Water Pollution , Air pollution, E waste.pdf

Pollution

1. Course Code ES(1CL501)
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Unit 2: Environmental Pollution

3. CONTENT
1.Introduction to Pollution
2.Sources of Env. Pollution
3.Environmental Performance Index
4.Classification of Env. Pollutants
5.Types of Env. Pollution
6.Air Pollution
7.Water Pollution
8.Soil Pollution
9.E-waste, Solid Waste
10.Noise Pollution

4. Environmental Pollution
Environmentalpollutionis
“thecontaminationofthe
physicaland biological
components of the
earth/atmospheresystemto
such an extentthat
normal environmental
processes are
adverselyaffected”.

5. Pollution
“Pollutionistheintroductionofcontaminantsintotheenvironmentthat
causeharmordiscomforttohumansorotherlivingorganisms,orthat
damagetheenvironment”whichcancome“intheformofchemical
substances,orenergysuchasnoise,heatorlight”.
Pollutionis“theadditionofanysubstanceorformofenergy(e.g.,heat,
sound,radioactivity)totheenvironmentataratefasterthanthe
environmentcanaccommodateitbydispersion,breakdown,recyclingor
storageinsomeharmlessform”.
Pollutionisreferredtothedirectorindirectalterationoftheenvironmentin
suchawaythatitinterfereswiththehumanhealth,thequalityoflifeandthe
naturalfunctioningoftheecosystems.
Pollutionisanundesirablechangeinphysical,chemicalandbiological
characteristicsoftheenvironment.Anychangeintheenvironmentwhich
contributestoitsdeteriorationiscalledpollution.

6. Environmental Pollutants
Thesubstancewhichpollutestheenvironment
orbecomesthecausefortheenvironmental
pollutioniscalledaspollutant.
Anysubstancepresentintheenvironmentin
harmfulconcentration,whichadverselyalters
theenvironmentbydamagingthegrowthrateof
aspeciesandbyinterferingwiththefood
chains,istoxicandaffectsthehealth,comfort
andpropertyetc.isconsideredasapollutant.

7. Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
Smokefromindustriesandautomobiles,
domesticandcommercialsewage,radioactive
substancesfromnuclearplantsanddiscarded
householdarticles(tins,bottles,broken
crockeryetc.)comeunderthecategoryof
pollutants.
“Pollutantscanbenaturallyoccurring
substancesorenergies,butare
consideredcontaminantswheninexcess
ofnaturallevels.”
Comeingaseous,solidorliquidform.
65,000differentchemicals
are considered as
environmentalpollutants
weretobereleasedintoair,
waterandlandonaregular
basis.

8. Sources of Environmental Pollutions
1.Man made (Anthropogenic) sources
2.Natural sources

9. Naturalresources Manmade(Anthropogenicsources)
VolcanicEruptions Urbanization
Forestfires Industrialization
Duststorms Vehicularpollution
Pollens,cysts,spores Populationexplosion,overuse
NaturalorganicmatterdecayUnscientificAgricultureactivities
Radioactivepollution Deforestation
Bacteria Nuclearexplosions,explosivesminingand
quarryingactivities.
Sources of Environmental Pollutions

10. Causes of Environmental Pollutions
Fundamental
Drivers of
Pollution
Industrialization
Population
growth
Globalisation
Primary & Secondary
Causes of pollution
Production
Consumption
Sources of
pollution
Manufacturing
Industry
Power
Generation
Other
Industries

11. Causes of Environmental Pollutions
Fundamentaldriversof pollution
Industrialization
Globalisation
Population
Growth

12. Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
Renowned author Miguel A. Santos identifies
threegeneralcharacteristicsofenvironmentalpollutants
•they aretrans-boundary
Pollutantsdon'trecognizeboundaries
Many of themcan'tbedegradedby living organisms and
therefore stay in the ecosphere for many years
Theydestroybiotaandhabitat

13. Classification of Environmental Pollutants
➢On the basis of existence in nature:
•Quantitative pollutants
•Qualitative pollutants
➢On the basis of formation:
•Primarypollutants
•Secondarypollutants
➢On the basis of characteristics (from Ecosystem point view i.e.,
according to their natural disposal):
•Bio-degradable pollutants
•Non-biodegradable pollutants

14. Classification of Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
➢On the basis of existence in nature:
Quantitative pollutants
•Thesearethosesubstancesnormallyoccurringinthe
environment,whoacquirethestatusofapollutantwhentheircon-
centrationgetsincreasedduetotheunmindfulactivitiesofman.
•Forexample,carbondioxide,ifpresentintheatmospherein
concentrationgreaterthannormalduetoautomobilesand
industries,causesmeasurableeffectsonhumans,animals,plants
orproperty,thenitisclassifiedasaquantitativepollutant.

15. Classification of Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
➢On the basis of existence in nature:
Qualitative pollutants
•Thesearethosesubstanceswhichdonotnormallyoccurinnature
butareaddedbyman,forexample,insecticides.

16. Classification of Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
➢Onthebasisofformation(Dependingupontheformin
whichtheypersistafterbeingreleasedintothe
environment):
PrimaryPollutants
•Thesearethosewhichareemitteddirectlyfromthesource
andpersistintheforminwhichtheywereaddedtothe
environment.
•Examples:ash,smoke,fumes,dust,nitricoxide,sulphur
dioxide,hydrocarbonsetc.

17. Classification of Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
➢Onthebasisofformation(Dependingupontheformin
whichtheypersistafterbeingreleasedintothe
environment):
SecondaryPollutants
•Thesearethosewhichareformedfromtheprimarypollutants
bychemicalinteractionwithsomeconstituentpresentinthe
atmosphere.
•Examples:Sulphurtrioxide,nitrogendioxide,aldehydes,
ketones,ozoneetc.

18. Classification of Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
Nitrogenoxidesandhydrocarbonsaretwoprimarypollutants
releasedfromautomobilesbutinthepresenceofsunlight,theyreact
toformperoxyacylnitrate(PAN)andozone,twosecondary
pollutantswhicharefarmoretoxicthantheprimarypollutantsfrom
whichtheyarederived.
Thisphenomenonofincreasedtoxicitybychemicalinteraction
amongthepollutantsisknownasSynergism.

19. Classification of Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
➢On the basis of characteristics:
Bio-degradable pollutants
These are the pollutants that are quickly degraded by natural means
(can bebroken downandprocessedbyliving organisms)
Heat or thermal pollution, and domestic sewage are considered in
this category as these can be rapidly decomposed by natural
processes or by engineered systems such as municipal treatment,
plants etc.

20. Classification of Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
•Biodegradablepollutantsareonly“temporarynuisances”thatcan
beneutralisedandconvertedintoharmlesscompounds.
•Becomeseriouspollutantsifreleasedinlargeamountsinsmall
areas,thusexceedingthenaturalcapacityoftheenvironmentto
“assimilate”them.

21. Classification of Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
Thedegradablepollutantscanbefurthersub-dividedintotwo
categories:
(i)Rapidlydegradableornon-persistentpollutant
•Thedegradationofthesepollutantsisveryfasterprocess.
•Forexample,thedecompositionofsewageandwastesofanimals
andplantsisafasterprocess.
•Thedomesticsewagecanberapidlydecomposedbynatural
processes.

22. Classification of Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
(ii)Slowlydegradableorpersistentpollutant
•Thedegradationofthesepollutantsisaveryslowerprocess.
•Itseemsasiftheamountofpollutantremainsunchanged
withtime.
•Forexample,degradationofsyntheticcompoundsandradio-
activeelementslikeIodine137,Strontium90orPlutonium
239takesalongerperiodoftime.

23. Classification of Environmental Pollutants (cont.)
➢On the basis of characteristics:
Non Bio-degradable pollutants
Thesearethesubstancesthateitherdonotdegradeor
degradeveryslowlyinthenaturalenvironment.
Theseincludemercurysalts,longchainphenolic
chemicals,Aluminiumcansetc.
Plasticmaylook
beautifulbutitisnot
biodegradable

24. Environment Performance Indices
▪Recently,theWorldEconomicForumreleasedthe
EnvironmentalPerformanceIndex(EPI)2022,onJune6,2022,
ranking180countriesintermsofclimatechangeperformance,
environmentalhealthandecosystemvitality.
▪Thesemetricsshowhownearcountriesaretomeetingstated
environmentalpolicyobjectivesonanationalbasis.
▪Indiawasrankedworstoutof180countriesassessedbyUS-
basedinstitutesfortheirenvironmentalperformance,whichhas
beencriticisedbyIndia.

25. What is the Environmental Performance Index?
•TheEPIisaglobalratingsystemthatranksnationsbasedontheir
environmentalhealth.
•TheEnvironmentalPerformanceIndex(EPI)providesadata-driven
evaluationofthegloballevelofsustainability.
•EPIindicatorshelptoidentifyissues,definegoals,followtrends,
understandoutcomesandidentifyeffectivepolicymethods.
•Gooddataandfact-basedresearchmayalsohelppolicymakers
narrowtheirgoals,improverelationshipswithimportant
stakeholdersandoptimisethereturnonenvironmentalspending.
•TheEPIisaneffectivepolicyinstrumentforachievingtheUN
SustainableDevelopmentGoalsandmovingsocietytowardamore
sustainablefuture.

26. Key Highlights of EPI-2022
•India(18.9),Myanmar(19.4),Vietnam(20.1),Bangladesh(23.1),
andPakistanhadthelowestratings(24.6).Accordingtothe
report,themajorityoflow-scoringcountrieshaveprioritized
economicexpansionabovesustainabilityoraredealingwithcivil
upheavalandothercrises.
•Thereportalsostatedthatjustafewnations,likeDenmarkand
theUnitedKingdom,arecurrentlyontracktoachieve
greenhousegasneutralityby2050.
•EPIprojectionsindicatethatjustfourcountries-China,India,the
USandRussia-willaccountforover50percentofresidual
globalgreenhousegasemissionsin2050ifcurrenttrendshold.

27. Types of Environmental Pollutions
•AirPollution(Atmospheric
pollution)
•Waterpollution
•Land\Soilpollution
•SolidWastes
•Noisepollution
•RadioactivePollution

28. Environmental Pollutions Effects
•Itincludeasthma,reducedenergylevels,
irritationofeyes,disruptionoftheimmune
system,malfunctionofthecentralnervous
system,cancer.
Air pollution:
•Itcancauseskinrashes&allergies,all
sortsofwater-borneinfections,vomiting&
stomachaches,malfunctionofthecentral
nervoussystemandsoon.
Water pollution:
•Itis,inaway,connectedtowaterpollution
andmaycausecancer,headaches,
fatigue,skinrashesandsoon.Soil pollution:

29. 1CL501-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Unit 2: Environmental Pollution
Air Pollution

30. Introduction to Air Pollution

31. Air Pollution
Population explosion
Urbanization
Extensiveindustrial
development
Automobile revolution
results into
Air Pollution

32. Air Pollution
TheAirActofGovt.ofIndia
(amendment 1987)definesair
pollutionas“Airpollutionmeansany
solid,liquidorgaseoussubstances
presentintheatmosphereinsuch
concentrationthatmaytendtobe
injurioustohumanbeingsorother
livingcreaturesorplantsorproperty
orenjoyment”.

33. Sources of Air Pollution

34. Sources of Air Pollution according top nature
SOURCES
NaturalSources
•Arisingduetonaturalcauseslikevolcano,oceans,
forestfire,duststorm,hotsprings,pollens,spores,
biogenicsource(Smokymountains)
Anthropogenic Sources (Man made)
•Arising due to man made activities
1.Industrial sources
2.Vehicular sources
3.Domestic sources
4.Area sources

35. Total sources
Stationary sources Mobile sources
Point sources Area sources Line sources Area sources
1.Industrial
Processing
2.Power plants
3.Fuel combustion
(Industrial)
coal
oil
gas
4.Solid waste
disposal
5.Municipal
Incinerators
6.Miscellaneous
1.Residential heating
Coal
Gas
Oil
2.Institutional and
Commercial heating
Coal
Oil
Gas
3.On site incineration
4.Open burning
5.Evaporative losses
6.Miscellaneous
1.Highway
vehicles
2.Railroad
locomotives
3.Channel
vessels
1.Motor vehicles
2.High duty,
Medium duty,
heavy duty
3.Rail yard
locomotives
4.Port vessels
5.Aircraft
(Airports)
6.Miscellaneous
Source Classification according to location

37. Sources of Air Pollution
Indoor
Outdoor

38. Natural Sources
•Volcano
•Accidental fire
•Dust storms
•Ocean

40. Volcano
▪Aneruptingvolcanoemits
particulatematter.
▪SO
2,H
2Sandmethanearealso
emitted.
▪Harmstheenvironmentfora
considerabledistancefromthe
volcanicsource.
▪PMandGasesremainsair
borneforalongperiodoftime.

41. Accidental Fire
▪Fireemitslargequantitiesofpollutants
intheformofsmoke,unburned
hydrocarbons,carbonmonoxide,
carbondioxide,oxidesofnitrogen,and
ash.
e.g.ForestfiresinAustralia,Amazon
etc

42. Dust storms
▪Duststormsthatentrainlargeamounts
ofparticulatematter.
▪Visibilityreductionduringmajordust
stormsiscauseofseverehighway
accidentsandcanevenaffectairtravel.
▪Theparticulatemattersaretransferred
byduststormsfromthedeserttourban
areas
▪causesproblemstohouseholders,
industryandautomobiles.

43. Ocean
▪Theoceaniscontinuallyemittingaerosolstotheatmosphere,in
theformofsaltparticles,whicharecorrosivetometalsand
paints.
▪Theactionofwavesonrocksreducesthemtosand,whichmay
eventuallybecomeairborne.
▪Eventheshellswasheduponthebeachareerodedbywaveand
tidalactionuntiltheyarereducedtosuchasmallsizethatthey
toomaybecomeairborne.

44. ▪Othernaturalsources,suchas
alkalineandsaltwaterlakes,
Sulfurousgasesfromhotsprings
Other Natural Sources

45. Anthropogenic Source
1.Industrial sources
2.Vehicular sources
3.Domestic sources
4.Area sources

46. Air Pollutant
❑Anysubstanceinairthatcould,inhigh
enoughconcentration,harmanimals,
humans,vegetation,and/ormaterials.Such
pollutantsmaybepresentassolidparticles,
liquiddroplets,orgasesisknownasair
pollutants.
❑Examplesofpollutantsincludes:-Nitrogen
oxides,carbonmonoxides,hydrocarbons,
sulphuroxides,sandordustparticles,and
organiccompoundsthatcanevaporateand
entertheatmosphere.

47. Classification of Air Pollutants

48. Classification of Air Pollutants
According to
the state of
matter
Particulate
Matter
Gaseous
Pollutants
According to
Chemical
Composition
Organic
Pollutants
Inorganic
Pollutants
According to
Origin
Primary
Pollutants
Secondary
Pollutants

49. 1. According to Origin
(A).Primarypollutants
Primarypollutantsarethoseemittedintotheatmosphereasa
resultofsomespecificprocessandremainforalongtimeinthe
chemicalforminwhichtheyareemitted.
Example:-
Particulates(ash,smoke,dust,fumes,mist,sprays),
SO
2,CO,C
xH
yO
z,H
2S,NH
3

50. (B).Secondarypollutants
Secondarypollutantsarenotemitteddirectly.
•Thesearethepollutantsthoseformedintheatmosphereasaresult
ofsomereactions.
•Thisreactionmaybephotochemicalornonphotochemicalandmay
takeplacebetweentwopollutantsorbetweenasinglepollutantand
naturalconstituentsoftheatmosphere.
Example:-Ozone,NO
x,Peroxyacetylnitrate(PAN),Sulphur
trioxide,aldehydes,ketonesandvarioussulphateandnitratesalts
1. According to Origin

51. 2. According to the State of Matter
(A). Gaseous Pollutants:
▪Contaminantsintheformofgasesbehavemuchastheairitself,
withoutbeingsettleout.
e.g.SO
2,CO
2,NO
x,H
2S,NH
3,Cl
2,HCetc.
▪Thesemaybeorganicorinorganic.

52. ▪Thesearefinelydividesolidsorliquids.
▪Solid particulates:Dusts, Smoke and Fumes
▪Liquid particulates:Mist, Sprays
▪Thelargerparticlestendtogetsettleoutquicklyandarecalled
settleableordustfallparticulates(particlesmorethan10µm).
▪Thesmallerparticlesremainsuspendedforalongerperiodandare
calledsuspendedparticulatematter(SPM,particlesizelessthan
10µm).
2. According to the State of Matter
(B). Particulate Pollutants

53. 3. According to Chemical Composition
(A). Organic Pollutants
▪Theyareorganicnatureandcontainmainlycarbonandhydrogen,
butmayalsocontainsomeotherelements.
e.g.H/C,ChlorinatedH/C,aldehydesandalcoholsetc.

54. 3. According to Chemical Composition
(B). Inorganic Pollutants
▪Contaminantsintheformofsimpleinorganicarecompoundslike
CO,CO
2,NO
2,NO,SO
2,HF,H
2S,metalsetc.

55. Majorclasses Examples
Organicgases Hexane, benzene, ethylene, methane,
butane, acetone, formaldehyde, alcohols,
chlorinated HC
Inorganic gases SO
2,SO
3, CO, CO
2, H
2S, NO
2, NH
3, Cl
2
3. According to Chemical Composition

56. Criteria Air Pollutants
▪TheEPAOfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards(OAQPS)has
setNationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsforsixprinciplepollutants
whicharecalled"criteria"pollutants.
▪Ozone
▪ParticulateMatter
▪CarbonMonoxide
▪NitrogenOxides
▪SulphurDioxide
▪Lead
Outofthesix
pollutants,Particulate
matterandground-
levelozonearethe
most widespread
healththreats.
Thesepollutantscanharmyourhealthandtheenvironmentand
causepropertydamage.

57. Effects of Air Pollution on Human
Health, Animals, Plants, Materials and
Environment

58. Effects of Air Pollution on Human
Health

59. Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Prime factors affecting human health are:
1.Nature of the pollutants
2.Concentration of the pollutants
3.Duration of exposure
4.State of health of receptor
5.Age group of the receptor
Effectofairpollutiononhumanhealthisworstduringthewinter
seasonwhenpollutionlevelreachaclimax.

60. Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Theeffectsofairpollutiononhuman
healthgenerallyoccurasaresultof
contactbetweenthepollutantsandthe
body.
Normally,bodilycontactoccursatthe
surfacesoftheskin.

61. Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
HealthEffects:
▪Eyeirritation
▪Noseandthroatirritation
▪Irritationoftherespiratorytract
▪Gaseslikehydrogensulphide,ammoniaandmercaptantscause
odournuisanceevenatlowconcentration
▪Avarietyofparticulatesparticularlypollensinitiatesasthmaticattacks
▪Chronicpulmonarydiseaseslikebronchitisandasthmaare
aggravatedbyahighconcentrationofSO
2,NO
2andparticulatesand
photochemicalsmog.

62. Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
HealthEffects:
▪Carbonmonoxidecombineswiththehemoglobinintheblood
andconsequentlyincreasesstressonthosesufferingfrom
cardiovascularandpulmonarydiseases.
▪Hydrogenfluoridecausesdiseaseofthebone(fluorosis)and
mottlingofteeth.
▪Carcinogenicagentscausecancer
▪Dustparticlescauserespiratorydiseases.Diseaseslikesilicosis,
asbestosisetc.resultsfromspecificdust.
▪Certainheavymetalslikeleadmayenterthebodythroughthe
lungsandcausepoisoning.

63. Effects of Air Pollution on Materials

64. ▪Metals,buildingmaterials,rubbers,elastomers,paper,textiles,
leathers,dyes,glass,enamelsandsurfacecoatingmaybeaffected
byairpollutants.
▪Damageslikecorrosion,abrasion,deposition,directorindirect
chemicalattackmayoccurtomaterials.
▪Theintensityofdamagedependsuponmoisture,temperature,
sunlight,airmovementandnatureandconcentrationofthe
pollutant.
▪OnAesthetic
Beauty:
Effects of Air Pollution on Materials

65. Effects of Air Pollution on Animals

66. Effects of Air Pollution on Animals
Theprocessbyfarmanimalsgetpoisoned
isdivideintotwosteps
1.Accumulation oftheair-borne
contaminantsinthevegetation
2.Poisoningoftheanimalswhentheyeat
thecontaminatedvegetation
▪Fluorine,Arsenicandleadarethemainpollutantswhich
causedamagetolivestock.

68. Effects of Air Pollution on Plants and
Vegetation

69. ▪Damagemayinformofvisualeffectssuchaschloroticmarking,
bandingsilveringorbronzingoftheundersideoftheleaf.
▪Reductioninplantgrowth
Effects of Air Pollution on Plants

70. Effects of Air Pollution on
Environment

71. Effects of Air Pollution on Environment
▪Duetodeforestationandfuelcombustioninindustriesand
automobiles,theCarbondioxidecontentoftheatmosphereis
expectedtodoublebytheyear2020.
▪Thisincreasewillchangetheclimateofearth,alsoincreasethe
temperatureoftheearthatmosphere,resultinginthemeltingof
polarice,whichwillcausethefloodingofcoastaltowns.
▪Types :
Acid Rain
Green House Gas Effect
Ozone Layer Depletion
Photochemical Smog
Global Warming

73. Air Pollution Control Methods

74. Air Pollution Control Methods and Equipment
Thegeneralmethodsfortechniqueswithoutanairpollutioncontrol
deviceincludeprocesschange,changeinfuel,improvedispersion,good
operatingpractices,andplantshutdown/relocation.
1. Source Correction Methods
2. Vegetation
3. Zoning

75. ▪Trytominimizethewasteat
sourcemeanspreventthe
formationofthepollutantsor
minimizetheiremissionatthe
sourceitself.
1. Source Correction Methods
▪Itcanbedoneby
1.Rawmaterialchanges
2.Processchanges
3.EquipmentModificationor
Replacement
4.ImproveDispersion
5.GoodOperatingPractices
6.PlantShutdown/Relocation

76. Plantsabsorbthecarbondioxideandreleaseoxygenthrough
photosynthesisprocess.
▪Thispurifiesairfortherespirationofmenandanimals.
▪Gaseouspollutantslikecarbonmonoxidearefixedbysome
plants.
▪Somespeciesofplantsdepollutetheairbymetabolising
nitrogenoxides.
▪Plentyoftreesshouldbeplantedaroundhigh-riskareasof
pollution.
2. Vegetation

77. Planningofcity
▪Industrialareashouldbefarawayfromtheresidentialarea.
▪Heavyindustriesshouldnotbelocatedtooclosetoeachother.
▪Locationofnewindustriesshouldbefarawayfromlargercities
anditshouldbeguidedbyregionalplanning.
▪InBangalore,industrialestateisdividedintothreezonesnamely
light,mediumandlargeindustries.
▪InBangaloreandDelhiverylargeindustriesarenotpermitted.
3. Zoning

78. Air Pollution Control Equipment
•Thecleaningtechniquesareappliedwhereemissionsof
pollutantscannotbepreventedandpollutioncontrolequipmentis
necessarytoremovethemfromthemaingasstream.
•Theemissionsfromtheplantarepassedthroughacontroldevice
beforereleasingtoatmosphere.
•Thepollutantsareremoved,destroyedortransformedinthe
controldevicebeforedischargingintoambientair.

79. Pollution Control Equipment
Control devices for
Particulate Pollutants
(a) Gravitational settling
Chamber
(b) Cyclone separators
(c ) Fabric filters
(d) Electrostatic precipitators
(e) Wet collectors (Scrubbers)
Control devices for
Gaseous Pollutants
Absorption
Adsorption
Condensation
Combustion

81. Gravitational Settling Chamber
▪Simplesttypeofequipment
▪Usedtoremovelarge,abrasive
particles(usually>50µm)from
gasstream
▪Principle:Particulatessettles
under the influenceof
gravitationalforce when
sufficientresidenttimeisprovided
inequipment
Gas In Gas Out
Chambe
r
Solid Settled
Particles
Horizontal Flow Settling Chamber

82. Principle:Centrifugalforceis
generatedbyusinghighgas
velocityandthisforceisused
toremovesolidparticlesfrom
gas

83. Filters
▪Filtrationistheoldest
andgenerallyoneof
themostefficient
methodsforremoving
particulatematterfrom
industrialgases.

84. Principle of Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP)
▪ElectrostaticPrecipitatorsisaphysicalprocessbywhich
particlessuspendedingasstreamarecharged
electricallyandundertheinfluenceoftheelectricfield,
separatedfromthegasstream.

85. Unit 2: Environmental Pollution
Water Pollution
Institute of Technology

86. Water Pollution
Anychemical,biological,physicalchangein
waterqualitythathasaharmfuleffecton
livingorganismsormakeswaterunsuitable
fordesiredusage.
OR
Waterpollutionisthepresenceofany
foreignsubstances(organic,inorganic,
radiological,biological)inwaterwhichtends
todegradethequalityofwatersoasto
constituteahazardorimpairtheusefulness
ofwater.

87. Water Pollution
Waterpollutionmaybedefinedasthe
contaminationofstreams,lakes,seas,
undergroundwateroroceansbysubstances
whichareharmfulforlivingbeings.
Industrialisationandpopulationexplosion
aretwoimportantfactorsforwaterpollution.

88. Water Pollutants
Institute of Technology

89. Water Pollutants
Waterpollutantsreferto
thesubstanceswhichare
capableofmakingany
physical,chemical or
biologicalchangeinthe
waterbody.Thesehave
undesirableeffectonliving
organisms.
Waterpollutants:
1)SewagePollutants(Domestic
andMunicipalWaste)
2)IndustrialPollutants
3)AgriculturalPollutants
4)PhysicalPollutants(Radioactive,
Thermal Pollutantsand
Sediment)
5)PetroleumProducts

90. How do We Measure Water Quality?
Institute of Technology

91. Watermaybecalledpollutedwhenthefollowingparametersstated
belowreachbeyondaspecifiedconcentrationinwater.
Physical parameters:
Colour, odour, turbidity,
taste, temperature and
electrical conductivity (good
indicators of contamination)
Chemical parameters: pH,
Amount of carbonates, sulphates,
chlorides, fluorides, nitrates and
metal ions
These chemicals form the total
dissolved solids present in water.
Biologicalparameters:Algae,fungi,viruses,protozoaandbacteria
Thebiologicalparametersgiveanindirectindicationoftheamountof
pollutioninwater
How do We Measure Water Quality?

92. Surface Water Pollution
Institute of Technology

93. Surface Water Pollution
When pollutants enter a stream, river or lake these gives rise to
Surface Water Pollution.
Sourcesof Surface Water Pollution:-
1.Point and Non-Point Sources
2.Natural and Anthropogenic (Manmade) Sources

94. Sources of Surface Water Pollution

95. Sources of Surface Water Pollution
PointSources
Thewell-definedsourcesthatemitspollutantsor
effluentsdirectlyintodifferentwaterbodiesof
freshwaterarecalledpointsources.
OR
Contaminationofwaterbodiesbysubstances
releasedfromasingle,identifiablesourcesuch
asapipe
Example:industrialpollutionwherealotmany
harmfulsubstancesarereleasedintowater
bodies.
Easy to identify, monitor and regulate

96. Sources of Surface Water Pollution
Non-pointSources:Contaminationof
waterbodiesbysubstancesthatdonot
comefromadiscrete,specifiedsource.
Thenon-pointsourcesofwaterpollution
arescatteredorspreadoverlargeareas.
Can’tbetrackedtoasinglepointorsource.
Example:Pollutionbywaterfromfarmlands
thatmixesinstreams
Quitedifficulttocontrolnon-
pointsources

97. ExamplesofNonPointSources
▪Soilerosion,chemicalrunoff,animalwastepollution
▪Leachingoutoffertilizers/nutrientsagriculturallands
▪Nutrientrunoffinstormwater-agriculturalfield/forest
▪Washedoffparkinglots,roadsandhighwayscalledurbanrunoff
Sources of Surface Water Pollution

99. NaturalSources
▪Anincreaseintheconcentration
ofnaturallyoccurringsubstances
arecallednaturalsources.
▪Siltation(whichincludessoil,
sandandmineralparticles)is
onesuchnaturalsource.
▪Deforestationmakessoilloose
andfloodwatersbringsiltfrom
mountainsintostreams,rivers
andlakes.
Sources of Surface Water Pollution
AnthropogenicSources(Manmade)
▪Thehumanactivitiesthatresult
intothepollutionofwaterare
calledanthropogenicsourcesof
waterpollution.
▪Forexample,domestic(sewage
andwastewater),industrialand
agriculturalwastesthatgoesinto
therivers,lakes,streamsand
seasareanthropogenicsources.

100. (1) Agriculture activities
▪Sediment eroded from the lands
▪Fertilizers and pesticides
▪Bacteria from livestock and food processing wastes
(2) Industrial facilities
▪Release inorganic & organic chemicals
▪Examples: coal ash (waste from burning coal) –stored in
ponds (leak) & dumped into lakes & rivers
(3) Mining
▪Surfaceminingdisturbstheland–createssoilerosion&
runoffoftoxicschemicals
Leading Cause of Surface Water Pollution

101. Pollution of Stream
→ Oxygen sag curve → Factors influencing recovery

102. Dilution as a solution in lakes less effective
▪Little vertical mixing
▪Little water flow (flushing)
Makes them more vulnerable
✔Toxins settle
✔Kill bottom life
✔Atmospheric deposition
✔Food chain disruptions
Freshwater Lake Pollution

103. ▪Eutrophicationistheprocessbywhichabodyofwateracquiresahigh
concentrationofnutrients,especiallyphosphatesandnitrates.
▪Thesetypicallypromoteexcessivegrowthofalgaewhichiscalled
“AlgalBloom”.
Eutrophication
•Asthealgaedieanddecompose,
highlevelsoforganicmatterand
thedecomposing organisms
depletethewaterofavailable
oxygen,causingthedeathofother
organisms,suchasfish.
•Decreaseofphotosynthesis

104. EutrophicationinLakes:
Nutrientenrichmentoflakes
mostlyfromrunoffofplant
nutrients
(nitratesandphosphates)

105. TheprocessofEutrophicationcanberoughlydividedintothefollowing
stepsbasedontheprogressofprocess:
1)Additionofnutrients
2)Growthofplants/algae
3)Deathofplants/algae
4)Growthofbacteria
5)LackofOxygenandotherunfavourableconditionsforexistingliving
entities
6)Suffocationanddeathoflivingentities,Sedimentationbecauseof
excesswaste(Detritus)
7)Deathofthewaterbodyandeventualdryingoflan
Steps in the Process of Eutrophication

106. ▪Increasedbiomasslikephytoplanktonin
water
▪Decreaseinharvestablefishandshell
fish
▪Increaseinturbidityofwater
▪Lossofaestheticvalueofwaterbody
▪BiologicalOxygenDemand(BOD)serves
asameasureforfindingoutabout
Eutrophicationinwater
▪AhighBODindicatesoccurrenceof
Eutrophicationinthewaterbody
Effects of Eutrophication

107. ▪Iforganicmaterialadditionstops,thebacteriauseupallthe
nutrientsavailableandstopdieoffaftersometimethiscanletthe
leftoffplantsandvertebratesgrowtheirnumbersagain
▪ConcentrationofdissolvedO
2increasesthroughnaturalmeans
likeatmosphericreplenishmentandphotosynthesis
▪Cleaningupofwaterbodieswillhelpinremovingsedimentation
andallowingplantsandfishgrowagain
▪Organicfarmingreducestheamountofnitritesthatflowinto
waterwhencomparedtoitscounterpartoffarmingandControlling
pollutionandflowofpollutingsubstancesintowaterbodies
Prevention and Reversal of Eutrophication

108. Ground Water Pollution
Institute of Technology

109. Whenthepollutedwaterseeps
intothegroundandentersan
aquiferitresultsintoground
waterpollution.
Ground Water Pollution

110. Ground Water Pollution

112. Ground Water Pollution
Groundwater Pollution
Prevention
Monitoraquifers
Find lesshazardous
substitutes
Leakdetectionsystems
Strictlyregulatinghazardous
wastedisposal
Storehazardousmaterials
aboveground

113. Ocean Pollution
Institute of Technology

114. Sources:offshorewells,tankers,pipelines
andstoragetanks
Effects:deathoforganisms,lossofanimal,
Significanteconomicimpacts
▪Mechanicalcleanupmethods:skimmers
andblotters
▪Chemicalcleanupmethods:coagulants
anddispersingagents
Ocean Pollution –Oil Spills

115. Effects of Water Pollutants
Institute of Technology

116. Effects of Water Pollutants
▪Change in colour
▪Objectionable taste and odour
▪Depleting Dissolved Oxygen Content
▪Curtailing the self purification property
▪Community Health Hazards
▪Increasing the Hardness
▪Increasing the pH
▪Interference in the photosynthesis process

117. Changeincolour:Wateracquirescolourwhentextileand
dyeingoperation,foodprocessingunits,mining,paper
production,animalslaughterhouses,etcdischargetheirwaste
effluentsintowaterbodies.Objectionably,colouredwateris
aestheticallyunacceptableandunsuitableforbathing,
laundering,beveragemanufacturing,foodprocessingetc.
Objectionabletasteandodour:Agentslikevariousminerals,
metals,phenols,freechlorine,hydrogensulphideetc.impart
objectionabletaste&odourtothewatertherebyimpairingits
use.
Effects of the Water Pollutants on Water Quality

118. DepletingDissolvedOxygenContent:Theimmediateoxygen
demandduetoimpuritiessuchasstarch,nitrites,etcdepletesthe
dissolvedoxygencontent&adverselyaffectstheaquaticlife.
Affectingtheoxygenationprocess:Theoilpresentinterfereswith
theoxygenationofthereceivingwaterstreams.
Curtailingtheselfpurificationproperty:Thedissolvedchromium
presentistoxictofishandaquaticlifeandthusaffectsthenaturalself
purificationpropertyofthestream.
CommunityHealthHazards:Pathogenicmicroorganisms.
Effects of the Water Pollutants on Water Quality

119. IncreasingtheHardness:MultivalentmetalliccationslikeCalcium,
Magnesium,Iron,Aluminum,etcincreasethehardness(either
PermanentorTemporary).Hardwaterconsumessoapandthereby
resultsineconomicloss.Hardwaterresultsinscalingandeven
burstingofboilersandhotwaterpipesthroughwhichitpasses.
Increasing the pH: The high pH is deleterious to aquatic life.
Interferenceinthephotosynthesisprocess:Thedyespresentin
theeffluentsofleatherandtanneryindustryimpartpersistentcolour
tothereceivingstreamsandinterferewithphotosynthesisof
phytoplanktons.
Effects of the Water Pollutants on Water Quality

120. Types of Water Pollutants, their Sources and Effects
Institute of Technology

121. Water Pollution Treatment
Institute of Technology

122. Water Pollution Treatment
Prevention and Reduction ?
How can we reduce surface water
pollution: point and also non-point.
How do sewage treatment plants work?
Solutions: Preventing and Reducing
Surface Water Pollution
NonpointSources
•Reducerunoff
•Bufferzonevegetation
•Reducesoilerosion
PointSources
•CleanWaterAct
•WaterQualityAct

123. Water Pollution Treatment –Nonpoint Sources
Institute of Technology

124. Non point Source

125. Non point Source

126. Non point Source

127. Water Pollution Treatment –Point Sources
Institute of Technology

128. Water Pollution Treatment
PointSources
Most developed countries use
laws to set water pollution
standards.
Regulates navigable
waterways, streams,
wetlands, rivers, lake

129. Water Pollution Treatment
CleanWaterAct
•Setsstandardsforkeypollutants
•Requirespermitsfordischarge
•Requiressewagetreatment
•Requirepermitsforwetland
destruction
•Doesnotdealwithnonpoint
sources
•GoalallWaterwaysfishableand
swimmable

130. Water Pollution Treatment
Primary:removes60%of
solidsand30-40%oxygen
demanding wastes
(physically)
Secondary:usesbiological
processestoremoveupto
90%ofbiodegradables
Tertiary: advanced
techniques
Disinfection:chlorine,ozone,
UV

133. 2CL102-ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Unit 2: Waste Management
Solid and Plastic
Institute of Technology

134. Solid Management
Institute of Technology

135. Solid Management

136. Introduction to Solid waste and types
•Typesofsolidwaste
•Effectsofsolidwaste
•Wastemanagementconcept
•Conceptof3R
•Solidwastemanagementstoragecollectionwaste
handlingandtransportmethodofdisposal
•Technology
•Zerowastesystem

137. Definition of Waste
ItisdefinedasWaste(alsoknownasrubbish,trash,refuse,garbage,junk)
isanyunwantedoruselessmaterials.ORAnymaterialsunusedand
rejectedasworthlessorunwantedand“Auselessorprofilelessactivity
usingorexpandingorconsumingthoughtlesslyorcarefully.”

138. Definition of Waste
Solidwaste
itisdefinedas“nonliquid,non-solublematerialsrangingfrommunicipalgarbage
toindustrialwastesthatcontaincomplex&sometimeshazardoussubstances”
Solidwastealsoinclude
Garbage
Rubbish
Demolitionproducts
Sewagetreatmentresidue
Deadanimals
Manureandotherdiscardedmaterial.
Percapitasolidwasteoutput0.25-2.5Kg/day

139. Types of wastes
1.Household waste as municipal waste
2.Industrial waste as hazardous waste
3.Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste
Municipal solid waste consist of---
•Householdwasteconstructionanddemolitiondebrissanitation
residuewastefromstreets.
•Withrisingurbanizationandchangeinlifestyleandfoodhabits
,theamountofmunicipalsolidwastehasbeenincreasingrapidly
anditscompositionchanging.

140. Types of wastes
Industrialandhospitalwasteisconsideredhazardousastheymay
containtoxicsubstances.
Hazardouswastecouldbehighlytoxictohumans,animalsand
plants.
•Theyare-corrosive-highlyinflammableorexplosive.
•Intheindustrialsectorthemajorgeneratorsofhazardouswaste
arethemetal’chemical’paper,pesticide,dyeandrubbergoods
industries.
•Directexposuretochemicalsinhazardouswastesuchasmercury
andcyanidecanbefatal.

141. Bio-medical waste
•Bio-medicalwastemeans“Anywastewhichisgeneratedduring
thediagnosis,treatmentorimmunizationofhumanbeingsor
animalsorinresearchactivitiespertainingtheretoorinthe
productionortestingofbiological”-Bio-medicalwasterules,1998
•Itmayincludeswasteslikesharpwaste,pathologicalwaste,
pharmaceuticalwaste,genotoxicwaste,chemicalwaste,and
radioactivewasteetc.

142. In addition improper handling of the solid wastes health hazard for
the workers who come in direct contact with the waste.
Environmental impact
If the solid wastes are not treated properly decomposition and
putrefaction( decay) may take place
The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate
obnozious(intolerable odour)
Solid Waste Management

143. The 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to be followed for waste
management.
Waste management is the
storage
collection
transport and handling
recycling
disposal and monitoring of waste materials
Solid Management

144. 1. Trench method
Long trench of 6-10 feet deep and12-36 feet wide.
2. Ramp method
suited where the terrain is moderately slopping.
3. Area method
Refuse is compacted on its exposed surface with excavated earth (30
cm). Refuse is compacted and covered with excavated earth. Refuse is
filled up to 6 feet.
Methods.

145. Waste Management: Plastic

146. ➢Theterm“Plastic”meansmaterialwhichcontainsasan
essentialingredientahighpolymersuchaspolyethylene
terephthalate,highdensitypolyethylene,Vinyl,lowdensity
polyethylene,polypropylene,polystyreneresins,multi-materials
likeacrylonitrilebutadienestyrene,poly-phenyleneoxide,
polycarbonate,Polybutyleneterephthalate;.
➢Polyethylene,polyvinylchloride&polystyrenearelargelyused
inthemanufacturingofplastics.
Waste Management Plastic

147. Types of plastic
▪BasedonChemicalProperties&BISClassification(Notifiedunder
PWMRules,2016),therearesevencategoriesofplastics):-
Howmanydropsmakeupanocean?Conservewater;everydropcounts.

148. Types of plastic
“When you put the whole picture together, recycling is the right thing to do.”

149. Uses Of Plastic In Daily Life
“We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.”

150. Sources of plastic waste

151. Environmental Impacts

152. Back-ground
Generation of Plastic Waste State Wise

153. Back-Ground
▪According,toareportpercapitaperdayproductionwill
increaseby07.kgin2050.
▪Variousfactorsonwhichthecharacteristicsofwaste
dependsarefoodhabits,tractions,lifestyle,climateetc.
▪India’splasticconsumptioncrosses20millionmetric
tonesby2020
पेड़-पौधेमतकरोनष्‍ट,स ॉंसलेनेमेंहोगाकष्‍ट!

154. ▪RecycledplasticsshallconformtheIndianStandardsIS
14534:1998titledasGuidelinesforRecyclingofPlastics.
▪Plasticsheetsusedforpackaging,warpingthe
commodityshallnotbelessthan>50microns
Conditions ( Rule 4)
Importer, manufacturer, stockiest, distributors,
sale and use of plastic carry bags, sheets or
like)

155. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle & Recovery

156. Plastic Waste
Management -Technology

157. Use of Plastic Waste for Pavement Blocks :-Hyderabad
Application of Recycled Plastic
•HyderabadGivesANew
MeaningToPlasticWaste,
ToUsePaverTilesMade
FromRecycledPlastic
•Nearly30,000polybagshave
beenrecycledintopavertiles
byaDelhi-basedcompany
thatwasusedonroadsof
Hyderabad

158. Use of Plastic Waste in Road Construction
Application of Recycled Plastic

159. Application of Recycled Plastic
Reliance On Converting PET Bottles Into Value-added Fibers

160. Go Green Initiative By Tetra Pack
Application of Recycled Plastic

161. Ban On Plastic & Thermocol
by Govt. of Maharashtra
TheGovernmentofMaharashtrahasnotifiedtheMaharashtra
PlasticandThermocolProducts(Manufacture,usage,Sale,
transport,Handling&Storage)Notification2018,Dated23
rd
March
2018andamendedon11
th
April2018,30
th
June2018.
http://www.mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/English_booklet.pdf

163. 2CL102-ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Unit 2: Waste Management
E Waste
Institute of Technology

164. E Waste
Institute of Technology

165. E Waste
•In2022,approximately286millionPCswereshippedaroundthe
world.
•Become Obsolete Every Year From The IT Industry In Bangalore
Alone an estimated 60,000 computers. Become Obsolete Every
Year From The IT Industry In Bangalore Alone.
•WHATISELECTRONICWASTE?
Electronicwaste,"e-waste"or"WasteElectricalandElectronicEquipment"
("WEEE")isawasteconsistingofanybrokenorunwantedelectricalorelectronic
appliance.Itisapointofconcernconsideringthatmanycomponentsofsuch
equipmentareconsideredtoxicandarenotbiodegradable.

167. Growth of E waste in India

168. E Waste-Sources Of E-Waste
•SmallHouseholdAppliances
•Consumer&LightingEquipment
•Electrical&ElectronicTools
Toys
•Leisure&SportsEquipment
•MedicalDevices
•Monitoring&ControlInstruments

169. E-waste Contains Several Different Substances
ISITHAZARDOUS WASTE?
•E-Wastecontainsseveraldifferent
substancesandchemicals,manyofwhich
aretoxicandarelikelytocreateadverse
impactonenvironmentandhealth,ifnot
handledproperly.
•However,classificationofE-wasteas
hazardousorotherwiseshalldependupon
theextentofpresenceofhazardous
constituentsinit.

170. Effects on Environment
•PollutionofGround-Water.
•Acidificationofsoil.
•AirPollution.
•E-Wasteaccountsfor40percentoftheleadand75
percentoftheheavymetalsfoundinlandfills.

171. Effects on Human Health
•Damagetocentralandperipheralnervoussystems,blood
systemsandkidneydamage.
•Affectsbraindevelopmentofchildren.
•Chronicdamagetothebrain.
•Respiratoryandskindisordersduetobioaccumulationinfishes.
•Asthmaticbronchitis.
•DNAdamage.
•Reproductiveanddevelopmentalproblems.
•Immunesystemdamage.
•Lungcancer.
•Damagetoheart,liverandspleen.

172. E-Waste Management Inventory Management
•Inindustriesmanagementofe-wasteshouldbeginatthepoint
ofgeneration.Thiscanbedonebywasteminimization
techniquesandbysustainableproductdesign.
✓Wasteminimizationinindustriesinvolvesadopting:
✓Inventorymanagement,
✓Production-processmodification,
✓Volumereduction,
✓Recoveryandreuse.

174. The Current Scenario in India

175. Land filling.
Incineration.
Technologies In India.
E-waste trade value chain.
Environmentally Sound E-waste Treatment Technology.
CRT treatment technology.
Technology Currently Used in India
Decontamination
Dismantling
Pulverization/ Hammering
Shredding
Density separation using water
Methodologies adopted for Treatmentof E-Waste

176. Step 1: Identify the E-waste category item.
Step 2: Identify the E-waste composition or determine it.
Step 3: Identify possible hazardous content in E-waste.
Step 4: Identify, whether the E-waste component is hazardous or the
entire E-waste item is hazardous.
Approach and Methodology.

177. C & D Waste

178. C & D Waste
•DefinitionofC&DWaste“Wastematerialthatis
producedintheprocessofconstruction,renovation,or
demolitionofstructures.Structuresincludebuildingsof
alltypes(bothresidentialandnon-residential)aswell
asroadsandbridges.
•ComponentsofC&Ddebristypicallyincludeconcrete,
asphalt,wood,metals,gypsumwallboardandroofing”

179. C & D Waste
Key Terms
•Constructionwaste-generatedthroughouttheconstruction
processsuchasduringsiteclearance,materialuse,material
damage,excessprocurement&humanerror(Mahayuddin,
et.al,2013)
•Demolitionwaste-wastegeneratedwhileintheprocessof
demolitionstructures(Yeheyiset.al,2012)-wastedebrisfrom
destructionofaconstruction(Ponnadaet.al,2015)
•Deconstruction-thetakingapartofanexistingbuildingsothat
materialscanbere-usedelsewhere.

180. Typical C & D Wastes
•Asphalt
•AsphaltShingles
•Carpet
•Carpetpadding
•Cleanwood/pallets
•Concrete
•Corrugatedcardboard

181. •Gypsum (drywall)
•Land clearing debris
•Scrap metal
•Salvage
Typical C&D Wastes

182. •Asphalt
•Polystyrene
•Concrete
•Porcelain
•Dirt
•Corrugated Cardboard
•Metal
•Carpet
•Wood
•Roofing Shingles
•Brick
•Glass
•Gypsum
•Plastic
Typical C&D Wastes in the Philippines

183. •Construction activities consume 32% of the world’s resources
including 12% of water & 40% of energy (Yeheyiset.al, 2012).
Obstacles to C & D waste diversion
•It is relatively a new practice
•Limited recycling markets due to local availability of equipment
•Limited market awareness
•Perceived to be more costly
•Perceived as requiring more space
•Availability of technical knowledge
C & D Waste

184. •Concrete & bricks-can be used as sub-bases in pavement such
as roads & non-structural applications, backfill.
•Asphalt-to be re-used as recycled asphalt pavement (RAP)
•Metals-recycled back to steel mills (10% gets reused), also used
for shoring projects (Gorgolewski, 2006)
Recycling & Re-Use of C & D

185. •Timber-can be used as infrastructure timber such as power
holes and railway sleepers, landscaping, high-market value for
the re-use of quality hardwood timber.
•Plastics-can be recycles to various products Source:
Australian Government-Dept. of Sustainability, Environment,
Water, Population & Communities

186. •Materials&componentsfromdemolishedbuildingsarebeing
reusedfornewconstructionworksaswellasrenovation
projects.
•Indevelopingcountriesmostofthedemolitionrubbleis
dumped,thedevelopedworldhasnowstartedtorecycleitinto
aggregatefornon-structuralconcrete.
•Itishopedthatrecyclingwastematerialforuseinthebuilding
willcutdowncostsofproducingnewrawmaterialsthereby
reducingconsumptionofnaturalresourceslikeenergy&
reducesusageoflandfills.
Conclusion

187. 5 R’s Concept of
Waste Management

188. What are the 5 R’s?
➸Theconceptof5R’sistodecreasetheamount
ofthingsweuseandsimultaneouslyalso
decreasetheamountofthingswethrowaway
➸Sincewehavelimitedspaceonearthtodispose
ofallthewaste,itisimportanttousethe
resourcesefficientlyandcreatelesswaste.
➸The5R’splayanimportantroleinsolvingthe
problemswhichcanariseoutofwrongwaste
managementhabits

189. 1. Refuse
➸Minimizewasteproductionbyrefusingtouse
materialssuchassingle-useplastics,non-
recyclableproducts,productswithmultiplelayers
ofpackaging,etc.
➸Refusewheneverandwhereverpossible.Choose
itemsthatarenotpackagedinplastic,andcarry
yourownbags,containersandutensils.
➸Askthequestion,“Whyarewepurchasingthis
item?”or,“Whydoweneedthis?”Forexample,
makeapersonalcommitmenttosay“no”toplastic
straws.

190. 2. Reduce
➸Tomakesomethingsmalleroruseless,resultinginasmalleramountofwaste
➸Wastereductionsimplymeansreducingthethingsthatweuseandonly
consumingwhatisnecessary
➸Thiswaytheamountofwastethatiscreatedintheendisreducedandavoids
goingtothedump
➸Thisalsoreducesthepressureonnaturalresourceswhichareutilizedintreating
thewasteaswellasnaturalresourceswhicharerequiredtomanufacturenew
things
➸Reducingthethingsthatweusecanalsosavealotofmoneysincewestopbuying
theproductentirely

191. 3. Reuse
➸Reuseisamethodorapracticeofusing
somethingagain.Thiscanbedonetousethe
productforitsoriginalpurposeortofulfila
differentfunction
➸Reusingaproductmorethanonetimebenefits
usaswellastheenvironment.Reusingalso
helpsinsavingtime,money,energyand
resources
➸Forexample,thereareglassjarsathomein
thekitchen.Thesejarsareusedmultipletimes
afterbeingempty
Can you think of
any
other examples?

192. 4. Repurpose
➸Beforeyoudeemanyitemuselessanddisposeof
itinthebin,thinkofhowyoucanrepurposeor
repairit
➸Youcanmostlikelyrepurposeitemsthatcannot
berefused,reduced,orreusedwillmostlikelybe
repurposed(modifytheoriginalpurposeofusage)
➸Thisisanupcyclingmethodthatcallsfor
creativity,asmostofficeandkitchenproductscan
serveendlessrepurposingpossibilities
Can you think of
any
other examples?

193. 5. Recycle
➸Recyclingistheprocessofconvertingwastematerialsintonewmaterialsandobjects
➸Itisthepracticeofreprocessingandreusingtheitemsinthesameoradifferentform
whichotherwisecouldhavebeendiscardedaswaste
➸Thisprocesssavesalotoftime,energyandresourcesandmoney.Italsoreducesthe
consumptionofnaturalrawmaterialsusedtoproducethings
➸Itisthusimportanttobuyrecycledaswellasrecyclableproductsinordertoreducethe
pressureontheenvironment
➸Forexample,youroldnotebookscanberecycledintorecycledpaperandthenusedagain
tobindnotebooks.
These are some things that can be recycled:
• AluminiumCans • Building Materials • Cardboard • Electronic Equipment • Glass
(particularly bottles and jars) • Lead • Magazines • Metal • Newspapers • Paint • Paper •
Plastic Bags • Plastic Bottles • Steel Cans • Tyres• Writing/Copy Paper • Garden Waste

194. 5. Recycle

195. 5.Recycle

196. 5. Recycle

197. Importance of 5 R’s
➸Wastehasbecomeabigchallengefortheenvironmentandhumansin
moderntimes.Ourwaterbodies,ourgrasslands,ourfields,ourpublic
spaces;allofthemarebeingaffectedbythewastewediscard.
➸ItisimportanttotakestepsforRefusing,Reducing,Reusingandknowing
aboutRecyclingatayoungage.
➸It is essential to know the difference between: what we actually need and
what we just want

198. Soil / LandPollution

199. ➸LandPollution:thedepositionofsolidorliquidwastematerialsonland
orundergroundinamannerthatcancontaminatethesoiland
groundwater,threatenpublichealth,andcauseunsightlyconditionsand
nuisances
➸Landpollutionisthedestructionoftheearth’slandsurfaces,oftendirectly
orindirectlyasaresultofhumanactivitiesandtheirmisuseofland
resources
➸Itoccurswhenmunicipalandindustrialwasteisnotdisposedofproperly
orcanoccurwhenhumansthrowchemicalsintothesoilintheformof
pesticides,insecticidesandfertilizersduringagriculturalpractices.The
exploitationofminerals(miningactivities)hasalsocontributedtothe
destructionoftheearth’ssurface
What is Land Pollution?

200. Types, Effects and Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
➸Soil pollution mainly occurs due to the following:
Soil/Land
Pollution
Industrial
Wastes
Urban
Wastes
Agricultural
Practices
Radioactive
Pollutants
Mining,
Construction
& Other
Sources

201. Types, Effects and Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
(1) Industrial Wastes
➸Disposal of Industrial wastes is the major problem for soil pollution
➸Sources:Industrial pollutants are mainly discharged from various origins
such as pulp and paper mills, chemical fertilizers, oil refineries, sugar
factories, tanneries, textiles, steel, distilleries, fertilizers, pesticides, coal
and mineral mining industries, drugs, glass, cement, petroleum and
engineering industries etc.
➸Effect:These pollutants affect and alter the chemical and biological
properties of soil. As a result, hazardous chemicals can enter into human
food chain from the soil or water, disturb the biochemical process and
finally lead to serious effects on living organisms.

202. Types, Effects and Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
(1) Industrial Wastes

203. Types, Effects and Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
(2) Urban Wastes
➸Urban wastes comprise both commercial and domestic wastes consisting of
dried sludge and sewage. All the urban solid wastes are commonly referred
to as refuse.
➸Constituents of urban refuse: This refuse consists of garbage and rubbish
materials like plastics, glasses, metallic cans, fibres, paper, rubbers, street
sweepings, fuel residues, leaves, containers, abandoned vehicles and other
discarded manufactured products. Urban domestic wastes though disposed
off separately from industrial wastes, can still be dangerous. This happens
because they are not easily degraded.

204. Types, Effects and Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
(2) Urban Wastes

205. Types, Effects and Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
(3) Agricultural practices
➸Modern agricultural practices pollute the soil to a large
extent. With the advancing agro-technology, huge
quantities of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and
weedicides are added to increase crop yield.
➸Apart from these farm wastes, manure, slurry, debris,
soil erosion containing mostly inorganic chemicals are
reported to cause soil pollution

206. Types, Effects and Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
(4) Radioactive pollutants
➸Radioactive substances resulting from explosions of nuclear testing
laboratories and industries giving rise to nuclear dust radioactive wastes,
penetrate the soil and accumulate giving rise to land/soil pollution.
➸Nuclear reactors produce waste containing Ruthenium-106, Iodine-131,
Barium-140, Cesium-144 and Lanthanum-140 along with primary nuclides
Sr-90with a half life 28 years and Cs-137with a half life 30 years. Rain
water carries Sr-90 and Cs-137 to be deposited on the soil where they are
held firmly with the soil particles by electrostatic forces. All the radio
nuclides deposited on the soil emit gamma radiations.

207. Types, Effects and Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
(4) Radioactive pollutants

208. Types, Effects and Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
(5) Mining, Construction and Other Minor Sources
➸Mining practices such as open pit mining that leads to the creation of
dumps (or black mountains) or tailing dams also lead to the pollution of the
soil. Some studies reveal that minerals like copper and lead are quite
soluble and easily seep through the soil from the tailing dams and other
open-pit mining sites.
➸Soil at and around a construction site may become contaminated due to air
transport followed by deposition of construction contaminants as well as
water runoff of construction contaminants.

209. Types, Effects and Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
(5) Mining, Construction and Other Minor Sources

210. Impact of
Soil Pollution

211. Impact of Soil Pollution

212. Control Measures of Soil Pollution
(1) Soil Erosion Control
➸Soil erosion can be controlled by a variety of forestry and farm practices.
➸Ex: Planting trees on barren slopes. Contour cultivation and strip cropping may
be practised instead of shifting cultivation Terracing and building diversion
channels may be undertaken. Reducing deforestation and substituting chemical
manures with animal wastes also helps arrest soil erosion in the long term.
(2) Proper dumping of unwanted materials
➸Excess wastes by man and animals pose a disposal problem. Open dumping is the
most commonly practiced technique. Nowadays, controlled tipping is followed
for solid waste disposal. The surface so obtained is used for housing or sports
field.

213. Control Measures of Soil Pollution
(3) Production of natural fertilizers
➸Bio-pesticides should be used in place of toxic chemical pesticides. Organic
fertilizers should be used in place of synthesized chemical fertilizers.
➸Ex: Organic wastes in animal dung may be used to prepare compost manure
instead of throwing them wastefully and polluting the soil.
(4) Proper hygienic condition
➸People should be trained regarding sanitary habits.
➸Ex: Lavatories should be equipped with quick and effective disposal methods.
(5) Public awareness
➸Informal and formal public awareness programs should be imparted to educate
people on health hazards by environmental education. Ex: Mass media,
Educational institutions and voluntary agencies can achieve this.

214. Control Measures of Soil Pollution
(6) Recycling and Reuse of wastes
➸To minimize soil pollution, the wastes such as paper, plastics, metals, glasses,
organics, petroleum products and industrial effluents etc should be recycled and
reused.
➸Ex: Industrial wastes should be properly treated at source. Integrated waste
treatment methods should be adopted.
(7) Ban on Toxic chemicals
➸Ban should be imposed on chemicals and pesticides like DDT, BHC, etc which are
fatal to plants and animals. Nuclear explosions and improper disposal of
radioactive wastes should be banned.

215. Noise
Pollution

216. ➸Noiseis, typically, defined as unwanted sound. Sound which pleases the
listeners is music and that which causes pain and annoyance is noise.
➸At times, what is music for some can be noise for others.
➸Most of the machines that have been developed for industrial purposes,
for high-speed transportation, or to make life more enjoyable, by
furnishing additional comfort, reducing the drudgery of everyday living,
and speeding up our daily routines to provide additional leisure hours, are
accompanied by noise. Noise prevention and control are important as
noise affect us in hearing, ability to communicate and behavior.
➸Undoubtedly, lesser noise can make the environment more friendly and
life becomes pleasant.
What is Noise Pollution?

217. Sources / Types of Noise Pollution
➸Noise pollution mainly occurs due to the following:
Noise
Pollution
Transpor
t Noise
Occupational
/Industrial
Noise
Neighbourhood
Noise
Recreational
Noise

218. Sources/Types of Noise Pollution
(1) Transport Noise
➸Transport noise mainly consists of traffic noise from road, rail, and aircraft. The
number of automobiles on roads like motors, scooters, cars, motorcycles, buses,
trucks and diesel engine vehicles has increased enormously, leading to noise
pollution.
➸This can be subdivided into
• Road traffic noise
• Air craft noise
• Rail traffic noise
➸Noise levels in most residential areas in metropolitan cities are hovering around
the borderline due to increased vehicular noise pollution. In general, on urban
roads, there are distinct traffic peaks in the morning and evening as people travel
to and from work.

219. Sources/Types of Noise Pollution
(2) Occupational /Industrial Noise
➸It is the sound having high intensity, mainly caused by industrial machines. Sources of
such noise pollution are various factories’ machines, industries, and mills. Noise from
mechanical saws and pneumatic drills is unbearable and a nuisance to the public. It also
includes noise from domestic gadgets e.g. washing machines, vacuum cleaner etc.
➸Industrial workers who are exposed to noise for 8 hours per day and 6 days per week
suffer from occupational noise pollution.

220. Sources/Types of Noise Pollution
(3) Neighbourhood noise
➸This implies variety of sources of
noise which disturb and annoy
the general public by interfering
with their comfort and welfare.
➸This type of noise includes
disturbance from household
gadgets and community.
Common sources include musical
instruments, TV, VCR, radios,
transistors, telephones, music in
public functions, and
loudspeakers etc.

221. Sources/Types of Noise Pollution
(4) Recreational Noise
➸Harmful noise exposure is not only limited to the workplace. Some recreational activities are
also dangerously loud and cause permanent damage to hearing. Additionally, many recreational
activities create loud noises which interfere with the peace and quiet of the community.
➸These activities may include sound at music concerts, firecrackers, sound at aerobic studios,
personal stereo systems, children’s toys, hunting, target shooting, motorboating, waterskiing,
snowmobiling, woodworking, listening music, motorcycle riding etc. Movie theatres, home
entertainment centres, car stereo systems, health clubs, dance clubs, bars, and amusement
centres also pose serious risk to hearing.

222. Measurement of Noise
Sound intensity is defined as the sound power per unit area.
The usual context is the measurement of sound intensity in the
air at a listener's location. The basic units are watts/m
2
or
watts/cm
2
.
•Sound intensity measurements are made relative to a
standard threshold of hearing intensity I
0. In particular, I
0is
the lowest or threshold intensity of sound a person with
normal hearing can perceive at a frequency of 1000 Hz.
Sound Intensity:
The most common approach to sound intensity measurement is
to use the decibel scale:

223. Measurement of Noise
Sound Intensity:
Decibels measure the ratio of a given intensity Ito the
threshold of hearing intensity, so that at the threshold, it takes
the value 0 decibels (0 dB)
•Sound intensity I(dB)level is not the same as
intensity. Because I(dB)is defined in terms of a ratio,
it is a unitless quantity telling you the level of the
sound relative to a fixed standard (10
−12
W/m
2
, in this
case).
•The units of decibels (dB) are used to indicate that
this ratio is multiplied by 10 in its definition. The bel,
upon which the decibel is based, is named for
Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone.

224. Measurement of Noise
Since audible sound consists of pressure waves, one of the ways
to quantify the sound is to state the amount of pressure
variation relative to atmospheric pressure caused by the sound.
Because of the great sensitivity of human hearing, the threshold
of hearing corresponds to a pressure variation less than a
billionth of atmospheric pressure.
The standard threshold of hearing can be stated in terms of
pressure and the sound intensity in decibels can be expressed in
terms of the sound pressure:
Sound Pressure:
Digital Sound Level Meter

226. Limits on Noise

227. Effects of Noise Pollution
Problems caused by noise pollution include stress-related illnesses, speech
interference, hearing loss, sleep disruption, and lost productivity

228. Effects of Noise Pollution
1.Noise pollution affects both human and animal health. It leads to:
i. contraction of blood vessels,
ii. making skin pale,
iii. Excessive adrenalin in the blood stream which is responsible for high
blood pressure,
iv. Blaring sounds are known to cause mental distress,
v. Heart attacks, neurological problems, birth defects, and abortion.
2.Muscle contraction leading to nervous breakdown, tension, etc.
3.The adverse reactions are coupled with a change in hormone content of
blood, which in-turn increases heartbeat, constriction of blood vessels,
digestive spasms, and dilation of the pupil of the eye.

229. 4.Adverselyaffectshealth,workefficiency,andbehaviour.Noise
pollutionmaycausedamagetotheheart,brain,kidneys,liver,andmay
produceemotionaldisturbance.
5.Themostimmediateandacuteeffectofnoiseishearingimpairment
thatdiminishessomepartoftheauditorysystem.Eardrumisdamaged
whenexposedtoveryloudandsuddennoises.
6.Ultrasonicsoundcanaffectthedigestive,respiratory,cardiovascular
system,andsemi-circularcanalsoftheinternalear.

230. Controlling Measures of Noise Pollution
1. Prescribing noise limits for vehicular traffic
2. Ban on honking (usage of horns) in certain areas
3. Creation of silence zones near schools and hospitals
4. Redesigning buildings to make them noise proof
5. Reduction of traffic density in residential areas
6. Giving preference to mass public transport system.
7. Minimum use of loudspeakers and amplifiers especially near silence zones.
8. Banning pressure horns in automobiles.
9. Framing a separate Noise Pollution Act (India already framed NPA 2000)

231. Radioactive
Pollution

233. •Radioactive pollution, like any other kind
of pollution, is the release of something
unwanted into the environment and, in
this case, the unwanted thing is
radioactive material
•Radioactive pollution can be defined as
the emission of high-energy particles or
radioactive substances into the air, water
or land due to human activities in the form
of radioactive waste
Radioactive Pollution

234. Radioactive Decay
•Radioactive decay occurs because unstable isotopes tend to transform into a
more stable state. Radioactivity is measured in terms of disintegrations, or
decays, per unit time. Common units of radioactivity are the Becquerel, equal
to 1 decay per second, and the Curie, equal to 37 billion decays per second
Radioactive Waste
•Radioactive waste is usually the product of a nuclear process such as nuclear
fission, which is extensively used in nuclear reactors, nuclear weapons and
other nuclear fuel-cycles. Radioactive pollution
•Radioactive waste is spread through the earth’s atmosphere is called
“Fallout”
Radioactive Pollution

235. Natural Sources of Radiation
•Cosmic Radiation
•Terrestrial Radiation
•Internal Radiation
Man-made Sources of Radiation
•Production and research of nuclear weapons
•Mining of radioactive ore
•Medical waste
•Nuclear power plants
•Industrial radiography (X-ray imaging)
Sources of Radiation

237. ProductionofNuclearWeapons
•Radioactivematerialsusedinthisproductionhavehigh
healthrisksandreleaseasmallamountofradioactive
pollution
MiningofRadioactiveOre
•Miningtheseinvolvescrushingandprocessingofthe
radioactiveoresandthisgeneratesradioactivewastewhich
emitsalphaparticles
MedicalWaste
•Manyradioactiveisotopesareusedinmedicine,eitherfor
treatmentordiagnostics.Thesecanbelefttodecayovera
shortperiodafterwhichtheycanbedisposedofasnormal
waste
Sources of Radiation

238. Nuclear Power Plants
•Nuclearpowerplantsunder
currentstandardsproducelittle
radioactivepollutionduetosafety
precautionsthatmustbeadhered
to.
•Accidentsatthesepowerplants
cancausedangerouslyhigh
radioactivepollution,suchasinthe
caseofChernobyl,Ukraineand
recentlyinFukushimaofJapan.
Sources of Radiation

239. On Human Body
•The impact of radioactive pollution on human beings can vary from mild to fatal; the
magnitude of the adverse effects largely depends on the level and duration of exposure to
radioactivity. Low levels of localized exposure may only have a superficial effect and cause
mild skin irritation.
•Long-term exposure or exposure to high amounts of radiation can have far more serious
health effects. Radioactive rays can cause irreparable damage to DNAmolecules and can
lead to a life-threatening conditions.
•The rapidly growing/dividing cells, like those of the skin, bone marrow, are more sensitive
towards radioactive emissions.
•On the other hand, cells that do not undergo rapid cell division, such as bone cells and
nervous cells, aren't damaged so easily.
Effect of Radiation

240. On Human Body
•Rays from radioactive elements
can cause
o-burns
o-cancers (skin cancer, lung
cancer, thyroid cancer )
o-death
o-hair loss
o-heart failure
o-can damage brain cells
Effect of Radiation

241. •Safety measures should be enforced strictly
•Leakagesfrom nuclear reactors, careless handling, transport and use of radioactive
fuels, fission products and radioactive isotopes have to be totally stopped;
•Regular monitoring and quantitative analysis through frequent sampling in the risk
areas;
•Waste disposal must be careful, efficient and effective. Appropriate steps should be
taken against occupational exposure.
•Safety measures should be strengthened against nuclear accidents
•Preventive measures should be followed so that background radiation levels do not
exceed the permissible limits
Prevention of Radioactive Pollution

242. •Innuclearreactors,aclosed-cyclecoolant
systemwithgaseouscoolantsofveryhighpurity
maybeusedtopreventextraneousactivation
products.
•Fissionreactionsshouldbeminimized.
•Innuclearmines,wetdrillingmaybeemployed
alongwithundergrounddrainage.
•Nuclearmedicinesandradiationtherapyshould
beappliedwhenabsolutelynecessaryanduse
minimumdoses
Prevention of Radioactive Pollution

243. Thermal
Pollution

244. What is Thermal Pollution?

245. Sources of Thermal Pollution
Thermal
Pollution
Hydro-
electric
power
Nuclear
Power
Plant
Coal
Fired
Plants
Industrial
Effluents
Domesti
c
Sewage
Human
Activities

246. Effect of Thermal Pollution

247. Effect of Thermal Pollution

248. Control Measures of Thermal Pollution

249. Control Measures of Thermal Pollution

250. Backpacker’s Motto
Thank You !!