Water Resources.pptx

Water Resources
Use of Water Resources
Over-utilization of surface & ground water
Problems due to overuse of Surface & Ground water
Mineral Resources
Types of Mineral Resources
Uses of Mineral Resources
Associated problems with Mineral Resources
Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources

1. Topic:- Water Resources Subject Name :- Hazards & Safety Management Subject Code:- MQA201T Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Smt. B. N. B. Swaminarayan Pharmacy College, Salvav – vapi Presented by:- Machhi Dhruvi A. 2 nd sem M.Pharm .

2. Contents Water Resources Use of Water Resources Over-utilization of surface & ground water Problems due to overuse of Surface & Ground water Mineral Resources Types of Mineral Resources Uses of Mineral Resources Associated problems with Mineral Resources Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources References 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 2

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4. Water Resources 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 4 Water, a renewable resource, is an important element of hydrosphere. There are several activities which require water. It is used for daily chores by all the living organisms. Apart from that, it is also used for; electricity production irrigation industrial use navigation & other domestic purposes.

5. 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 5 The most significant role of maintaining various forms of water in nature is played by water cycle. Water from moist surfaces of earth, oceans, lakes, streams, etc. evaporates & passes into the atmosphere. These water vapours after condensation process come back to the earth in the form of rainfall, snow, & hail. The amount of moisture present in the air at any given point of time is sufficient to fulfil a total rainfall need of only 10 days. Hence, water moves very rapidly from land & ocean into the atmosphere. Global evaporation takes place from two major sources: Ocean surface contribute 84% Rest 16% contributed from land surface

6. 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 6 Oceans occupy around three fourth of the Earth's surface & these oceans include approximately 97.5% of Earth's water in fully saline conditions. The remaining 2.5% is fresh water which is suitable for human consumption but all of it is not available in such a form that humans can consume it directly. Only 3% of the total water is fresh water. Of this, 2% is in polar ice caps & only 1% is usable water in rivers, lakes & subsoil aquifers. Only a fraction of this can be actually used. At a global level 70% of water is used for agriculture about 25% for industry & only 5% for domestic use. However this varies in different countries & industrialized countries use a greater percentage for industry. India uses 90% for agriculture, 7% for industry & 3% for domestic use.

7. Use of Water Resources 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 7 Water resources are used for agricultural, industrial, domestic, recreational, & environmental activities. Majority of the uses require fresh water. Use of Water Resources

8. 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 8 1. Agricultural Use: Agriculture accounts for 69% of all water consumption basically in agricultural economies like India. Agriculture, therefore, is the largest consumer of the Earth’s available freshwater. By 2050, the global water demand of agriculture is estimated to increase by a further 19% due to irrigational needs.

9. 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 9 2. Industrial Use: Water is the lifeblood of the industry. It is used as a raw material coolant, a solvent, a transport agent, & as a source of energy. Besides, paper & allied products, chemicals & primary metals are major industrial users of water. Worldwide, the industry accounts for 19% of total consumption. In industrialized countries, however, industries use more than half of the water available for human use.

10. 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 10 3. Domestic Use: The daily necessities of a household come under the domestic use of water. It includes drinking, cleaning, personal hygiene, garden care, cooking, washing of clothes, dishes, vehicles, etc. Of all water consumption in the world, domestic use accounts for about 12%. 4. Use for Hydropower Generation: Electricity produced from water is called as hydropower. Hydropower is the leading renewable source of electricity in the world. It accounts for about 16% of total electricity generation globally. There are many opportunities for hydropower development throughout the world. Today, the leading hydropower generating countries are China, US, Brazil, Canada, India & Russia.

11. 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 11 5. Use for Navigation & Recreation: Navigable waterways are defined as watercourses that have been or may be used for transport of interstate or foreign commerce. Water is also used for recreational purposes such as boating, swimming & sporting activities. These uses affect the quality of water & pollute it. Highest priority should be given to public health & drinking water quality while permitting such activities in reservoirs, lakes & rivers.

12. Over-utilization of surface & ground water 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 12 The rapid increase in population & industrial growth led to severe demand on water resources. After using all available surface water resources to the maximum, human beings began using groundwater to meet their needs. 1. The increased extraction of groundwater far in excess of the natural recharge led to decreased groundwater level. The erratic & inadequate rainfall cause reduction in storage of water in reservoirs. This also led to decrease of groundwater. 2. Building construction activities seal permeable soil zone & reduce the area for percolation of rainwater thereby increasing surface runoff.

13. 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 13 3. If groundwater withdrawal rate is higher than recharge rate, sediments in aquifers get compacted resulting in sinking of overlaying land surface. This is called land subsidence. 4. Over-utilization of groundwater in arid & semi-arid regions for agriculture disturbs equilibrium of reservoir in the region causing problems like lowering of water table. 5. Over utilization of groundwater in coastal areas leads to rapid intrusion of salt water from the sea thereby rendering it unusable for drinking & agriculture.

14. 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 14 6. Over-utilization of groundwater leads to decrease in water level thereby causing earthquake, landslides & famine.  7. Over-utilization of groundwater leads to drying-up of dug-wells as well as bore-wells. 8. Due to excess use of groundwater near agricultural fields, agricultural water that contains nitrogen as a fertilizer percolates rapidly & pollutes the groundwater thereby rendering the water unfit for potable use.

15. Problems due to overuse of Surface & Ground water 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 15 With the growth of human population there is an increasing need for larger amounts of water to fulfill a variety of basic needs. Today in many areas this requirement cannot be met. So, overutilization of water occurs at various levels. Several issues due to overuse of water are as follows:

16. 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 16 1. Lack of Access to Drinking Water: The biggest problem is that people are not able to get fresh, clean drinking water. The human body can hardly survive so long without water, & a lack of drinking water can result in a number of other problems also.   2. Sanitation Issues : Since we need water for several tasks of our daily life, without having access to clean water for drinking, cooking, washing or bathing, it usually results in unhygienic conditions for people. When people are not given access to proper sanitation, diseases become much more of an issue.

17. 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 17 3. Migration: Water scarcity may also lead to migration waves. When large areas of land may no longer be suitable for living or farming because of lack of water, millions of people may lose their livelihood due to that. These people may be forced to migrate to other places to survive. 4. Destruction of Habitats: Water is crucial for all life forms on our planet. If water scarcity persists over a longer period, it may also lead to the destruction of whole habitats. Animals & plants may no longer be able to get enough water & may therefore die or have to move to other regions.

18. 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 18 5. Loss of Biodiversity: If regions suffer from severe water shortages, some animals may become extinct since they simply starve or die of thirst. Many plants may no longer be able to grow & reproduce in a sufficient manner causing serious biodiversity loss.

19. REFERENCES 1. Dr. Y. K. Singh, in "Environmental Science" ; New age international publishers, New Delhi, 2006, pp: 10- 2. Erach Bharucha in "Textbook of environmental studies for undergraduate courses"; University Grant Commission, New Delhi, 2004, pp: 20- 3. Ankur Choudhary, “Natural Resources & Associated Problems” https://www.pharmaguideline.com/2022/01/natural-resources-&-associated-problems.html 4. Dr. M. S. Kumar, Dr. Virendra Kumar, in Environmental Science, Thakur Publication, Lucknow, pp: 67-68 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 19

20. 5. Environmental Studies - Water Resources https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/environmental_studies_water_resources.htm 6. Mrinal Gaur, “Natural resources: Water resources - Use & Over-use” October 2013, https://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/10/natural-resources-water-resources.html 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 20

21. Thank you 14 May 2022 Dhruvi Anilkumar Machhi 21