Water borne diseases (bacterial)

Brief summary regarding water borne diseases, particularly bacterial causes

1. Water-Borne Diseases (Bacterial) Bachelor of Public health Classroom Lecture Dr. Tanveer Rehman Dr. Yogesh Arora 19-02-2021 1

2. Introduction Water is an essential component of human body and life. Both quality and quantity are important, but without enough quantity, quality cannot be assured Water is related with development of diseases in various ways. Various ways by which water can transmit disease to humans are: - Water-borne, Water-based, Water-washed, Water-related 19-02-2021 2

3. Category Transmission Disease Example Water-borne Ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal feces or urine containing pathogenic bacteria, viruses or parasites Diarrhoeal diseases (gastroenteritis), amoebic & bacillary dysentery, cholera, poliomyelitis, typhoid/paratyphoid fever Water-washed Skin, ear or eye contact with contaminated water & poor personal hygiene Conjunctivitis, trachoma, intestinal helminth infections, leprosy, scabies Water-based Parasitical worm infections (parasites found in intermediate organisms living in water) Dracunculiasis, schistosomiasis, bilharziasis Water-related Insect vectors breeding in water or biting near water Dengue, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis, yellow fever 19-02-2021 3

4. Biological Those caused by the presence of an infective agent. a) Viral b) Bacterial c) Protozoal d) Helminthic e) Fungal Those due to the presence of an aquatic host a) Snail b) Cyclops Chemical Chemical pollutants of diverse nature, derived from industrial and agricultural wastes, are increasingly finding their way into public water supplies. Theses pollutants include: a) Detergent solvents, b) cyanides, c) heavy metals, d) minerals and organic acids, e) biocidal organic compounds etc. 19-02-2021 4

5. Water-borne diseases Diarrhoeal: Infect the gastrointestinal tract – Rotavirus, pathogenic E.coli, Campylobacter, Entamoeba, Giardia Epidemic diarrhoea: Shigella, Vibrio cholera are particularly infectious – potential to cause severe epidemics Non-diarrhoeal: Affecting other parts of the body – Hepatitis, Poliomyelitis, Legionellosis, Leptospirosis 19-02-2021 5

6. Burden of diarrhoea World-wide 1.8 million deaths, 4 million cases reported in 2004 88% of those deaths are due to unsafe water & poor sanitation 99% of those deaths occur in developing nations One in nine people lack access to an improved water source More people have a mobile phone than a toilet 19-02-2021 6

7. Water-borne diseases It is transmission of fecal-orally transmitted infectious diseases through ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal feces or urine containing pathogenic bacteria, viruses or protozoa. Pathogenic bacteria, viruses or protozoa can cause disease when ingested Human feces are generally the most dangerous 19-02-2021 7

8. Effects of climate on water-borne diseases Flooding: - a) Sewage treatment plant overflow, b) Contamination of water resources, c) Shortage of drinking water supply. Drought:- Higher concentrations of pathogens, impedes hygiene Global warming: -Higher temperatures increases growth and prolongs survival of infectious agents. Rainfall: -Dissemination of infectious agent from one place to another. 19-02-2021 8

9. Infection depends on Amount of faecal contamination of water Concentration of pathogens in faecal contamination Survival of the pathogenic organism Infectivity of the organism Individual health status 19-02-2021 9

10. Water-borne Pathogens Bacteria:- Vibrio sp , E. Coli, Camplylobacter , Salmonella, Leptospira , Legionella Protozoa: -Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Toxoplasma, Naegleria. Virus: -Hepatitis A, E, Enterovirus (polio), Norovirus Fungi: -Cryptococcus, Aspergillus 19-02-2021 10

11. Bacterial Diseases Pathogenic E.coli:- Strain O157: H7 may cause bloody diarrhoea, vomiting, and may cause death in individuals. Source: - From contaminated food and water. Campylobacter: - Common cause of food poisoning from contaminated water, meats and unpasteurized dairy products – complication causes Guillain-Barre Syndrome 19-02-2021 11

12. Bacterial Diseases Salmonella: - Typhoid fever: Common cause of food poisoning Leptospira : - Causes Weil’s disease – high fever, headaches, kidney and liver dysfunction Spread through the infected urine of animals (rodents). 19-02-2021 12

13. Bacterial Diseases Vibrio: - Causes cholera, a highly infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. Climate warming can increase its survival and transmission rate Legionella: - Causes Legionnaires' disease, a form of respiratory illness transmitted by water. Signs and symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, high fever, muscle pain, and headaches. 19-02-2021 13

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15. Prevention & Control Improve quality – at source – tap, storage vessel Interrupt routes of transmission – empty accumulated water sources Chlorination Hygiene behaviour – handwashing Exclusive Breastfeeding Careful disposal of all waste products Maintenance of sanitation system, pumps & wells Immunization – rotavirus 19-02-2021 15

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17. Thank You 19-02-2021 17

18. Bibliography Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 24 th Edition World Health Organization: Documents on diarrhoea 19-02-2021 18