed:indirectlyacquireddiseasesduetolackofhygiene.Water-washeddiseases,
whichproduceskinandeyeinfections,arecausedbyalackofsoapandinsufficientwaterfor
washinghandsandclothesandforpersonalhygiene.
•Water-baseddiseases:causedbyaquaticorganismsthatspendpartoftheirlifecycleinthe
waterandanotherpartasparasitesofanimals.
•Water-baseddiseasesaretransmittedtoaquatichosts,suchasfreshwatercrustaceans,which
maythenbeingestedbypeople.
•Diseasestransmittedbywater-relatedinsectvectorsincludingtsetsefly,Anophelesmosquito
andsand-fly.
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