Week 1 - Philippines Politics and Governance

Week 1 of PolGov

1. Lesson 1.1 The Nature of Politics

2. The Malacañang Palace symbolizes the Philippine government. 2

3. Politics and government are interrelated concepts. 3

4. 4 Articulate definitions of politics (HUMSS_PG12-Ia-1). Differentiate the various views on politics (HUMSS_PG12-Ia-2).

5. 5 Define politics. Talk about the context of politics in the Philippines. Analyze the different views on politics.

6. Identify the concept shown in each picture. Then, determine what is common to all of them. Identify the Picture 6

7. What does the picture tell us? 7

8. What does the picture tell us? 8

9. What does the picture tell us? 9

10. What does the picture tell us? 10

11. 11 What do these photos have in common?

12. 12 What is politics? How does it affect you as an individual?

13. Defining Politics 13

14. Defining Politics Politics The word politics originated from the Greek word polis that means “city-state.” 14 Acropolis of Athens, city-state of ancient Greece

15. Defining Politics Politics Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle were the first ones to look into society and study its dynamics. 15 Greek p hilosopher Plato (left) and his student Aristotle

16. Defining Politics Politics Politics, in a broad sense, is the affairs of the state—exercising power and authority, making political decisions, and allocating limited resources. 16

17. 17 17 When can we exercise politics?

18. Related Concepts and Issues to Politics: Legitimacy, Sovereignty, and Authority 18

19. 19 Legitimacy, Sovereignty, and Authority Related concepts to politics: legitimacy sovereignty authority

20. Legitimacy, Sovereignty, and Authority Legitimacy A legal basis for a ruler to govern over his or her people 20

21. Legitimacy, Sovereignty, and Authority Sovereignty The right of a recognized state to govern over its territory and its people. 21

22. Legitimacy, Sovereignty, and Authority Authority The leader’s power to rule and expect obedience from his or her subjects. 22

23. Perspectives on Politics 23

24. 24 Perspectives on Politics There are two main perspectives on defining politics.

25. 25 Perspectives on Politics From these two perspectives, there are four views on defining politics.

26. Views on Politics As the Art of Government Politics focuses only on the government and all things related to it. 26

27. Views on Politics As the Art of Government 27 Public Private The state: apparatus of government Civil society: businesses, trade unions, clubs, families, and so on

28. Views on Politics As Public Affairs Politics refers to events and activities that engage people in the society. 28

29. Views on Politics As Public Affairs 29 Public Private politics, commerce, work, art, culture, and so on family and domestic life

30. Views on Politics As Compromise and Consensus Politics recognizes that there are always conflicts and that they are resolved through discussions and agreements. 30

31. Views on Politics As Power and Distribution of Resources Politics is mainly concerned with the production, distribution, and use of limited resources. 31

32. Voting and election concept with box Free Vector , by freepik is licensed under Free Use via Freepik.com . Slide 10 and 29 : Concept for protest, revolution, conflict Free Vector by makyzz is licensed under Free Use via Freepik.com . Slide 11 : Talk show illustration Free Vector by macrovector is licensed under Free Use via Freepik.com . Slide 14 : Politics election people cartoon scene Free Vector by macrovector is licensed under Free Use via Freepik.com .

33. Attica 06-13 Athens 50 View from Philopappos - Acropolis Hill by A.Savin is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons .

34. Colored municipal buildings composition Free Vector by macrovector_official is licensed under Free Use via Freepik.com .

35. Election and political campaign Free Vector by pch.vector is licensed under Free Use via Freepik.com .

36. Background with advocacy elements Free Vector by freepik is licensed under Free Use via Freepik.com .

37. Candidate election campaign Free Vector b y pch.vector is licensed under Free Use via Freepik.com .

38. Presidential election composition with flat design Free Vector by freepik is licensed under Free Use via Freepik.com . 32

39. Agrawal, R. C. Political Theory. New Delhi: Chand & Company Ltd., 2005. Heywood, Andrew. Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Kapoor, A.C. Principles of Political Science. New Delhi: Chand & Company Ltd., 2000. Lazo, Ricardo. Introduction to Political Science. Quezon City: Rex Publishing Inc., 2009. “What is politics?” OpenLearn. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society-politics-law/what-politics/content-section-2.1. 1 “Politics in the Philippines” Facts and Details . http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6f/entry-3904.htm l 33

40. Lesson 1.2 Politics and Political Science

41. Politics affects our daily lives. It changes the way people live. 35

42. Many distance themselves from discussing politics for fear of getting into emotional disagreements. 36

43. Is there a way to approach politics in a scientific and level-headed manner? 37 37

44. 38 Differentiate the traditional and modern views of political science. Map the relationship between politics and political science. Produce content that expresses the value of politics and political participation.

45. Political Science Definition Study of state and government affairs Examines human behavior and relationships Combines findings from history, economics, geography, psychology, among others 39

46. Political Science Focus on the study of ‘power’ How it is gained, used, and controlled in society How it is accumulated and controlled by the state How individuals and groups struggle to forward their interests 40

47. Political Science Definition of Power Power is having the ability to make others do what they would otherwise not do. 41

48. Political Science Traditional View “Science of state” State-centered Focused on the affairs within the state and its government Modern View 42 “Study of shaping and sharing power” Includes those who struggle with power to influence policies

49. Political Science “It is not merely a study of state and government. It is the study of power, its exercise, and the struggle for its sake .” 43

50. Political Science Empirical “What is” Observable and measurable Approaches and Methods Normative “What should be” Ethical questions and value judgement 44

51. Political Science Normative Approach What should be the ideal society, the distribution of power, the limits of freedom, etc. Concepts of justice, human rights, moral obligation, etc. 45

52. Political Science Empirical Approach Provides scientific character Gathers quantitative and qualitative data Applies statistical and mathematical analysis to political phenomena 46

53. Connection of Politics and Political Science Similarities Both concerned on the same things: Human interaction Cooperation and conflict resolution Government decision and allocation of resources 47

54. Connection of Politics and Political Science Differences 48 Politics Political Science What is it? Phenomena Actual conduct of state affairs Actual political activities of the people Method of inquiry The mass of knowledge derived from studying politics

55. Connection of Politics and Political Science Differences 49 Politics Political Science Where does it happen? Occurs in daily lives Public and private spheres Concerned mainly on the relationship of state and its people

56. Connection of Politics and Political Science Differences 50 Politics Political Science Who participates and how? Everyone Fixed, popular, simplified opinions Fewer people Objective, complex, scientific analysis

57. Connection of Politics and Political Science Differences 51 Politics Political Science What it provides the other? Its dynamism provides a living, breathing, ever-evolving subject of study. It provides theoretical foundation and scientific method to understand state affairs and political behavior.

58. The Value of Politics What is at stake? 52

59. The Value of Politics Achievements of Politics Right to suffrage Reduction of work hours Freedom of speech Freedom of belief and religion Right to peaceably assemble 53

60. The Value of Politics Shortcomings of Politics Dependence on foreign influence Domination of political clans High poverty rates and inequality gaps Issues on the credibility of democratic institutions 54

61. How Political Science Helps Politics Citizenship Education and Rights Awareness Learn constitutional rights Recognize abuses and violations Raise quality of political participation 55

62. How Political Science Helps Politics Electoral Participation Learn to analyze electoral system and processes Make informed decisions when voting Be able to weigh record, platform, and visions of candidates 56

63. How Political Science Helps Politics Civic and Social Consciousness Learn about power relations and inequality Know who are underrepresented, marginalized, and vulnerable Identify ways to help them 57

64. How Political Science Helps Politics Lobbying and Advocacy Learn about political processes and dynamics of political actors Know how campaigns and advocacies can become successful 58

65. How Political Science Helps Politics Effective Governance Learn the true state of things Know the opinion of the public and impact of policies to improve governance 59

66. How Political Science Helps Politics Lifelong Values Learn intellectual values Know how to become open to different perspectives while being firm with one’s own principle 60

67. Slide 15 : Derivative work of “Science Book Icon” by Delesign Graphics is licensed under CC BY 4.0 via iconscout ; and “Politics” by Michelle Fosse is licensed under CC BY 3.0 via thenounproject . Lasswell, Harold and Abraham Kaplan. Power and Society: A Framework for Political Inquiry. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950. Roskin, M. G., Cord, R.L., Medeiros, J. A., and Jones, W.S. Political Science An Introduction. 12th ed. London: Longman, 2012. Sharma, Urmila and S.K. Sharma. Principles and Theory of Political Science Vol 1 . New Delhi: Atlantic, 2007. Shivley, W. Phillips. Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science. 14th ed. London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019. 61

68. Lesson 1.3 Governance and Government

69. What does this do? 63

70. Why is he there? 64

71. Why is this important? 65

72. Most of our activities in society, from our hobbies to our businesses and employment, have to be coordinated . Without some element of coordination, conflicts can surge and social life can be distressing . 66 66

73. 67 Define and differentiate the concepts of governance and government. Understand and analyze the relationship between governance and government.

74. Governance The Concept of Governance derived from the Greek word kubernaein (to steer) the whole set of processes involving multiple actors through which a society addresses its collective problems and needs 68

75. 69 Governance It involves the ways a society handles its conflicts; makes its decisions; and sets its rules and regulations. e.g., how to use resources and which behavior to ban

76. Governance The Concept of Governance All societies practice it. Tribal societies → kinship system in hunting food, etc. Islamic sultanates → datus coordinated activities Modern societies → government creates and enforces rules 70

77. 71 Governance Governance involves multiple actors. government businesses civil society groups church, schools, and media citizens and groups All these actors contribute in the ways the society solves its problems and needs.

78. Governance Governance differs per society. In societies under dictatorships , needs and problems are settled by only one person/group. In democratic societies, nongovernmental actors are welcome to give inputs (e.g., propose or complain about rules). 72

79. Government The Government main actor in governance a set of offices entrusted by the citizens of a state to make, enforce, and settle conflicts involving rules and regulations in the society. 73

80. 74 Government presidential in form (has three separate and coequal branches) unitary in structure (national government is superior to local governments) The Philippine Government

81. Government Branches of the Philippine Government 75 EXECUTIVE LEGISLATIVE JUDICIARY implements the laws of the land proposes, makes, and revises the laws of the land interprets the laws of the land and settles conflicts regarding them

82. Government Common Powers of the Government Because the citizens vest their sovereignty to the government, the government practices unique powers that other governance actors do not have. 76

83. 77 Government Police Power involves the ability to regulate behavior e.g., power to criminalize and punish certain behaviors

84. 78 Government Power of Taxation involves the ability to impose taxes to support government operations and services e.g., income taxes, property tax

85. 79 Government Power of Eminent Domain involves the ability to take private property for public use and services e.g., taking lands for building infrastructure

86. Governance and the Government In the process of governance, the government is usually the one that leads and supervises the process. It is supposed to use its unique powers to help society settle its collective needs and problems better. 80