Weather-and-Climate-and-weather-climate.pdf

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1. Climate and
Weather

2. Objectives
Attheendofthelessonthelearnersmustbeableto:
01
02
03
04Understandanddescribedifferencebetweenweatherandclimate
Distinguishthe5KoppenClassificationofClimates
ClassifytheDifferentTypesofClouds
Explain how natural hazards may eventually lead to a
natural disaster

3. ClimateiswhatyouexpectandWeatheriswhatyouget
Climate
Weather

4. WhyStudytheWeather?
Understanding the weather is crucial for a variety of reasons that impact our daily lives
and broader societal activities.
Firstly, weather predictions help us prepare for natural disasters such as hurricanes,
tornadoes, and floods, potentially saving lives and reducing property damage.
Accurate weather forecasts enable farmers to plan their planting and harvesting
schedules, thereby enhancing food security.
Additionally, weather knowledge supports various industries by informing operational
decisions.

5. WhyStudytheWeather?
For instance, airlines rely on weather data to plan flight routes and ensure passenger safety, while
shipping companies use it to navigate oceans more effectively.
On a personal level, weather awareness allows individuals to make informed decisions about daily
activities, such as what to wear, when to travel, or how to protect their homes and families during severe
conditions.
Furthermore, studying weather patterns contributes to our understanding of climate change,
helping scientists develop strategies to mitigate its effects and protect our planet for future generations.
Ultimately, the study of weather is a multidisciplinary field that combines elements of science,
technology, and human behavior, offering endless opportunities for discovery and innovation.

6. Weather

7. Whatisweather?
State of the atmosphere at a particular place during a short period of time.
It involves day-to-day changes in such atmospheric phenomena as temperature,
humidity, precipitation (type and amount), air pressure, wind, and cloud cover.
Weather can be cloudy, sunny, rainy, stormy or clear. It is a part of the natural
phenomenon which maintains the equilibrium in the atmosphere.
It mostly occurs in the Troposphere
Weather Forecasts-the prediction of the weather through application of the principles of physics,
supplemented by a variety of statistical and empiricaltechniques.

8. ElementsofWeather
1.Wind-Air molecules tend to move from areas of high pressure to low pressure.Winds transport
heat and coldness, moisture and dust for great distances and is has a
significant influence on weather conditions. Wind speed is measured by an anemometer
while wind direction is measured by a wind vane or wind sock.
2.Temperature-is the most important determinant of weather and climate since it tends to affect
other elements of the weather. Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a
place, measured in Degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
3.
Humidity-is the level of moisture in the air. The more water vapour in the air, the higher the humidity.
If the humidity level exceeds the amount that the air can hold, then condensation
takes place, forming dew if it is warm and frost if it is cold. At higher altitudes, clouds begin to form.
4.Precipitation-can be rain, hail, drizzle, sleet snow, fog or mist. It is the collective term given to
moisture that falls to the ground from the atmosphere. The water cycle moves water from
the oceans to the air by heating, then to the land by precipitation, then back to the sea.

9. 5.Atmospheric Pressure- is closely related to wind since wind is air moving from high to low pressure.
The greater the difference in pressure, the faster the wind. Atmospheric pressure
is the weight of the atmosphere (air) on the surface of the Earth. Atmospheric pressure is
represented by isobars on a weather map. Atmospheric pressure is measured in millibars by a
barometer.
6.
Cloud Type and Cover-Cloud cover has an appreciable role in weather description and forecasting.
A cloudless or overcast sky is usually a clear indication of weather conditions. Cloud cover is
measured in oktas.Cloud type can also signal potentially fair or bad weather. There is a fairly
detailed system for determining cloud types but they all fall into three basic categories of high, medium and low level clouds. The instrument for measuring cloud height
is called a ceilometer

10. Climate

11. What is Climate?
-The average weather conditions,prevalent from one season to another in the course of a year,over a
large area is known as climate.The average of these weather conditions is calculate from the data
collected for several year(about35 years) for a larger area.

12. Factors Affecting Climate
Latitude
Altitude
Winds
Distance from the
sea(continentality)
Slope and the Aspect

13. 02
01
TROPICALORMEGATHERMAL CLIMATES(A)
DRYORARIDCLIMATES(B)
KoppenClimateClassification
TheKoppenclimateclassificationwasdevelopedbyWladimirKoppenmorethanacenturyago.
BecauseKoppenwasabotanist,heheavilytiedclimatetovegetation.
05
03
TEMPERATEORMESOTHERMAL CLIMATES(C)
04CONTINENTAL ORMICROTHERMAL CLIMATES(D)
POLARORALPINECLIMATES(E)

14. TROPICAL OR
MEGATHERMAL
CLIMATES (A)
-Tropical climates are known for warmth, high humidity,
and heavy rain
-There are normally only two seasons in tropical
countries, a wet season and a dry season.
-
Tropical Rainforest Climate-Constant
temperature, lots of rain.
Tropical Monsoon Climate-Winds change
seasonally, and rainy summers.
Tropical Savanna Climate: Three seasons that
change between wet and dry.

15. DRYORARIDCLIMATES(B)
-includebothhotandcolddeserts.Theystrugglewithnothavingenoughwater.
Thishappensbecauseoftheirclearskiesandbigchangesintemperature
HotDesertClimate(BWh)
Gobidessert
Colddesertclimate(BWk)
SaharaDessert

16. TEMPERATE OR MESOTHERMAL
CLIMATES (C)
-Temperate climates occupy a vast area extending from the tropics to the polar circles.
-Temperate regions are preferred for their moderate temperatures and desirable living
conditions.

17. CONTINENTAL ORMICROTHERMAL CLIMATES(D)
Continental climates are usually situated in the interior of continents. They have at least one month
with an average temperature below 0°C. Likewise, at least one -month averages above 10 °C.

18. POLARORALPINECLIMATES(E)
Polar climate is mainly experienced by the polar regions, which are located far away from the Equator
and close to the poles. This climate group is characterized by cool summers and extremely cold
winters, with an average monthly temperature of less than 50°F.
TundraClimate(ET)
Great Sitkin Volcano in the Aleutian
Chain of Alaska,
IceCapClimate(EF)
LandscapeofParadiseBayofAntarctica.

19. ClimateinthePhilippines
Tropical Rainforest
Tropical Monsoon
Tropical Savanna
Humid Subtropical
Oceanic

20. The climate varies throughout the Philippines. The map below
depicts the different types of climate throughout the
Philippine Islands.

21. Seasons

22. Typhoons
Considering that the Philippines sits across the
typhoon belt, the country gets an average of 28
storms and/or typhoons every year but only an
average of nine made landfall or crossed the
country. The areas at higher risk of typhoons
include northern and eastern Luzon, Bicol region,
and Eastern Visayas region, however, Manila may
be affected as well.
PAGASA‘sTropicalCycloneIntensityScale

23. TypesofClouds

24. Cirrus
Cirrus clouds are delicate, feathery clouds that are
made mostly of ice crystals. Their wispy shape
comesfrom wind currents which twist and spread
the icecrystals into strands.
Weatherprediction:Achangeisonitsway!
HighClouds(16,500- 45,000feet)
Cirrostratus
Cirrostratus clouds are thin, white clouds that cover
the whole sky like a veil. These clouds are most
commonly seen in the winter, and can cause the
appearance of a halo around the sun or the moon.
Weather prediction: Rain or snow will arrive within 24hours!
Cirrocumulus
Cirrocumulus clouds are thin, sometimes patchy,
sheet-like clouds. They sometimes look like they’re
full ofripples or are made of small grains.
Weather prediction: Fair, but cold. However, if you livein a
tropical region, these clouds could be a sign of anapproaching
hurricane!

25. Mid-levelClouds(6,500- 23,000feet)
Altocumulus Altostratus Nimbostratus
Altocumulus clouds have several
patchy white or gray layers, and
seem to be made up of many small
rows of fluffy ripples. They are lower
than cirrus clouds, but still quite high.
They are made of liquid water, but
they don’t often produce rain.
Weatherprediction:Fair
Altostratus clouds are gray or blue-
gray mid-level clouds composed of ice
crystals and water droplets. The
clouds usually cover the entire sky.
Weather prediction: Be prepared
for continuous rain or snow!
Nimbostratus clouds are dark, gray
clouds that seem to fade into falling
rain or snow. They are so thick that
they often blot out the sunlight.
Weather prediction: Gloomy with
continuous rain or snow

26. LowClouds(lessthan6,500feet)
Cumulus
Cumulus clouds look like fluffy, white cotton balls in the sky.
They are beautiful in sunsets, and their varying sizes and shapes can
make them fun to observe!
Weatherprediction:Fair
Stratus
Stratus cloud often look like thin, white sheets covering the whole
sky. Since they are so thin, they seldom produce much rain or snow.
Sometimes, in the mountains or hills, these clouds appear to be fog.
Weatherprediction:Fair,butgloomy

27. Cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus clouds grow on hot days when warm, wet air rises
very high into the sky. From far away, they look like huge mountains
or towers.
Weatherprediction:Lookoutforrain,hail,andtornadoes!
Stratocumulus
Stratocumulus clouds are patchy gray or white clouds that often
have a dark honeycomb-like appearance.
Weather prediction: Fair weather for now, but a storm might be on its
way.

28. Special
Clouds
Mammatusclouds
Mammatus clouds are actually
altocumulus, cirrus, cumulonimbus,
or other types of clouds that have
these pouch- like shapes hanging out
of the bottom.
The pouches are created when
cold air within the cloud sinks down
toward the Earth.
Weather prediction: Severe
weather might be on its way!
Contrails
Contrails are made by high-flying jet
airplanes. They are still clouds, though,
because they are made of water droplets
condensed from the water vapor in the
exhaust of the jet engines.
Click here to test out making contrails in our
simulator!
Weather prediction: Contrails can provide
information about the layers of moisture in
the sky.

29. Orographicclouds
Orographic clouds get their shape from mountains or hills
that force the air to move over or around them. They can
also be formed by sea breezes and often appear as lines
where two air masses meet.
Weather prediction: An early sign that the conditions
might be right to form afternoon thunderstorms!
Lenticular clouds
Lenticular clouds are shaped like lenses or almonds or...flying
saucers! They may get their shape from hilly terrain or just
the way the air is rising over flat terrain.
Weather prediction: None!

30. Natural
Hazards
Natural hazards are environmental phenomena
that potentially harm human societies and the
surrounding environment. They are naturally
occurring events or conditions that may lead to
loss of life, injury, property damage, and
disruption to human activities. These hazards
range from meteorological events like hurricanes,
droughts, and heatwaves to geophysical
occurrences like earthquakes, tsunamis, and
volcanic eruptions.

31. Types Of Natural
Hazards
1. Earthquakes
Originating deep within the Earth, earthquakes manifest as a
sudden release of energy, leading to the noticeable shaking of
the ground. This abrupt release often stems from the movement
of tectonic plates beneath the Earth’s crust, either from sliding
past one another or from one plate being forced under another
in subduction zones. While earthquakes can occur anywhere,
regions near fault lines or plate boundaries tend to experience
them more frequently and with greater intensity.
2. Tropical Cyclones
These colossal storm systems are birthed over warm ocean waters,
drawing their strength from the heat and moisture of the sea.
Depending on their location, they’re called hurricanes, typhoons,
or simply cyclones.
Characterized by their swirling appearance from a satellite view,
these storms come with powerful winds that can reach alarming
speeds, torrential rain, and a storm surge that raises the sea level,
causing flooding in coastal areas. As they move onto land, they
often lead to massive destruction, uprooting trees, destroying
homes, and claiming lives. While their formation can be monitored,
predicting their exact path and intensity remains challenging,
causing communities to often evacuate in their wake.

32. 3.Floods
One of the most common natural disasters, floods, is water
overflow beyond its regular confines. This inundation can
result from many factors: days of continuous heavy rainfall
saturating the ground beyond its capacity to absorb snow
melting in mountainous regions to storm surges associated
with cyclones. Cities with poor drainage systems or areas
near riverbanks are particularly susceptible.
The impact of floods can be catastrophic, from displacing
populations and damaging crops to destroying
infrastructure. Beyond the immediate visible destruction,
floods can also lead to secondary issues like the outbreak
of waterborne diseases.
4. Droughts
Standing in stark contrast to floods,
droughts are characterized by prolonged
periods of abnormally low rainfall in a
particular region. Such conditions lead to a
depletion of groundwater and reservoir
levels, resulting in acute water shortages.
The effects of droughts are gradual but can
be severely detrimental.
Agricultural lands become barren, leading
to food scarcity, and lack of fodder affects
livestock. As water sources dry, plant and
animal life suffers, causing long-term
ecological damage. On a societal level, it
can lead to migrations as communities
move in search of better conditions.

33. 5.VolcanicEruptions
Earth’s internal heat and pressure sometimes
reach a breaking point, causing the explosive
release of molten rock known as magma. When
magma forces its way to the surface, it results in
a volcanic eruption. Beyond the evident dangers
of flowing lava, eruptions can spew vast amounts
of ash and gas into the atmosphere. This ash
can blanket areas, rendering them uninhabitable,
polluting water sources, and damaging
agriculture. 6.Tsunamis
These are gigantic sea waves, often incorrectly
referred to as “tidal waves,” though they have no
relation to tides or tidal actions. Powerful
underwater earthquakes typically cause tsunamis,
though volcanic eruptions and landslides can also
trigger them. As the sea floor abruptly deforms
and vertically displaces the overlying water, waves
surge outward from the epicenter.
Approaching the shore, these waves grow in
height and can flood coastlines with devastating
force. Their impact is two-fold: the initial
inundation can cause loss of life and property, and
as the water recedes, it can drag debris and
people back into the ocean. Often, multiple waves
can hit the shore in succession, with later waves
being even more destructive than the first.

34. 7.Landslides
Gravity constantly pulls everything downward, and
when the cohesion of a hill or mountain’s face is
compromised, it can lead to a landslide. This sudden
and rapid movement of a large amount of earth
material downhill can be triggered by various factors.
Persistent heavy rainfall can saturate the ground,
making it heavy and slippery.
8. Heatwaves
While warm weather can be pleasant, prolonged
excessive heat can be dangerous. Heatwaves,
characterized by temperatures that soar beyond the
norm for a region, pose a considerable health threat.
As the body struggles to cool down, there’s an
increased risk of dehydration, heat exhaustion, and
more severe heatstroke.

35. Resources
https://ph.search.yahoo.com/search;_ylt=AwrKABX39OBm5CIOGKGzRwx.;_ylc=X1MDMjExNDczNDAwMwRfcgMyBGZyA21jYWZlZQRmcjIDc2ItdG9wBGd wcmlkA3BfU21VRXZJUmRh
TGZvNU1SeDIwRkEEbl9yc2x0AzAEbl9zdWdnAzEwBG9yaWdpbgNwaC5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDMARxc3RybAMxNQRxdWVye QNuYXR1c
mFsJTIwaGF6YXJkcwR0X3N0bXADMTcyNjAyMTc1NQ--?p=natural+hazards&fr2=sb -top&fr=mcafee&type=E210PH91215G0
https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines
https://www.discoverthephilippines.com/climate- of-the-philippines/
https://ncas.ac.uk/learn/what-causes-
weather/#:~:text=Weather%20is%20made%20up%20of,create%20a%20different%20w
eather%20pattern.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/all-about-climate/