Wearable Bio Sensor and appliactions.pptx

Wearebale Devices

1. WEARABLE BIO SENSORS Dr.R.RAMAN Professor Aditya College of Engineering, Surampalem Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

2. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE Content Introduction Need For Wearable Device Classification Ring Sensor Smart Shirt Tattoo Sensor Contact Lens Sensors Thick Textile Sensor Mouth Guard Bio Sensor Wrist Watch Wrist Hand/ Band Sensor GFC Glucose Sensor Package Latcate Chip Sensor Future Trends Conclusion References 2

3. What is Bio Sensor The term “biosensor” is short for biological sensor.” The device is made up of a transducer and biological element that may be an enzyme, an antibody or a nucleic acid. The bio element interacts with the analyte being tested and the biological response is converted into an electrical signal by the transducer. Depending on their particular applications. Every bio sensor has two part one is biological component that acts as the sensor and second is electronic component that detects and transmits the signals Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE 3 INTRODUCTION

4. What is Wearable Bio Sensor Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE 4

5. Bio Sensors is an analytical device, which converts Biological response into electrical signal Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE WEARABLE BIO SENSOR Wearable monitoring devices that allow continuous monitoring of physiological signals. The data sets recorded using these systems are then processed to detect patient’s clinical situations. Then rely on wireless sensors enclosed in items that can be worn, such as ring or shirt .

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8. Remote monitoring of patients Training support for athletes Monitoring of individuals who work with hazardous elements. Tracking of professional truck driver’s vital signs of alert them of fatigue. Use of wearable monitoring devices allow continuous monitoring of physiological signals Wearable systems are totally non-obtrusive devices that allow physicians to overcome the limitations of ambulatory technology. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE NEED FOR WEARABLE BIO SENSOR

9. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE 9 CLASSIFICATION OF WEARABLE BIO SENSOR RING SENSOR SMART SHIRT WEARABLE SWEAT BIO SENSOR TATTOO SENSOR CONTACT LENS SENSOR THICK TEXTILE SENSOR MOUTH GUARD BIO SENSOR WRIST WATCH WRIST HAND/ BAND SENSOR GFC GLUCOSE SENSOR PACKAGE LATCATE CHIP SENSOR

10. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE RING SENSOR It is a pulse oximetry sensor that allows one to continuously monitor heart rate and oxygen saturation in a totally unobtrusive way. The device is shaped like a ring and thus it can be worn for long periods of time without any discomfort to the subject. The ring sensor is equipped with a low power transceiver that accomplishes bi-directional communication with a base station, and to upload data at any point in time. It allows one to continuously monitor heart rate and oxygen saturation. It is based on the concept of photoconductor

11. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RING SENSOR In order to detect blood volume changes due to heart contraction and expansion by photoelectric method, normally photo resistors are used. Light is emitted by LED and transmitted through the artery and the resistance of photo resistor is determined by the amount of light reaching it. Oxygenated blood absorb more light than deoxygenated blood Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE

12. It alters the optical density with the result that the light transmission through the finger reduces and the resistance of the photo resistor increases accordingly. The photo resistor is connected as a part of voltage divider circuit and produces a voltage that varies with the amount of blood in the finger. This voltage that closely follows the pressure pulse A noise cancellation filter is used to cancel the noise due to motion of the finger. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE

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14. Advantage Continuous monitoring. Easy to use. Reducing hospitalization fee Disadvantage Initial cost is high. Limited number of physiological parameters can be monitored. Applications Wireless supervision of people during hazardous operations. In an overcrowded emergency Department. Surveillance of abnormal heart Failure. In cardio-vascular disease for monitoring the hyper tension. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE

15. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE SMART SHIRT Smart Shirt also known as GTWM i.e. Georgia Tech Wearable Motherboard. This GTWM (smart shirt) provides an extremely versatile framework for the incorporation of sensing, monitoring and information processing devices. It uses optical fibers to detect bullet wounds and special sensors and interconnects to monitor the body vital signs during combat conditions. It is used to integrate sensors for monitoring the vital signs like temperature, heart rate and respiration rate.

16. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE WORKING :- A combat soldier senses danger, pulls on the smart shirt, and attaches the sensors to it. A signal is sent from one end of the plastic optical fiber to a receiver at the other end. The emitter and the receiver are connected to a Personal Status Monitor (PSM) worn at the hip level by the soldier. If the light from the emitter does not reach the receiver inside the PSM, it signifies that the smart shirt has been penetrated (i.e., the soldier has been shot). The signal bounces back to the PSM from the point of penetration, helping medical personnel pinpoint the exact location of the soldier's wounds. Information on the soldier's wounds and condition is immediately transmitted electronically from the PSM to a medical unit.

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19. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE 19 This shirt is equipped with motion sensors; it can provide feedback about the wearer’s movements or postures. Such information is helpful in rehabilitation or sport applications, where it is important that certain movements are executed correctly. The life shirt system is a comfortable garment that can be worn under normal uniform and it can automatically and continuously monitor over 40 physical signs such as respiratory rate, ventilation, swallow counts, arterial pulse wave, and heart rate. SMART SHIRT For example, rehabilitation exercises need to be performed in clearly a defined motion sequence, with the correct speed and a defined amount of repetitions.

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21. Advantage Continuous monitoring. Right Treatment at the right time Easy to wear and takeoff. Disadvantage Initial cost is high Battery life is less Applications Combat casualty care. Medical monitoring. Sports/ Performance monitoring. Space experiments. Mission critical/ hazardous application. Fire- fighting. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE

22. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE WEARABLE SWEAT BIO SENSOR Human sweat, an important body fluid that can be retrieved conveniently and non-invasively, contains rich information about our health and fitness conditions. Therefore, sweat can be an ideal candidate for developing wearable chemical biosensors which may provide insightful physiological information. These wearable biosensors have been used to measure the detailed sweat profiles of a wide spectrum of analytes including metabolites, electrolytes and heavy metals during various indoor and outdoor physical activities.

23. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF SWEAT BIO SENSOR A fully integrated multiplexed sweat sensing system has been developed by merging plastic-based sensors that interface with the skin and silicon integrated circuits consolidated on a flexible circuit board for complex signal processing. the signal transduction, processing, and wireless transmission paths to facilitate multiplexed on body measurements.

24. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE REAL TIME ON BODY SWEAT ANALYSIS FOR HEALTH MONITORING Ca2+ and pH Monitoring Major (Glucose and Lactate) Major Electrolytes (Na+ and K+) Heavy Metal Monitoring Ethanol Monitoring Dehydration Monitoring

25. TATTOO SENSOR Tattoo sensor are divided into two category on the basis of life time of sensor TEMPORARY TATTOO Temporary tattoo sensors are designed as disposable sensors with a maximum life time of 2-3 days. Temporary tattoos is capable of monitoring alcohol in a real-time and noninvasive way via the integration of printed and flexible iontophoretic -sensing electrodes with wireless electronics. S M A R T T A T T O O S E N S OR Lo n g t e rm t a t t oo sens o r s a re d e si gned t o uph o ld their functionality for an extended period. smart tattoo sensor would change fluorescence properties in response to blood glucose, and this change could be read out using optical interrogation through the skin. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE 25

26. Commonly used Epidermal tattoo Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE

27. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE CONSTRUCTION OF TATTOO SENSOR Circuit is made of sillicon Circuit has filamentary serpentine shape It allows them to bend, twist, scrunch and stretch Approximate dimension of tattoo circuit 2.1cm*3.1*5 microns

28. COMPONENTS Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE

29. THREE STATES OF EES Multifunctional EES on Skin Unreformed Compressed Stretched Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE

30. SLAPPING OF TATTOO SENSORS Vandewalls interaction allows the tattoo to stick on to the skin Allows the tattoo to stay in position without any glue As the Vanderwall forces are weak it can be removed easily Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE

31. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE MULTI-FUNCTIONAL OPERATIONS

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33. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE 33 EMG MEASUREMENT

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35. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE 35 COMPUTER GAMES CONTROLLING It performs voice controlled Video games with 90% accuracy With a tattoo attached to the throat It can transform command like UP DOWN LEFT RIGHT STOP GO

36. An EES is mounted on the cheek and elbow for up to 24 hours to verify compatibility. If it remains intact and no redness or inflammation is observed even after the subject has launched, it is considered successful. However, a tattoo attached to the elbow will crack within 8 hours Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE DUARABILITY TEST

37. Controls computer games Monitors brain signals, heart-attacks & muscle movements In Millitary operations Health of prematured babies Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE APPLICATIONS

38. Light weight Small in volume Measures electro psychological signals No mechanical visibility No itching or irritation Easy removal Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE ADVANTAGE

39. Continuous emission of dead cells does not take place. Transpiration does not occur properly Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE DISADVANTAGE

40. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE CONTACT LENS SENSOR Contact lenses are the most popular wearable devices designed for vision correction aesthetic and therapeutic all around the world In 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Google’s patent for contact lenses based sensors. These d e v ices m a y help h e alt h care p r o f ess io n als t o d e t e rmine the optimal time of day for measuring a patient’s intraocular pressure. The co n t a ct l e nses are able t o m ea s ure g l ucose and lacta t e concentrations The contact lenses are constructed with a tear film which consists of three layers: an outer lipid layer, aqueous layer, and the inner mucin layer. For these types of sensors, shelf life is limited due to the degradation of enzymes that occurs because of high temperatures and exposure to light. The sens o r s are t es t e d c o n tinu o usly fo r 2 4 h o u r s , using 288 measurements. The stability can, however, be increased by encapsulating the enzyme. W hen suga r l e v e ls c ha n g e s , a c hemical re a ction causes th e l e ns to change color, allowing the wearer to adjust their glucose accordingly.

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42. Since a large market has taken shape in diabetes management, research and development of contact lens sensors are predominantly focused on the glucose-related field. Contact lenses will naturally accumulate tear components during wear and can be analyzed after wear. Major emerging methods of detection, such as fluorescent, holographic, colorimetric and electrochemical based on contact lenses. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE

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44. The lens consist of a wireless chip and a miniaturized glucose sensor. A tiny pinhole in the lens allows for tear fluid to seep into the sensor to measure blood sugar levels. Both of the sensors are embedded between two soft layer of lens material. The electronics lies outside of both the pupil and iris so there is no damage to the eye The wireless antenna inside of the contact that is thinner than a human hair, which will act as a controller to communicate information to the wireless device. The antenna will gather read and analyze data. Power will be drawn from the device which will communicate data via the wireless technology (RFID) Plans to add small LED lights that could warn the wearer by lightning up when the glucose levels has crossed above or below. Such threshold levels mentioned to be under consideration Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE DESIGN

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46. It is a simple and painless method Continuous glucose monitoring Accurate reading-ensures efficeiency and safe use Reusable (cost effective solution) Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE ADVANTAGE

47. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE MAJOR CHALLENGES IN CONTACT LENS SENSOR One of the major challenges in using contact lens biosensors is repeatability and stability, which depend on well-established calibrations for each device. Discomfort, irritation, microbial infections, and inflammatory issues that arise with general contact lens wear are also concerns for contact lens biosensors. From a clinical perspective, challenges include the management of continuous monitoring of diseases and drug administration. Another aspect is the comfort of wear, which involves the integration of too many components. The potential high cost is a result of the sophisticated fabrication of the device. There is also an issue of clinical acceptance; data measured from tears are non-standard when compared to blood.

48. The textile-based printed carbon electrodes usually have smooth conductor edges with no defects and cracks. The favorable electrochemical behavior is maintained under folding or stretching stress. It is an amperometric sensor that measures NADH and H2O2 from the body using a dehydrogenase oxide-based enzyme with a partial voltammetry method. This is an undergarment biosensor that remains stable upon successive stretching. Direct screen printing of underwear-based carbon electrodes is used for the operation Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE THICK FILM TEXTILE BASED SENSOR

49. MEMS-Micro Electro Mechanical System is an electro-mechanical device that measure acceleration force exerted on it. The development of textile based MEMS for pelvic tilt measurement is an effort to reduce the cost in medical sensor devices. The piezoresistive effect describes change in the electrical resistivity of a semiconductor or metal when mechanical strain is applied. In contrast to the piezoelectric effect, the piezoresistive effect only causes a change in electric resistance, not in electric potential. The accelerometric sensor is designed as a cantilever beam with suspended mass at one end. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE MEMS SENSING IN TEXTILES

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51. A concept of mouth guard metabolite biosensor has been reported by Kim et al. This is an amperometric biosensor with salivary lactate as an analyte . The direct measurement of lactate in saliva would be used as a diagnostic tool for in vitro monitoring as salivary lactate concentration corresponds with the blood lactate concentration. This wearable oral bio-sensory system uses LOx as an enzyme with Prussian –Blue modified electrode as transducer, acting as artificial peroxidase to offer selective detection of the H2O2. With the aim of stabilizing the device, LOx was immobilized on the working electrode surface by the method of polymer entrapping. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE MOUTH GUARD BIO SENSOR

52. It parades high selectivity, sensitivity and stability, so as to use them in getting information regarding wearer’s health, performance and stress level through Bluetooth or wireless network. With the intention of analyzing the stability of the sensor, the researchers have taken continuous readings over the interval of 10 minutes for 2 hours and it has been noticed that the sensor displays high stability with small variations of current signal, ranging between 90% and 106% of the actual response . The good stability shows the proactive actions of the Poly- orthophenylenediamine–LOx interaction, where it is used to stabilize the device. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE

53. It has GOx enzyme and uses ISF to measure glucose level. This Amperometric sensor works on reverse Iontophoresis phenomenon. The readings have been taken continuously for 12-13 hours with the frequency of 3 per hour. This sensor facilitates with the memory to save up to 4000 readings. It gives 78 readings per wear. Gluco watch G2 biographer is suitable for adults and gained FDA approval for use in children and adolescents to monitor glucose continuously. Patients who are insulin dependent are required to monitor their blood glucose levels to ensure that appropriate levels of insulin are circulating. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE WRIST WATCH (GLUCO WATCH )

54. A mechanically flexible and fully integrated (that is, no external analysis is needed) sensor array. which simultaneously and selectively measures sweat metabolites (such as glucose and lactate) and electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium ions), as well as the skin temperature (to calibrate the response of the sensors). These kinds of biosensors are majorly found in athlete’s group for continuous health monitoring while exercising. The device come in the form of Wrist or head band with a credit card sized amperometric biosensor embedded in it. It uses GOx and LOx enzyme which monitors glucose contents present in the sweat. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE WRIST/HAND BAND BIO SENSOR

55. To monitor blood glucose level, one method has been used where to realize a non invasive blood glucose monitor, the Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) was measured. The device to collect GCF was developed that was designed to be disposal, biocompatible and small enough to be inserted in the gingival crevice for collection of micro liters sample of GCF. It senses glucose with the help of GOx enzyme. They monitored continuous responses with increased sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability and specificity. The electrode used is ferrocene modified gold film electrode. Enzyme immobilization was done with cross-linking method. It is a saliva based noninvasive glucose monitoring tool which is widely used for clinical diagnostics. As the repeatability and ultimately stability is higher, it is used in diabetes instantaneous glucose monitoring Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE GC F GLUCOSE SENSOR

56. The electrochemical and biological interferences from saliva were discriminated by using a dual platinum electrode common Ag/ AgCl reference electrode and blocking membranes. This is saliva based noninvasive biosensor which monitors lactate level in saliva. It has high operational stability and long term continuous salivary lactate monitoring is possible. The technique of enzyme probe electrode- analyte amperometric monitoring has been used in this type of sensor. The reference electrode, counter electrode and cavity of working electrode has been packaged with sealing foil and pores. One of the three salivary glands, sublingual (SL) measurement with Lactate Oxide enzymatic detection has been conducted continuously with high stability. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE PACKAGED LACTATE CHIP SENSOR

57. Considering future demands of biosensors, researchers are heading towards the best possible solutions to improve the methods of stabilization and achieve the most viable wearable biosensor. The previous stabilization strategies have failed because of the diffusion of key reactants and products in and out of the enzyme or matrix surface. some new techniques have been proposed which including cross linking, silica sol-gel encapsulation, and molecular cloning. Another aspect to improve the stability is to incorporate enzymes on a hydrogel or Nano gel matrix. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE FUTURE TRENDS

58. The development in wearable biosensors is best example of the integration of biological and engineering sciences. It includes the research of biochemical field and understanding the interaction between biological elements with the target molecule. The use of Nano -transducers has been increased in separation between transducers and bio receptors. The immobilization and stabilization strategies can be selected based on the application. For instance, while developing a sensor where durability is not an issue, (e.g. Temporary Tattoo sensors) conventional methods of enzyme stabilization like of enzyme immobilization, cross- linking can be used. For long- term sensing applications immobilization/stabilization using enzyme cloning, sol-gel techniques, hydrogel / Nano gel incorporation would be a viable option Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE CONCLUSION

59. A. Sonawane , P. Manickam , and S. Bhansali , “Stability of Enzymatic Biosensors for Wearable Applications ,” IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng., vol. 10, pp. 174–186, 2017. Philips Healthcare, “Wearable Biosensor,” vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1–10, 2018. K. Guk et al., “Evolution of wearable devices with real-time disease monitoring for personalized healthcare ,” Nanomaterials , vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1–23, 2019. J. Kim, A. S. Campbell, B. E. F. de Ávila, and J. Wang, “Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring ,” Nat. Biotechnol ., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 389–406, 2019. R. K. Pandey , “Wearable Biosensors,” vol. 2016, no. 17, pp. 1–15, 2008. W. Gao et al., “Wearable sweat biosensors,” Tech. Dig. - Int. Electron Devices Meet. IEDM, pp. 6.6.1-6.6.4 , 2017. Handbook of biomedical instrumentation , Khandpur ,pp-138,233,238 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor H. H. Asada, P. Shaltis , A. Reisner , S. Rhee, and R. C. Hutchinson, “Mobile Monitoring with Wearable Photoplethysmographic Biosensors,” IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 28– 40 , 2003. S . Patel, H. Park, P. Bonato , L. Chan, and M. Rodgers, “A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation,” J. Neuroeng . Rehabil ., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 21, 2012. Wearable Bio Sensors Dr. R. Raman, Professor, ECE REFERENCE

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