WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT Group work.pptx

Water supply and treatment about cellular membrane filter methods

1. WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT FINAL LABORATORY REPORT NAME ID NUMBER Abdurahman Bedri ………………………………………….0114/13 Began Tesfaye ………………………………………………….0564/13 Biniyam Amenu ……………………………………………….0662/13 Emran Ahmednur ……………………………………………0957/13 Firaol Dereje ……………………………………………………1136/13 Firew Adgo ………………………………………………………1150/13 Liben Tolesa …………………………………………………….1701/13 Academic adviser MR GIRMA TUFA Experiment Date December 06,2023 Submission Date December 12, 2023

2. contents Membrane Filtration Test Test For Fluoride In Natural And Treated Waters Test For Total Alkalinity In Natural And Treated Waters Turbidity Test Of Water Determination Of Sodium In Water Using Flame Photometer

3. Membrane Filtration Technique Introduction: The membrane filtration technique is a widely used method for separating particles and microorganisms from a liquid sample. This technique relies on the use of a semi-permeable membrane to separate the particles based on their size and charge. The purpose of this lab experiment was to demonstrate the principles of membrane filtration and to determine the effectiveness of this technique in separating particles from a liquid sample. Materials: Media measuring device Incubator Absorbent pad dispenser Colony counter/magnifying lens Petridishes Marker pen Membrane filtration unit Lighter a hand vacuum pump Autoclave Forceps Erlenmeyer flask Membrane filters Absorbent pad Methanol, Ethanol Membrane lauryl sulfate broth

4. Membrane Filtration Technique We add a few drops of methanol into the base of filter unit to sterilize the filtration unit. We Push the filter funnel into the blue rubber base leaving sterilization symbol visible. We hold the filter base cup to face away from you and use lighter to ignite the methanol. When flame is nearly extinguished, invert funnel and into the cup and wait it for 15 minutes. We Removed the lid from the tube of absorbent pads and attach to the pad dispenser. We Removed the lid of sterile petri dish taking care only to handle the lid by the sides. We dispensed absorbent pad into petri dish by sliding the grooved level of the dispenser. We Carefully pour the media from the MMD on to the absorbent pad in the petri dish until it is saturated with excess small of media at the edges. We Replaced petri dish lid to keep contents and free from contamination .

5. Membrane Filtration Technique We Pull filter funnel from rubber base support; invert it and place on clean work surface. We Sterilize forceps tips by passing them through flame and allow to cool. We Peel back clear membrane filter outer wrapper and use forceps to separate the white gridded filter from blue backing paper. We Placed the membrane filter directly onto bronze filter support disc ensuring the gridded side is face-up and lock membrane filter by pushing filter funnel firmly down into position in blue rubber base. We Poured water sample into filter funnel up to 100 ml and connect hand vacuum pump to membrane filtration unit and use pump to filter the sample. When water was filtered, we removed filter funnel and vacuum pump from rubber base. Remove membrane filter with sterilize forceps and place it grid side up on wetted growth pad in petridish . We replaced the petri dish lid and place into the petri dish ruck and incubate it at 44 degree centigrade after one-hour rest for the last sample. After incubating for about18-24 hour remove petri dish and count yellow colonies more than 1mm diameter, use colony counter if necessary .

6. TEST FOR FLUORIDE IN NATURAL AND TREATED WATERS Purpose : The purpose of this experiment was to determine the fluoride content in Palin test water using a reliable testing method. Fluoride is an important parameter in water quality assessment as it can impact dental health and overall human health . Materials - Palin test water sample - Fluoride test kit - Distilled water - Test tubes - Spectrophotometer Palin test Fluoride No 1 Tablets Palintest Fluoride No 2 Tablets Palintest Automatic Wavelength Selection Photometer

7. TEST FOR FLUORIDE IN NATURAL AND TREATED WATERS Methods: . A sample of Palin test water was collected and brought to the laboratory for testing. 2. A small amount of the water sample was mixed with distilled water in a test tube according to the instructions provided in the fluoride test kit. 3. The test kit reagent was added to the water sample and mixed thoroughly. 4. The mixture was then analyzed using a spectrophotometer to measure the fluoride content. 5. The result was compared to the standard curve provided in the test kit to determine the fluoride concentration in the water sample

8. TEST FOR FLUORIDE IN NATURAL AND TREATED WATERS Result The result shows that the light number was 36 which means the fluoride level of water is 0.95mg/l of fluoride . The results of this experiment provide valuable information about the chemical properties of the Palin test water and its potential impact on human health. It is important to note that regular monitoring of fluoride levels in drinking water is essential to ensure that it remains within safe limits . In conclusion, the test for fluoride of the Palin test water revealed a low level of fluoride, which is beneficial for dental health. These findings are important for understanding the chemical composition of the water and its suitability for drinking purposes

9. TEST FOR FLUORIDE IN NATURAL AND TREATED WATERS

10. TEST FOR TOTAL ALKALINITY IN NATURAL AND TREATED WATERS PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the alkalinity of Palin test water using a simple and reliable testing method. Alkalinity is an important parameter in water quality assessment, as it can affect the pH and overall health of aquatic ecosystems. REAGENTS AND EQUIPMENT Palintest Total Alkalinity Tablets Palintest Sample Container (PT 506, PT 510 or PT 519) Palin test water sample Alkalinity test kit Distilled water Test tubes, pH meter

11. method A sample of Palin test water was collected and brought to the laboratory for testing. 2. A small amount of the water sample was mixed with distilled water in a test tube according to the instructions provided in the alkalinity test kit. 3. The test kit reagent was added to the water sample and mixed thoroughly. 4. The color of the water sample was compared to the color chart provided in the test kit to determine the alkalinity level. 5. In addition, the pH of the water sample was measured using a pH meter to further assess its chemical properties . Result The final alkaline in water is 195mg/l. The result of the experiment shows the light number is 59. Which is 195.

12. TURBIDITY TEST OF WATER Objective : The objective of this experiment is to compare the turbidity levels of two water samples, one with the addition of a base and one without, using a turbidity test. Materials : - Two water samples - Turbidity meter - Sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) solution It is passed through several processes coagulation , folloculation , sedimentation, and filteration .

13. TURBIDITY TEST OF WATER PROCEDURE: 1 . Label the two water samples as Sample A and Sample B. 2. Measure the turbidity of both samples using the turbidity meter and record the reading. 3. Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution to Sample B and mix well. 4, now, it is coagulation process starts and mix the 2 samples by mixer about 200rpm after adding 1g of coagulant for both. 5, after finishing coagulation basin , it enters flocullation basin and mix the 2 samples about 20rpm which is slow mixing. 6. lastly, leave the samples to settle about 30 minutes and check their turbidity. 7 .Finally, Measure the turbidity of Samples using the turbidity meter and record the reading.

14. RESULTS : The initial turbidity reading of Sample A was 79.9 NTU ( Nephelometric Turbidity Units). After treatment of water it is decreased to 75.7. but for sample B before adding base and treatmented the turbidity was 117 NTU. But after adding NAOH and final treatment process its turbidity reduced to 22NTU. DISCUSSION: The turbidity test measures the cloudiness or haziness of a liquid caused by suspended particles. In this experiment, we observed that the addition of a base (sodium hydroxide) to the water sample resulted in a decrease in turbidity. This is likely due to the base causing the suspended particles to settle, thereby reducing the cloudiness of the water. WHO recommends the turbidity of drinking water should be less than 5.   CONCLUSION: The addition of a base to water can effectively reduce turbidity levels, as demonstrated by the decrease in turbidity reading of Sample B compared to Sample A. This finding has implications for water treatment and purification processes, as it suggests that the addition of a base can help clarify and purify water by reducing its turbidity. Further research could explore the optimal concentration of base required to achieve maximum reduction in turbidity.

15. Determination of Sodium in Water Using Flame Photometer OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to determine the concentration of sodium in a water sample using a flame photometer. MATERIALS: - Water sample - ambo water - packed free water - Flame photometer - Standard sodium solution - Bunsen burner - Safety goggles - Graduated cylinders - Pipettes

16. Determination of Sodium in Water Using Flame Photometer PROCEDURE: 1 . Calibrate the flame photometer according to the manufacturer's instructions. 2. Prepare a series of standard sodium solutions with known concentrations. 3. Measure the intensity of the emission line for sodium in each standard solution using the flame photometer and record the readings. 4. Measure the intensity of the emission line for sodium in the water sample using the flame photometer and record the reading. 5. Compare the intensity of the emission line for sodium in the water sample to the standard solutions to determine the concentration of sodium in the water sample . Results: The intensity of the emission line for sodium in the water sample was found to be 85mg/l. The intensity of the emission line for sodium in the packed free water sample was found to be 24mg/l. The intensity of the emission line for sodium in the ambo water sample was found to be 325mg/l.

17. Determination of Sodium in Water Using Flame Photometer DISCUSSION: The flame photometer measures the intensity of light emitted by specific elements when they are vaporized in a flame. In this experiment, we used the flame photometer to measure the intensity of the emission line for sodium in both the water sample and standard solutions. By comparing the intensity of the emission line in the water sample to that of the standard solutions, we were able to determine the concentration of sodium in the water sample.  CONCLUSION: The concentration of sodium in the water sample was found to be 85mg/l based on the comparison with the standard solutions. This method of determining sodium concentration in water using a flame photometer is a reliable and efficient technique. It has applications in environmental monitoring, water quality assessment, and industrial processes where accurate measurement of sodium levels is important. Further research could explore the use of flame photometry for the analysis of other elements in water samples.