Week 13 UN and African Case USED FOR HUMAN

Un african cases

1. The United Nations and Peace: Cases from Africa

2. United Nations as Custodian of Peace Guardian of international peace, security, international law, human rights, and socioeconomic advancement. Unlike League of Nation, UNSC is given enormous powers when it comes to international conflict (sanctions and use of powers) Protection of human rights is the key element that empowers UNSC to practice its limitless powers. Fundamental questions remain: Who? When? Where? and Why?

3. Effects of Peacekeeping Forces on Ground Third-party presence increases durability and trust (Zimbabwe case) Fundamental protection of civilians against killings by governments or rebels Prevent the recurrence of war (Congo, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, etc ) Non-military peacekeeping is of equal importance and socially sensitive way Peacekeepers are required and incentivized in ‘civilian protection’ rather than combating The political economy of the consent of host-nations (Sudan allows selective access)

4. Peacekeeping forces in a glance Demand for UN peacekeepers has increased from 15000 to 120,000 in 15 years. UN Charter allows to use ‘force’ in defense of ‘peace mandate’. Crises in Mali and the birth of UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA). It was given permission to engage in ‘direct operations’ in 2016. Congo crises and the birth of ‘Force Intervention Brigade’ to launch offensive military actions It is a kind of response to Somalia of the 1990s

5. Congo

6. What happened to Peacekeepers? Peacekeepers are not effective in violent governments Peacekeepers are effective in armed clashes and conflict – not in good times The difference they make depends on the nature of the conflict Reduction of the violence and killings are reported but not elimination They are always to be supported by diplomatic channels and negotiations March 23 Movement of Congo – Failure of the mission and the government

7. Peacekeeping and its consequence: Conundrums Increase of conflicts as well as financial incentives and resources Geopolitical interests: Eradication, elimination or neutralization Undermining nation-building and inclusivity Consequences for Democratization Unsustainable, especially when force is used in keeping the peace Legal instruments and traditional ways to conflict resolution

8. Discussion Points Keeping peace at whose terms? The possibilities of misuse of UN Mandate in favor of few?

9. Thank You Questions, Comments, Suggestions...