Water soluble vitamins.pdf water soluble

water soloubke

1. Vitamins
areorganiccompounds
requiredinthedietinsmall
amountstoperformspecific
biologicalfunctionsfornormal
maintenanceofoptimum
growthandhealthofthe
organism.

2. Theycannotbesynthesizedbyhuman
tissuesbutmustbeincludedinthediet.
Lackorexcessofvitaminsleadstothe
developmentofpathologicalprocesses
suchas:
Hypovitaminosedeficiencyofvitaminsin
thebody.
Avitaminose–absenceofaparticular
vitamin.
Hypervitaminosis-anoverdoseof
vitaminswithtoxicsymptoms.

3. Causes of deficiency include
1. Inadequate dietary intake
2. Inadequate absorption, which
may result from:
➢Lackofbileleadstodecreased
absorptionofthefatsoluble
vitamins.
➢Intestinal disorders.

4. 3. Inadequate use, which may
result from:
➢Lack of a transport protein
for a particular vitamin in the
serum
➢Failure to convert a vitamin
to its activated (i.e., coenzyme)
form

5. 4. Increased requirements occur
during:
➢Growth
➢Pregnancy
➢Lactation
5. Increased excretion (blood loss,
diarrhea

6. 6. Drug-induced deficiency:
➢Loss of microbial vitamin synthesis
in the intestine because of antibiotic
therapy.

7. Classification of vitamins
Fat soluble
A
D
K
E
Water soluble
B
1
B
2
B
6
B
12
PP
Ascorbic acid
Biotin
Pantotenicacid
Folic acid

8. Water soluble vitamins
➢readilyexcretedinurine
➢nottoxictothebody
➢notstoredinthebodyinlarge
quantities(exceptB
12).

9. Thiamine
(vitamin B
1–antineuriticvitamin)

10. Biologicalrole.
Thedeficiencyresultsina
conditioncalledberi-beri

11. Symptoms:
➢Lossofappetite(anorexia),
➢weakness,
➢constipation,
➢nausea,
➢mentaldepression,
➢peripheralneuropathy,
➢irritability.

12. Biochemical changes
Carbohydratemetabolismisimpaired.
Pyruvateconcentrationinplasmais
elevatedanditisalsoexcretedinurine.
Normally,pyruvatedoesn’tcrossthe
blood-brainbarrierandenterthebrain.
Inthyminedeficiency,theblood-brain
barrierpermittingthepyruvatetoenter
thebraindirectly.Accumulationof
pyruvateinbrainresultsmaybe
responsibleforpolyneuritis.

13. Dietarysources. Cereals,
pulses,oilseeds,nutsandyeast,
pork,liver,heart,kidney,milk.
Thedailyrequirement1-1,5
mg/day.

14. Riboflavin (vitamineB
2)

15. Biochemical functions
FADandFMNparticipatein
redoxreactionsresponsiblefor
energyproduction.
They areinvolvedin
carbohydrate,lipid,proteinand
purinemetabolisms,besidesthe
electrontransportchain.

16. Defficiencysymptoms
➢chelosis(fissureatthecornersofthe
mounts)
➢glossits(tonguesmoothand
purplish)dermatitis.
Thedailyrequirement1-1,5mg/day.

17. Dietary sources
Milkandmilkproducts,meat,
eggs,liver,kidneyarerichsources.
Cereals,fruits,vegetablesandfish
aremoderatesources.

18. Pyrodoxine(vitamineB
6)

19. Biochemical function
•Transamination
•Decarboxylationreaction

20. Deficiency symptoms
➢depression,
➢irritability,
➢nervousness
➢mentalconfusion
Thesesymptomsarerelatedtothe
decreasedsynthesisofbiogenicamines.

21. Dietary sources. egg yolk, fish,
milk, meat, wheat, corn, cabbage,
roots and tubers.
RDA is 2mg/day.

22. Niacine(vitaminePP)

23. Structure of NAD, NADP

24. Biochemical functions
NAD
+
andNADP
+
areinvolvedina
oxidation-reductionreactions.

25. Deficiency symptoms
Dermatities(inflammationofskin)is
usuallyfoundintheareasoftheskinexposed
tosunlight(neck,dorsalpartoffeet,ankleand
partsofface).
Diarrheamaybeintheformofloosestools,
oftenwithbloodandmucus.
Demenciaisdegenerationofnervoustissue.
Thesymptoms:anxiety,irritability,poor
memory,insomnia(sleeplessness)etc.

26. Dietarysources.Liver,yeast,whole
grain,cereals,pulseslikebeansand
peanuts,milk,fish,eggsandvegetables
RDAforanadultis15-20mgand
forchildren10-15mg.

27. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

28. Biochemical functions
Collagenformation:

29. Hydroxyprolineandhydroxylysine
areessentialforbiosynthesisofthe
collagenthatisnecessaryfor
maintenanceofnormalconnective
tissue.

30. Deficiency symptoms
Symptomsofscurvy
❑spongyandsoregums,
❑looseteeth,
❑anemia,
❑swollenjoints,
❑fragilebloodvessels,
❑decreasedimmunecompetence,
❑delayedwoundhealing,
❑osteoporosis.

31. •Dietarysources.Citrusfruits,
gooseberry,guava,greenvegetables,
cabbage,spinach,tomatoes,potatoes
arerichinascorbicacid.
•RDA.About60-70mg.

32. Biotin (vitamineH)

33. Biochemical function
BiotinservesasacarrierofCO
2in
carboxylationreactions.

34. •Deficiencysymptoms:anemia,lossof
appetite,nausea,dermatitis,glossits,
depression,hallucinations,muscle
painanddermatitis.
•Dietarysources:liver,kidney,egg
yolk,milk,tomatoes,grain.
•RDAforbiotinis100-300mg.It’s
alsosynthesizedbytheintestinal
bacteria.

35. Pantothenicacid

36. Active form of pantotenicacid

37. •Coenzyme A serves as a carrier of activated
acetyl or acylgroups.

38. •Deficiencysymptoms:anemia,
fattyliver,decreasedsteroidsynthesis.
•Dietarysources:egg,liver,meat,
yeast,milketc.
•RDA5-10mg.

39. Folic acid
I.Pteridinring
II.p-aminobenzoicacid(PABA)
III.Glutamicacid(III).
Theactiveformisglutamicacidis
tetrahydrofolate(THForFH
4).

40. Biochemical functions
•THFservesasanacceptoror
donorofonecarbonunits(formyl,
methyletc.)inaminoacidand
nucleotidemetabolism.

41. The one carbon units and their
binding with THF are given below.

42. Deficiency symptoms
❑decreasedproductionofpurinesanddTMP
❑impairmentinDNAsynthesis
❑macrocyticanemia(abnormallylargeRBC)
❑megaloblasticchangesinbonemarrow

43. •RDA200g.
•Duringpregnancy400g
•Lactation300g
•Dietarysources.greenleafyvegetables,
wholegrains,cereals,liver,kidney,
yeastandeggs