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1. Water pollution

2. Introduction
• Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, and
biological characteristics of our air land and water that will
harmfully effect the human life and desirable species
•Pollutants: the substances or factors which affect the normal
functioning of human life and atmospheric full species when
introduced into biosphere are called pollutants.
• Water is one of our most basic and important resources. The
 two
thirds of Earth's surface are covered by
 water less than a third is
taken up by land.
•Water occurs above and below the surface. As Earth's population
continues to grow, people are putting ever-increasing pressure on
the planet's water resources. In a sense, our oceans,
 rivers, and other
inland waters are being "squeezed" by human activities.

3. Defenation
•Water pollution include "discharges of wastes"
including radioactive or other substances actually or
potentially harmful to such uses and alteration of
properties of water in such a way as to be harmful,
including temperature, taste, turbidity or odour
(FWPCA, USA).
•Water pollution is adding to water of any substance or
the changing of water physical characteristics in any
way which interferes with its use for any legitimate
purpose (US Senate Select Committee).
•Water pollution is degrading the water quality with the
influence of chemical and biological criteria.

4. Types of Water Pollution
• Natural pollution may be caused by evaporate
mineral deposits, drainage from abandoned oil
and coal fields and similar sources of
exceptionally poor quality water. Such a
situation may some
­times be aggravated by
rainfall, occurs in the watersheds contributing
the water of poorer quality. When compare to
natural pollution, artificial pollution dominates
more due to hectic population.

5. 1. The presence of evaporate deposits like gypsum, and hydrate, sulphur,
potassium of any region usually deteriorate the groundwater condition
of the area.

2. The area occupied by limestone, fossiliferous limestone, calcite, and
magnetite formations also leach its leach its constituents into the
groundwater and finally- polluting the water.
3. Groundwater contamination may also occur naturally by the abandoned
coal mines or oil field.
4. The presence of radioactive minerals in the rocks may be released in to the
groundwater and affecting its quality.
5. The growth of algae in the groundwater can produce bad taste and bad
odour, hence making water unfit for drinking. It restricts atmospheric
oxygen to dissolve in water.
6. The development of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses) in the water can
cause several water borne diseases' like cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery,
Jaundice etc.,
7. Groundwater is sometimes polluted naturally by the encroachment of
seawater into the coastal aquifers.
8. Excessive turbidity and suspended solid concentrations during periods of
high run off may be considered 'as natural pollution. Loss of vegetation,
either by agricultural development and forest fire aggravates this condition.

6. Anthropogenic Pollution (Man-made
Pollution)
•Municipal Wastes (Urban Pollution)
•Industrial pollution
•Domestic pollution
•Agricultural pollution
•Acid mine drainage
•Salt water intrusion
•Pollution by radioactive materials

7. Municipal Wastes (Urban Pollution)
Man's normal domestic and municipal activities
result in the creation of wastes which may be
broadly termed Sewage. This type of sewage
includes wastes from commercial activities,
hospitals, hotels, institutions from surface
drainage and under­

ground drainage. The
constituents added to the water during its use will
include oils, grease, paper, polythene paper,
synthetic detergents, dissolved and suspended
organic and inorganic matter, bacteria and various
other substances.

8. Municipal Wastes (Urban Pollution)

9. Industrial pollution
Pollution of water by the industries is one of
the most serious problems in the world. Most
of the industrial operation uses a large quantity
of water. They let out this water as sewage or
effluent with diluted waste product or
chemical. When such water of returned to the
surface or ground water, they contaminated
and make them, unfit for any use. This is
characterized by tremendous variety of organic
and inorganic chemicals.

10. Industrial pollution

11. Domestic pollution
•Earth’s surface has been used for the disposal
of wastes for many years. The quantity of
wastes generated is increasing year by year. It
also depends on the intensity natural resources
exploitation.
•The two major forms of domestic wastes
generated by the urban population are
1. Solid wastes
2. municipal waste

12. 1.Solid waste disposal- Large scale solid waste disposal
facilities of municipalities include dumps, incinerators
and landfills mostly they are disposed on land as ash or
in original form. After rain the pollutants into the
ground water system.
2.Disposal of municipal waste water: In most of the
towns and municipalities, the waste water is
discharged over land adjacent to the city limits. The
extent of ground water pollution in these zones mainly
depends on the following factors;
•Amount of material discharged
•Degree of previous treatment given to that sewage
•Local hydrologic condition including the ground water
flow directions.
•Local geological conditions the method of application.

13. Solid waste disposal

14. Agricultural pollution
•The development of agricultural lands and the
increasing use of water for irrigation usually,
result in significant changes in water quality. The
increased concentration of dissolved minerals in
the return" flow from irrigated areas has long
been recognised.
•Agricultural wastes like plant residue, infiltration
of nitrates from manures also degrade the water
quality. Application of fertilizers, pesticides,
insecticides and herbicides also cause of
groundwater pollution

15. Agricultural pollution

16. Acid mine drainage
AMD does not refer to an acid mine, but to
acidic water that drains from mines
specifically, AMD is water with a high
concentration of sulphuric acid (H
2
SO
4
) that
drains from some mining areas to pollute
surface water resources

17. Acid mine drainage

18. Pollution by radioactive materials
The radioactive substance in the water should
be present below the permissible. Limit if the
radioactive materials present more than
maximum permissible limits in the given
water, the certain elements will tend to
accumulate in different parts of the body.
Radioactive isotopes of these elements will
then concentrate their damage in restricted
areas

19. Pollution by radioactive materials

20. Salt water intrusion
Aquifer pollution is not solely the result of
disposal of wastes on the land surface or in the
ground. Over pumping or mining of ground
water so that inferior waters migrate from
adjacent aquifers or the sea also causes
contamination problems. Intrusion of salt
water into fresh water supplies has caused
problems in coastal areas.

21. Salt water intrusion

22. Surface Water Pollution
Point Sources of Surface Water
Pollution
•Point sources are discrete
and confined, such as pipes
that empty into streams or
rivers from industrial or
municipal sites
Nonpoint Sources of Surface
Water Pollution
•Nonpoint sources are diffused and
intermittent; they are influenced by
such factors as land use, climate,
hydrology, topography, native
vegetation, and geology. Pollution
from nonpoint sources, or polluted
runoff, is difficult to control.
Common urban nonpoint sources
include urban runoff from streets or
fields and contains all sorts of
pollutants, from heavy metals to
chemicals and sediment Rural
sources of non- point pollution are
generally associated with
agriculture, forestry, or mining

23. Point Sources of Surface Water Pollution
Nonpoint Sources of Surface Water
Pollution

24. Classification of water pollutants

25. Physical Pollutants
 Temperature: The discharge of unutilised heat into the
cooling water source causes stratification, potentiating
processes of uptake and degradation of organic matter.
Heated effluents from power stations are discharged at 8-
10°C higher than the coolant intake water.
Turbidity and water colour:are serious pollutants for
several reasons. One of the most serious impacts is that they
block sunlight from reaching algae and other aquatic
vegetation. The result is that photosynthesis is retarded.
Suspended and floating matter: Most of the suspended
and floating matter includes silt, sand, metal pieces, rubber,
wood chips, paper, foam, scum, wood, carcasses and
sewage, which stem from human concentration near the
water bodies.

26. Physical Pollutants
Floating Matter
Turbidity colour
suspended
Heated Effluents

27. Chemical Pollutants
1. Nitrate: The dead organic matter gets converted into nitrogenous organic
matter and finally to nitrate by bacterial activity in polluted waters.
2. Phosphates : In natural waters extremely small quantities of phosphorus
are often found and any amount in excess of 0.5 mg/1 has been regarded as
an indicator of pollution
The unfiltered water of the catchment area of
phosphate rocks and uncontrolled disposal of sewage and biodegradable
synthetic detergents also add huge quantities of phosphate.

3. Chlorides: In uncontaminated waters which are not flowing from saline
sediments, the quantity of chlorides present is ordinarily very low
(Hutchinson, 1957). High concentration of chlorides during summer
months might be due to decomposition of organic matter

4. Fluorides: Surface waters generally contain less than 0.5 mg/1 fluoride.
However, when present in much greater concentration, it becomes a
pollutant

28. 5. Toxic elements: Many toxic elements to a large extent are dispersed in the aquatic
ecosystem through industrial effluents of mines discharge, metal processing, calico
printing, organic wastes, refuge burning, and transport and power generation.
6. Synthetic detergents: Sodium alkyl sulphate (AS) is a synthetic detergent commonly
included in dish detergents, shampoo and commercial toothpastes. It is used as a
surface active component causing foam. Synthetic detergents are toxic water
pollutants. Concen
­trations as low as 1 ppm are toxic to fish which are exposed for
water.
7. Pesticides: Several groups of organ chlorine compounds are of interest in water
pollution. They include insecticides such as DDT, aldrin, endosulphan, chlorinated
phenyl acid, used as herbicides, fungicides such as hexachlorobenzene and
pentachlorophenol.
8. Tar pollution: Large scale oil spills alone do not spell doom for marine life. Crude
oil leaking from tankers or flushed out of them poses a continuing threat. After more
volatile parts of the oil evaporates, the remainder concentrates into tar. Oil pollution
can have deadly effect on both freshwater and marine organisms. It removes vast
amount of dissolved oxygen.
9. Plastic peril: Plastic may fee as great a source of danger to marine mammals as oil
spills. Smaller plastic items are frequently mistaken for prey by turtles and birds,
leading to fatal consequences. Plastic either obstructed the digestive tract or caused
ulcers.

29. Chemical Pollutants
Pesticides
Tar Pollution
synthetic detergent
Toxic Elements

30. Biological Pollution
•Pathogenic organisms: Remove oxygen excessively,
stimulating growth of sludge worms and other
creatures, The contamination of water by pathogenic
bacteria, viruses and parasites toxic and other kinds of
algae and aquatic vegetation cause additional
undesirable results.
• Nuisance organisms: Five kinds of nuisance
organisms have their greatest impact on aesthetic value
and must be kept out of water.
• Microbial organisms :While high counts of faucal
coliforms in water usually indicate heavy and recent
pollution

31. Biological Pollution

32. Disruption of food chains
pollution disrupts the natural food chain as
well. Pollutions such as lead and cadmium are
eaten by tiny animals later these animals are
consumed by fish and shell fish and the food
chain continuous to be disrupted at all higher
levels.
 

33. Disruption of food chains

34. Major Diseases
•Black foot: Water borne Arsenic causes “black spot” disease. It accumulates in
some marine organisms, such as shrimps. About 40 million people in different parts
of the world are exposed to arsenic via drinking water.
•Mina Mata: The disease in Japan is associated with methyl mercury poisoning,
where the people consumed polluted fish . The disease, in short is toxication of
Central nervous system,caused by the consumption of fish and shellfish
contaminated with methyl mercury compounds discharged into the environment as
factory waste etc.
•Itai –Itai: Itai Itai is a specific disease, observed in Tyama city in Japan. It has
been attributed to contamination of Jinstu River and surrounding rice paddies. It is
known as Itai Itai because of the painful symptoms from multiple fractures arising
from osteomalacea.
•Polyomavirus infection: Polyomavirus are the tumor viruses in humans and
animals. They often persist as infections in a host without causing disease, but
produce tumors in a host of different species or a host with ineffective immune
system.
• Amoebiasis: This disease is also known as ‘Travellers Diarrhoea’. It infects the
large intestine and sometimes liver also. It can range from mild diarrhoea to
dysentery with blood and mucus. It is frequently affected to people who have poor
hygiene. It is caused by sewage, non treated drinking water, files in water supply
and secondary by direct person to person contact or indirectly by eating or drinking
faecal contaminated food or water. To

35. Black foot
Black foot

36. Mina Mata

37. Itai –Itai

38. Water borne diseases
1.Bacterial diseases: typhoid fever, cholera, bacterial dysentery,
enteritis.
Effects: severe vomiting, swelling of the spleen, inflammation of the
intestine, dehydration, stomach pain often fatal if untreated.
2.Viral diseases: infection hepatitis.
Effects: fever, severe headache, loss of apatite's, jaundice,
inflammation of the liver, rarely fetal but may cause liver damage,
vomiting, dehydration fall of blood pressure.
3.Due to protozoan’s and metazoan species: amoebic dysentery,
Abdominal pain, severe headache, fever, anemia. and other
Symptoms like heavy cough, cold and throat infection have been
observed in several places. Skin infections have been recorded.

39. Waterborne

41. Methods for preventing and reducing water
pollution
•prevent groundwater contamination.
•Reduce point and nonpoint runoff.
•Reuse treated waste water or drinking and
irrigation .
•Find substitutes for toxic pollution.
•Work with nature to treat sewage.
•Practices the three Rs of resource use (reduce,
reuse, recycle).
•Reduce air pollution.
•Reduce poverty- slow population growth.

42. Remote sensing applications in water pollution
•Pure water reflects some of the incident radiation
in the visible bands of the electromagnetic
spectrum and absorbs almost all of it in the near-
and middle-infrared bands.
•The sediments, such as suspended solids from soil
erosion, can significantly impact the spectral
reflectance and be identified easily.
•The integration of in situ measurements with
remotely sensed data in GIS modelling can
provide useful information on water quality
visible bands

43. Conclusions
Water is a renewable resource. Water pollution degrades the water
quality by the influence of chemical and biological criteria. By the
addition of unwanted materials into the environment. They become
contaminated undesirable and also harmful for living organisms.
Normally we can observe two types of pollution first are natural and
second is anthropogenic pollution. When compare to natural
pollution, artificial pollution dominates more due to hectic
population. Also we can classify physical, chemical and biological
pollutants. When water is polluted it will major effect to human
health some of major diseases are itai itai, mina mata, black foot.
Etc., and also some common deceases like cholera, Jaundice, throat
infection, bronchial deceases are usually occur everywhere. In
recent days we can use remote sensing technique to monitor the
water pollution.

44. Thank you